经肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗原发性肝癌肝静脉与下腔静脉癌栓的疗效观察

目的 研究经肝动脉化疗栓塞(THAE)对原发性肝癌肝静脉及下腔静脉癌栓的治疗作用.方法 对28例影像学检查发现肝静脉下腔静脉癌栓的原发性肝癌患者,行肝动脉血管造影和THAE治疗.结果 25例癌栓血管造影呈条纹征,THAE治疗后平均生存期不足半年.3例癌栓呈结节条状肿瘤染色,其中2例显示瘤栓供血动脉血管,THAE治疗后主瘤灶缩小、癌栓消退,2例二期手术切除,已分别存活151月、30月,1例已带瘤生存50月,3例现生活工作正常.结论 THAE对原发性肝癌患者肝静脉及下腔静脉癌栓呈结节条状者的治疗具有非常积极的作用.     

原发性肝癌并右心房癌栓的影像学表现及动脉化疗栓塞疗效观察

目的探讨原发性肝癌并右心房癌栓的影像学表现及动脉化疗栓塞的临床疗效。资料与方法回顾性分析9例原发性肝癌并右心房癌栓患者的影像学资料及动脉化疗栓塞疗效。结果常规腹部CT扫描范围,平扫心房癌栓均漏诊,增强扫描漏诊7例;心房癌栓CT平扫呈等密度,动脉期轻度强化呈结节样充盈缺损,栓塞后癌栓内不同程度碘油沉积;肿瘤侵犯肝静脉、下腔静脉至右心房8例,直接侵犯下腔静脉进入右心房1例,血管造影均显示条纹征。术后6个月、12个月生存率分别为77.8%(7/9),33.3%(3/9),中位生存期为9.5个月。结论原发性肝癌若肝静脉、下腔静脉与右心房出现充盈缺损、条纹征即可诊断右心房癌栓;化疗栓塞是治疗原发性肝癌并右心房癌栓的安全、有效方法。     

螺旋CT肝双期扫描及多平面重建对肝癌静脉系统癌栓的诊断

目的 :探讨螺旋CT肝双期扫描对原发性肝癌门静脉、肝静脉及下腔静脉癌栓的诊断价值。方法 :回顾性分析 2 4例原发性肝癌伴门静脉、肝静脉及下腔静脉癌栓的螺旋CT肝双期扫描及血管多平面重建 (MPR )的表现。结果 :门静脉内癌栓 14例 ,表现为门静脉主干或一级分支增宽 ,内见“铸型”样低密度充盈缺损 ,门静脉期门静脉相对应肝组织强化程度较轻或无强化呈低密度 ,6例门静脉癌栓见肝动脉供血。下腔静脉癌栓 4例 ,肝静脉并下腔静脉癌栓 2例 ,门静脉、肝静脉及下腔静脉癌栓 2例 ,下腔静脉癌栓并右心房癌栓 2例 ,均表现为肝静脉、下腔静脉或右心房内“铸型”样低密度充盈缺损。 12例MPR成像均清楚显示门静脉主干及一级分支、下腔静脉内癌栓的整体形态及范围。根据静脉系统癌栓的范围 ,将其分为 3型 :Ⅰ型 ( 14例 )、Ⅱ型 ( 8例 )、Ⅲ型 ( 2例 )。结论 :螺旋CT肝双期扫描是诊断和评价原发性肝癌静脉系统内癌栓有效的无创性方法     

原发性肝癌合并下腔静脉-右心房癌栓17例介入治疗体会

目的 评价TACE治疗原发性肝癌合并下腔静脉(IVC)-右心房(RA)癌栓的安全性和临床疗效.方法 17例原发性肝癌合并IVC-RA癌栓患者,行选择性动脉造影确认肿瘤供血动脉,之后行TACE.栓塞材料包括化疗药物-碘化油混合乳剂及颗粒型栓塞材料,栓塞的靶血管包括肝动脉分支、右侧膈下动脉、胃左动脉分支等.术后定期随访,酌情行进一步治疗.结果 17例患者共行TACE治疗45次,所有治疗均成功,无明显并发症.17例患者IVC-RA癌栓均可见明确供血动脉,肝动脉分支供血12例,肝外动脉供血9例,其中胃左动脉1例,右侧膈下动脉8例.复查CT,15例患者可见IVC-RA癌栓内碘油沉积.17例患者的中位生存期为12个月,1、2年生存率分别为52.9％、29.4％.结论 原发性肝癌IVC-RA癌栓血供丰富,主要供血动脉包括肝动脉、右侧膈下动脉,TACE是治疗原发性肝癌合并IVC-RA癌栓的安全有效方法.     

原发性肝癌合并下腔静脉及右心房癌栓的动脉内化疗栓塞治疗

目的 评价肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)治疗原发性肝癌合并下腔静脉及右心房癌栓的可行性.方法 回顾性分析经肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗16例原发性肝癌合并下腔静脉及右心房癌栓的患者.在行氟尿嘧啶、丝裂霉素、吡柔比星动脉灌注化疗后用与吡柔比星、碘油和PVA颗粒(直径300 μm)混合物进行肿瘤供血动脉栓塞治疗.结果 癌栓治疗有效患者11例(占68.7％,11/16),其中位生存期为13.5个月(7.5～26个月).整组的中位生存期为12个月(范围2.6 ～ 26个月).5例癌栓无反应组(癌栓对治疗无反应)的中生存期为3.3个月(2.6～ 12.5个月)(P＜0.01).所有患者无严重栓塞后并发症发生.结论 肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗原发性肝癌合并下腔静脉及右心房癌栓是安全,有效的方法.     

原发性肝癌自发破裂出血DSA特征及急诊动脉栓塞治疗

目的 探讨原发性肝癌自发破裂出血的DSA特征及其急诊动脉栓塞治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析经B超、CT及腹腔穿刺证实14例原发性肝癌自发破裂病例,根据DSA造影显示的情况,行肝动脉或肝外寄生动脉急诊介入栓塞治疗,并观察其临床疗效.结果 14例肝癌破裂出血患者中,10例为真性出血,即造影时显示肿瘤灶周对比剂外渗,4例为隐匿性出血,即造影显示肿瘤轮廓周边血管缺损区,未见明显对比剂外渗征象,其中2例可见肝-膈分离的征象.巨块型肝癌12例,结节型仅2例.癌肿块普遍较大,直径为3～20 cm不等.11例癌肿呈局限性凸出于肝实质,边界尚光滑,肝包膜完整;2例癌肿局限于肝实质内;另1例显示为完全破裂至腹腔.14例肝癌血供均很丰富,其中4例均存在肝外寄生血管.5例门脉左支或右支存在癌栓,门脉主干尚通畅.12例患者经1次栓塞后均得到有效止血;1例患者经连续2次栓塞后才成功止血;另1例栓塞治疗后止血不满意,后行外科手术切除.13例采用介入栓塞成功止血的患者待病情稳定后再多次行介入栓塞治疗,肿瘤均有不同程度缩小和坏死,未见再次破裂出血,无住院死亡者.结论 肝癌自发破裂出血有其自身DSA特征,同时也存在一定假阴性(本组病例占40%),值得引起足够重视.急诊肝动脉栓塞是治疗原发性肝癌破裂出血的有效方法.     

肾癌伴腔静脉癌栓的介入治疗

目的 探讨肾癌尤其是伴有腔静脉癌栓的肾癌患者经肾动脉栓塞及经下腔静脉溶栓化疗的意义。方法 16例肾癌患者全部行肾动脉造影,16例中4例为术前栓塞,12例为治疗性栓塞,其中5例伴下腔静脉癌栓的患者除肾动脉栓塞外同时行腔静脉内溶栓化疗。结果 下腔静脉造影清晰显示腔静脉内癌栓形成,7例单纯肾动脉姑息性化疗栓塞患者术后主要症状均得以改善,生存1年以上者占71.4％。5例患者行经肾动脉化疗栓塞术及经下腔静脉溶栓化疗。术后1月复查症状无复发。5例中生存6个月以内者2例(40.0％),7～13个月者3例(60.0％)。结论下腔静脉造影对肾癌腔静脉内癌栓患者诊断敏感,肾动脉化疗栓塞并腔静脉溶栓化疗是此类患者重要的姑息治疗手段。其长期临床效果有待进一步观察。     

肾癌伴腔静脉癌栓的介入治疗

目的探讨肾癌尤其是伴有腔静脉癌栓的肾癌患经肾动脉栓塞及经下腔静脉溶栓化疗的意义。方法16例肾癌患全部行肾动脉造影,16例中4例为术前栓塞,12例为治疗性栓塞,其中5例伴下腔静脉癌栓的患除肾动脉栓塞外同时行腔静脉内溶栓化疗。结果下腔静脉造影清晰显示腔静脉内癌栓形成,7例单纯肾动脉姑息性化疗栓塞患术后主要症状均得以改善,生存1年以上占71．4％。5例患行经肾动脉化疗栓塞术及经下腔静脉溶栓化疗。术后1月复查症状无复发。5例中生存6个月以内2例(40．0％),7～13个月3例(60．0％)。结论下腔静脉造影对肾癌腔静脉内癌栓患诊断敏感,肾动脉化疗栓塞并腔静脉溶栓化疗是此类患重要的姑息治疗手段。其长期临床效果有待进一步观察。     

多层螺旋CT肝脏兼容性血管造影在肝癌介入治疗中的应用价值

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT（MSCT）肝脏兼容性血管造影在肝癌介入治疗中的应用价值。方法 MSCT肝癌CT检查患者45例,于动脉期22s、门静脉期55s行肝脏双期增强扫描,采用MPVR、MIP、VR、SSD重建技术行肝动脉、门静脉兼容性血管成像。其中22例作了肝动脉DSA造影及介入治疗。结果 动脉期肝动脉血管造影（SCTA）显示肿瘤血管31例,肿瘤染色17例,动-门脉分流（APS）9例。门脉期门静脉造影（SCTP）检出肿瘤对门静脉的侵犯25例,门静脉癌栓16例。MSCT显示的肿瘤血管、肿瘤染色、供血动脉的来源分布、APS及门静脉癌栓与DSA图像基本一致。MPVR、VR有利于检出肝癌供血动脉、肿瘤血管、肿瘤染色、APS及门静脉癌栓。结论 MSCT肝脏兼容性SCTA、SCTP血管造影,可为临床及肝癌介入治疗方案的制定提供更多信息。     

320排 CT 及血管成像在肝癌诊断及介入治疗中的优势

目的：探讨320排 CT 在肝癌(HCC)诊断中应用价值及血管成像对介入治疗的指导价值。方法回顾性选取41例行肝动脉栓塞化疗(TACE)HCC 患者,治疗前均行320排 CT 三期扫描及血管重建,观察腹主动脉及其主要分支的起源、走行,肿瘤供血动脉、门静脉癌栓与数字减影血管造影(DSA)图像进行对比分析。结果320排 CT 对于发现直径<3 cm 的小肝癌具有优势,对于肝动脉变异、肿瘤供血动脉、门静脉癌栓的显示与 DSA 一致。结论320排 CT 及血管成像可以准确诊断、评价 HCC 并供血动脉、门静脉癌栓,对介入治疗具有重要的指导意义。     

超声技术在肾癌合并下腔静脉癌栓诊断中的应用

目的:探讨常规超声、彩色多普勒超声、超声造影及术中超声在肾癌合并下腔静脉癌栓的诊断及临床分型中的应用价值。方法:对7例肾癌合并下腔静脉癌栓的患者进行常规超声、彩色多普勒超声检查,其中3例行超声造影检查,3例行术中超声检查。所有病例均经手术及病理证实。结果:所有下腔静脉栓子均为癌栓,癌栓分型为Ⅱ型4例,Ⅲ型2例,Ⅳ型1例。结论:超声技术对肾癌合并下腔静脉癌栓的诊断与鉴别诊断具有重要价值,并且能够脉对癌栓进行准确分型,对临床手术治疗及预后判断具有指导性意义。     

介入治疗在肝破裂出血中的应用

目的探讨介入治疗法在肝破裂(包括创伤性肝破裂和自发性肝破裂)中的应用。方法12例肝破裂出血患者的介入治疗是采用股动脉穿刺,肝动脉造影,以及靶血管(有活动性出血的血管)栓塞的治疗方法。结果12例造影有9例明确靶血管,3例显示肝表面不规则出血。12例均行栓塞治疗,其中,2例在48h内行两次栓堵。介入治疗后72h内随访观察,出血明显减少,血压趋于稳定。其中,9例痊愈出院,1例死于并发损伤,1例死于并发症,1例死于介入治疗后两周再次出血。结论介入治疗相对于外科手术具有操作简单、快捷、安全且创伤小等优点,是治疗肝破裂出血的一种有效方法。     

Renal vein to portal vein collaterals in three cases of renal cell carcinoma extending into the inferior vena cava: Consequences for chemoembolization

Three patients with renal vein and inferior vena cava (IVC) tumor thrombus from left renal cell carcinoma (RCC) showed Lipiodol deposits in the liver following selective SMANCS (styrene maleic acid neocarzinostatin)/Lipiodol embolization of the renal tumors. In 2 of the 3 patients, renal-portal communications were demonstrated during selective renal arteriography. In I of these patients, considerable liver dysfunction occurred after the second renal chemoembolization and Lipiodol deposits persisted in the liver for about 1 month. We conclude that these anastomoses need to be considered prior to embolization therapy of patients with RCC and tumor thrombus in the renal vein and IVC. Sclerosing substances or larger particles may be better embolic agents in such patients.     

原发性肝癌并门静脉癌栓的"双介入性"治疗

目的评价"双介入性"灌注及栓塞治疗原发性肝癌并门静脉癌栓的临床应用价值,探讨有效的治疗方案和方法. 资料与方法对47例肝内单个或2个以上病灶并均有门静脉癌栓者,行直接肝动脉和间接门静脉血管造影,明确肿瘤、门静脉癌栓及血供情况.视门静脉癌栓的程度制定出介入化疗栓塞方案.采用三联用药、超液化碘油及酌情加用明胶海绵颗粒,对肝内肿瘤和门静脉癌栓进行直接或间接介入栓塞治疗.其介入治疗后6～36个月患者的总生存率分别与单纯化疗药物灌注组和无门静脉癌栓组患者的总生存率进行比较和统计学处理分析. 结果经介入治疗后,实验组患者6、12、24、36个月的总生存率(98.9%、84.3%、46.7%、4.2%)显著高于单纯化疗药物灌注组(P＜0.001);与无门静脉癌栓组患者的总生存率相近(P＞0.05). 结论原发性肝癌并门静脉癌栓并非栓塞的禁忌症.采用"双介入性"的化疗及栓塞为行之有效的介入治疗方法,取得与无门静脉癌栓的原发性肝癌的介入治疗相近、个别甚或超过的效果,具有重要的临床治疗价值.     

Acute thrombosis of the inferior vena cava and hepatic veins in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome: CT demonstration

We reviewed the CT findings in 17 patients with angiographically proved Budd-Chiari syndrome to determine the ability of CT to show acute thrombosis of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and hepatic veins. In eight patients with membranes (web or band) in the IVC, no thrombus was detected with CT or angiography. In the other nine patients, thrombi in the IVC and/or hepatic veins were seen as intraluminal filling defects that did not change in appearance on precontrast and postcontrast CT scans. Attenuation values of intraluminal filling defects of the IVC ranged from 38 to 42 H in four patients. High-attenuation intraluminal filling defects (60-70 H) of the IVC (five patients) and hepatic veins (one of five patients) were detected. Of these five patients, four had acute symptoms and one had chronic vague symptoms. The underlying disease was a web or band in the IVC and hepatic veins in three patients, invasive hepatocellular carcinoma in one, and injury to the IVC wall during hepatectomy in one. Inferior venacavography showed occlusion of the hepatic segment of the IVC in all five patients. Additional angiograms obtained by injection of contrast medium after a catheter tip was placed in the occluded hepatic IVC showed numerous filling defects suggestive of thrombi of recent onset, which correlated with the high-attenuation thrombi seen on CT scans in two patients. In the remaining three patients, high-attenuation areas in the IVC and hepatic veins also were considered to represent thrombi of recent onset because the attenuation values later decreased to 33-42 H. Spontaneous reduction in diameter of the thrombosed segment of the IVC was observed in four of the five patients. Knowledge of the CT features of acute thrombosis of the IVC and hepatic veins is useful in the early diagnosis of Budd-Chiari syndrome.     

Efficacy of cone-beam computed tomography during transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma

Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) using a flat-panel detector is an alternative method of obtaining cross-sectional images. This technique is now being used during transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) for inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Several CBCT techniques are performed to detect HCC lesions: CBCT during portography (CBCTAP), CBCT during hepatic arteriography (CBCTHA), CBCT after iodized oil injection (LipCBCT), CBCT during arteriography (CBCTA) of extrahepatic collaterals. Almost all HCC lesions can be detected using these CBCT images. Three-dimensional arteriography using maximum intensity projection from CBCTHA images can identify the tumor-feeding branch. In particular, this technique is useful when the tumor stain cannot be demonstrated on arteriography. In addition, dual-phase CBCTHA can improve the diagnostic accuracy for hypervascular HCCs because corona enhancement can be detected around the tumor. To monitor the embolized area during TACE, selective CBCTHA or LipCBCT at the embolization point is useful. Two sequential CBCT scans without and with contrast material injection is also useful to confirm each embolized area of two vessels. Furthermore, CBCTA can prevent nontarget embolization. Although the image quality of CBCT is low compared to that of conventional CT, CBCT provides useful information that helps perform TACE for HCCs safely and effectively.     

肝门区肿瘤的MRI诊断及临床应用价值

目的:探讨MRI(包括平扫、动态增强、MRCP和3D DCE-MRA)对肝门区肿瘤的诊断及术前评估的价值。方法:回顾性分析60例肝门区肿瘤的MR表现,其中肝细胞癌(HCC)8例,胆管癌(HC)30例,转移性病变18例,血管瘤4例,并与手术或病理结果对照。结果:MRCP对肝门部胆管梗阻水平定位准确率达93.3%(56/60),平扫联合动态增强对病变定性诊断准确率为81.7%(49/60)。3D DCE-MRA显示病变供血动脉1例、动静脉瘘1例、肝动脉受累1例、门静脉瘤栓2例、门静脉受浸润9例,门静脉受推移3例、下腔静脉受累2例。结论:MRI一系列检查方法对肝门区肿瘤定性诊断及外科手术方案制订具有重要意义。     

Budd-Chiari综合征:下腔静脉阻塞合并血栓的可回收内支架设计与应用

目的设计可回收内支架以治疗下腔静脉阻塞并血栓型Budd-Chiari综合征(BCS)并观察其临床效果。方法根据下腔静脉合并血栓型BCS病变特点,设计可回收内支架。4例下腔静脉阻塞并血栓型BCS,行钝性破膜小球囊预扩张后置入可回收内支架压迫血栓,再使用大球囊充分扩张闭塞段,完全开通闭塞的下腔静脉。术后给予抗凝溶栓治疗,待血栓消失后经颈内静脉或股静脉将可回收内支架取出。其中下腔静脉节段性闭塞合并血栓者同时在原闭塞段置入“Z”型支架,术后彩超随访。结果4例患者成功介入治疗,血栓短期内消失,可回收内支架顺利取出,术中术后未发生肺动脉栓塞、下腔静脉破裂以及其他并发症。彩超随访3个月,可回收内支架置入部位未见血栓形成、管壁增厚和局部再狭窄。结论应用可回收内支架治疗BCS下腔静脉病变合并血栓安全、有效,对局部血管壁无不良影响,可替代永久内支架置入,值得推广。     

Abdominal venous system: assessment using MR

Twenty-five patients with known or suspected evidence of venous disease based on results of computed tomography, angiography, or ultrasound were imaged with magnetic resonance (MR) to determine the MR characterization of venous abnormalities. MR findings were proved by laparotomy or autopsy in 18 of 25 cases. In seven of 25 patients in whom only biopsy was performed, the MR findings were correlated with findings from other radiologic tests. On MR, the inferior vena cava (IVC), portal vein, and their major tributaries were seen in all but two cases. In those two, identification of collaterals led to the correct diagnosis of splenic vein thrombosis in one case and left renal vein thrombosis in another. MR imaging helped identify intraluminal thrombi in the IVC (12 of 12 cases), portal vein (two of two cases), renal veins (seven of seven cases), superior mesenteric vein (one case), and iliac veins (seven of seven cases). Intraluminal signal intensity secondary to slow blood flow seen in five patients was always differentiated from the thrombus. MR imaging helped identify correctly the nature of the thrombus in 11 of 16 patients. In five patients, the differentiation between tumor thrombus and blood clot thrombus was not possible. Involvement of the IVC wall by tumor was seen in four cases. MR imaging also accurately depicted slow flow in obstructed or constricted veins; encasement, compression, or displacement of veins without intraluminal occlusions; and the presence of venous collaterals. The MR imaging evaluation of venous abnormalities is accurate, easily performed, and will probably become an important application.