舌鳞状细胞癌临床N0颈清扫模式的探讨

目的 探讨舌鳞状细胞癌(简称鳞癌)临床N0(clinical N0，cN0)颈部合理的治疗模式，避免过度治疗和治疗不足。方法 回顾性分析1985年1月-2001年4月cN0舌鳞癌327例的临床病理资料，比较不同治疗方法对颈部控制率的影响，并进行预后和死因分析。结果 全部病例随访3年以上，总的3年生存率为69．7％(228／327)，颈部治疗失败组和颈部控制组的3年生存率分别为39．1％(25／64)和77．2％(203／263)；51．5％(51／99)死亡与颈部治疗失败有关；总的颈部控制率为80．4％(263／327)，采取观察随访、Ⅰ区清扫、Ⅰ Ⅱ区清扫、肩胛舌骨肌上颈清扫术、经典性颈清扫术、功能性颈清扫术的颈部控制率分别为67．5％(27／40)、72．7％(24／33)、60．0％(15／25)、84．9％(45／55)、86．8％(131／151)、84．0％(21／25)，影响颈部控制率的独立因素为颈部治疗方法和术后N分期。结论 颈部控制是cN0舌鳞癌预后的关键因素；舌鳞癌cN0颈部的治疗首选肩胛舌骨肌上颈清扫术；对于术后病理提示有多个淋巴结转移和(或)包膜外侵犯者应考虑术后放疗。     

舌活动部鳞癌颈淋巴结阴性（cN0）的处理

目的：通过分析舌活动部鳞癌病人临床检查颈淋巴结阴性（cN0)的隐匿性淋巴结转移在颈部各区的分布，显示舌活动部鳞癌的淋巴结转移规律，并指导舌活动部鳞癌cN0的分区性颈淋巴清扫的范围。方法：回顾分析33例cN0的舌活动部鳞癌行选择性全颈淋巴结清扫和挽救性颈淋巴结清扫术的病例，分析手术后病理阳性淋巴结（pN^ )在颈部各区的分布。结果：病理证实单个淋巴结转移14例，其中Ⅰ区淋巴结转移3例，Ⅱ区淋巴结转移7例，Ⅲ区淋巴结转移4例，Ⅳ区和Ⅴ区未见淋巴结转移，多个淋巴结转移19例，各区转移频率分别为：Ⅰ区27.45%,Ⅱ区39.22%，Ⅲ区31.37%,Ⅳ区0%，Ⅴ区1.96%。结论：舌活动部鳞癌cN0的颈部处理没有必要采用经典性全颈清扫术，建议行肩胛舌骨肌上的分区性清扫，即Ⅰ区清扫 Ⅱ区清扫 Ⅲ区清扫即可，避免全颈清术给患者造成的术后损害。     

择区性颈清扫术在临床N0舌鳞状细胞癌治疗中的应用

目的比较择区性颈清扫术(selective neck dissection，SND)与经典性或改良性颈清扫术(radical neck dissection，RND)在治疗舌鳞状细胞癌颈淋巴结临床阴性(cN0)患者中的效果。方法将1998年1月-2002年12月之间采用肩胛舌骨肌上颈清扫术(Ⅰ～Ⅲ区)14例及Ⅰ～Ⅳ区清扫19例(SND组)共33例与1980年1月-1997年12月之间112例采用经典性或改良性颈清扫术(RND组)的病例，根据T分期、综合治疗方式和淋巴结病理情况进行随机配对分析。Kaplan—Meier方法计算复发率和颈部淋巴结复发或生存趋势。结果RND组5年颈部复发率为9．1％(3例)，SND组5年同侧颈部复发率12．1％(4例)；两组的5年生存率分别是78．8％和82．9％(分别为26例和28例)。Ⅰ-Ⅲ区清扫组5年颈部复发率为21．2％(3例)，清扫野外复发率为14．3％(2例)；Ⅰ-Ⅳ区清扫组5年同侧颈部复发率5．3％(1例)，清扫野外复发率为0。结论与经典性或改良性颈清扫术相比，择区性颈清扫术并不影响cN0舌癌患者的肿瘤治疗效果，术式以Ⅰ～Ⅳ区清扫为适宜。     

舌癌颈淋巴结转移的处理

选择性颈清扫在舌癌颈部的处理是目前的流行趋势，对于提高舌癌患者生存率的意义是明确的，为探讨临床颈淋巴结阴性（cN0）的病人是否一概需作选择性颈清扫，本文回顾我院1970年～1990年期间外科收治的160例舌活动部鳞状细胞癌病人，分析其颈淋巴结的转移、处理及其转归，结果发现143例颈清扫组中cN087例，术后病理阳性（pN＋）为19例（21．8％）；放疗能降低颈部复发率；对于30例T1N0选择性预清扫3年无瘤生存23例（76.7％）与观察15例中存活10例（66．7％）比较无统计学差异。作者认为对于某些早期cN0病人可以不行颈部清扫，不影响其生存率而提高生活质量。     

肩胛舌骨肌上颈清扫术在临床N0口腔癌治疗中的应用

目的探讨肩胛舌骨肌上颈清扫术在口腔癌治疗中的应用价值。方法对27例临床N0(T1~3)口腔鳞状细胞癌患者行肩胛舌骨肌上颈清扫,清扫范围为第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ区淋巴结。记录颈清扫手术时间、术后淋巴结病理检查结果、术后肩功能及随访结果。结果手术时间平均(x±s)为(16±02)h。术后病理检查证实5例出现颈淋巴转移(19%),转移发生于第Ⅰ区2例(7%)、第Ⅱ区4例(15%),其中1例同时存在第Ⅰ、Ⅱ区转移。肩功能在术后3个月内基本恢复。术后随访2~4年,随访率100%,未见原发灶复发及颈淋巴转移。结论肩胛舌骨肌上颈清扫术是临床颈部N0口腔癌的合适术式,它既能达到治疗目的,又能最大程度地保留肩颈部外形与功能。     

分化型甲状腺癌的颈淋巴转移规律

目的探讨分化型甲状腺癌颈部淋巴转移的规律及临床阳性淋巴结（cN＋）的颈部治疗模式；评价术前彩超在诊断甲状腺癌颈转移中的作用。方法回顾性分析我院2003年7月-2005年7月诊治93例（113侧）cN＋分化型甲状腺癌患者的临床资料，分为术前颈部淋巴结触诊阳性患者（64侧）和术前颈部触诊阴性，彩超诊断为颈淋巴转移患者（49侧）两组。记录术后颈清扫标本中转移淋巴结的数量及在Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ区的分布。结果93例患者中双侧颈转移占21．5％（20／93），113侧颈清扫标本中92侧（81．4％）为多分区转移；转移淋巴结在颈部的分布以Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ区为主，分别为60．2％（68／113）、70．8％（80／113）、61．9％（70／113）、58．4％（66／113）；Ⅴ区较少分布22．1％（25／113），差异有统计学意义（χ^2=64．597，P〈0．001）。颈部触诊阳性患者颈清扫标本中转移淋巴结数量（10．1个），多于颈触诊阴性、彩超检查阳性患者（6．9个）；淋巴转移区域也多于后者（3．18区与2．61区）；术前彩超检查可以发现43．4％（49／113）的颈部触诊漏诊的颈部淋巴转移。结论分化型甲状腺癌的颈部淋巴转移为多分区分布，Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ区为主要的转移部位；彩超在甲状腺癌颈淋巴转移的诊断中具有重要的价值；对cN＋的分化型甲状腺癌患者，应进行包括Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ区的改良性颈清扫术。     

头颈鳞癌颈部N_0的局限性颈清扫术

目的：头颈部肿瘤颈部Ｎ０的处理有不同意见。本文提供两组病例：一组为１４９例喉癌声门上型;一组为２１９例舌活动部癌。试图从这两组患者治疗结果讨论Ｎ０适宜治疗。方法：我科于１９７６～１９９０年外科或综合治疗声门上型喉癌１４９例;１９６０～１９９３年外科或放射治疗舌活动部鳞癌２１９例。这两类病种均易有颈淋巴结转移,均为Ｔ１～４Ｎ０病例。声门上癌颈部做上颈清扫术;舌癌大部做全颈清扫术。两组原发灶以手术或放射治疗。利用手术标本病理检查及随诊资料进行分析讨论。结果：声门上型喉癌Ｎ０上颈清扫术后,病理无淋巴结转移者１４９例（病理有转移者立即做全颈清扫,不包括在这一组内）,５年观察后有１５例（１０．１％）出现颈转移。和文献报告全颈清扫后复发率可以相比。２１９例舌癌患者１１６例做全颈清扫,病理阳性率为１９．８％（２３／１１６）。３年观察后颈部复发的病例如下：原发与颈部放疗者１７．２％（１０／５８）;颈部无治疗者１６．１％（５／３１）;颈清扫病理阴性者１２．０％（１０／８３）。统计学上无差别。结论：对Ｎ０患者,无需做经典性全颈清扫术。对声门上型患者,上颈清扫（Ⅱ组淋巴结）做为诊断措施可以解决问题,进一步可以考虑肩胛舌骨肌上清扫     

颈清扫术在临床Ⅰ期舌鳞状细胞癌患者中的疗效评价

目的探讨颈清扫在临床Ⅰ期（cT1NOM0期）舌鳞状细胞癌（简称鳞癌）治疗中的作用。方法回顾性分析1984年11月-1999年11月130例临床Ⅰ期舌活动部鳞癌患者的临床病理资料，该组患者的治疗方式以手术为主，3l例（23．8％）只行原发灶手术，99例行原发灶手术加颈清扫术，包括择区性颈清扫（Ⅰ-Ⅲ区或Ⅰ～Ⅳ区颈清扫）20例和全颈清扫（Ⅰ～Ⅴ区颈清扫）79例。结果术后病理证实颈清扫组的隐匿淋巴结率为12．0％（12／99）。全组病例随访5年以上，单纯行原发灶手术组、原发灶手术加择区性颈清扫组和原发灶手术加全颈清扫组的颈部控制失败率分别为25．8％（8／31）、15．0％（3／20）和7．6％（6／79）。单纯原发灶手术组和颈清扫组之间的颈部控制失败率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。3组手术后总体生存率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论颈清扫术可能提高临床Ⅰ期舌鳞癌患者的颈部控制率，本研究未能证实颈清扫术能降低其远处转移率以及能提高其生存率。是否需要对所有临床。     

声门上型喉癌颈淋巴隐匿性转移及其处理

目的 探讨声门上型喉癌颈淋巴隐匿性转移规律及其处理方法。方法 选择术前未行放疗、化疗的声门上喉鳞状细胞癌，临床N0M0病例，共30例，男19例，女11例；年龄40～72岁，平均54．8岁；按UICC(1997年)标准分期1、28例，1318例，T44例。行主病变侧肩胛舌骨肌上颈清扫术(supraomohyoid neck dissecton，SOHND)，将获得淋巴结逐一行病理组织学检查，观察其转移规律及临床治疗效果。结果 首次颈清扫术30例中有6例颈淋巴结转移癌阳性，在2～3年随访中有3例发生对侧颈淋巴结转移，计有9例颈淋巴转移，隐匿性转移率同侧为20％(6／30)，对侧为10％(3／30)。颈清扫术共获淋巴结527个，平均每侧17．6个。获转移阳性淋巴结10个，其中Ⅱ区9个，Ⅲ区1个，Ⅰ区无癌转移。喉及主病变侧颈部均无复发，2年无瘤生存率86．7％(26／30)。结论 声门上型喉癌颈淋巴结隐匿性转移率达30％，采用Ⅱ、Ⅲ区的择区性颈清扫术处理其颈淋巴结(Ⅰ区可不必作为常规清扫区域)是切实可行的。     

梨状窝癌同期颈淋巴结转移特点

目的：研究梨状窝癌同期颈淋巴结转移特点和规律。方法：回顾性分析102例梨状窝癌临床、病理资料,并对其颈淋巴结同期转移的特点和分布规律等情况进行统计分析。结果：T1、T2、T3和T4梨状窝癌同期颈淋巴结转移率分别为16.7%、59.4%、70.8%和63.6%。T1梨状窝癌同期颈淋巴结转移率与T2、T3和T4梨状窝癌同期颈淋巴结转移率相比均差异有统计学意义（均P〈0.05）。T2、T3和T4梨状窝癌同期双侧颈淋巴结转移分别为2.7%（1/37）、12.5%（6/48）、18.1%（2/11）,T2和T3、T4之间梨状窝癌同期双侧颈淋巴结转移率相比均差异有统计学意义（均P〈0.05）。14例无颈淋巴结转移（cN0）梨状窝癌行改良颈清扫术,术后病理证实有10例出现颈淋巴结转移,转移率达71.4%。64例梨状窝癌73侧出现同期颈淋巴结转移,转移区域主要集中在Ⅱ区、Ⅲ区和Ⅳ区,其转移例次构成比分别为33.55%、30.97%和25.16%;而Ⅰ区、Ⅴ区、Ⅵ区转移率较低,分别为3.87%、5.16%和1.29%。cN0和cN1转移淋巴结全分布在Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ区,无Ⅰ区、Ⅴ区和Ⅵ区转移。cN0梨状窝癌Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ区转移率分别为46.7%、33.3%和20.0%,cN1梨状窝癌Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ区转移例次构成比分别为41.7%、33.3%和25.0%。cN2和cN3除Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ区转移外,尚有少数病例出现Ⅰ区、Ⅴ区、Ⅵ区转移。结论：T2、T3和T4梨状窝癌易发生同期颈淋巴结转移;T3和T4梨状窝癌易发生同期双侧颈淋巴结转移;T3、T4梨状窝癌和颈淋巴结双侧转移的梨状窝癌较易出现转移淋巴结包膜外侵;cN0和cN1转移淋巴结全部分布在Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ区;cN2和cN3转移淋巴结主要分布在Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ区转移,Ⅰ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ区转移相对较少。     

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance Angiogenesis is essential for tumour growth and invasion. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a prime mediator of tumour angiogenesis. VEGF‐C is a closely related protein that effects lymphatic endothelial cells and may be important in the process of lymphatic metastasis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of these cytokines in patients with T1 and T2a glottic, squamous cell carcinoma, in comparison with normal epithelial control tissue, to ascertain any association with radioresistance. Twenty‐two tumours treated by radiotherapy (13 radiosensitive, nine radioresistant) and seven normal control tissues were studied. The minimum follow‐up was 2 years after radiotherapy. Expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C was evaluated by immunohistochemistry of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded biopsy specimens. Analysis was carried out using a quantitative computer image analyser. Both VEGF and VEGF‐C were detectable in tumour and normal control specimens. There was increased expression in tumour specimens of both VEGF (P = 0.03) and VEGF‐C (P < 0.001). In addition, the expression of VEGF‐C was associated with tumours of higher histological grade (P = 0.021). There was, however, no difference in VEGF and VEGF‐C expression between radioresistant and radiosensitive tumours. The expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C is increased in early laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, measuring the expression of these proteins cannot predict radioresistance in this tumour group.     

Treatment of Maxillary Sinus Carcinoma: Clinical Results Using the Kitasato Modality

The conventional therapeutic regimen for maxillary sinus carcinoma consists of dissection of the maxilla, full-dose irradiation and extensive chemotherapy. However, the results obtained with this treatment are often poor. Even when patients recover, their quality of life is significantly reduced as a result of deformity of facial structures and swallowing and articulation dysfunctions. A retrospective analysis of 68 patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma treated with the Kitasato modality between 1975 and 1999 was conducted. All patients underwent pergingival maxillary sinus surgery combined with pre- and postoperative irradiation therapy with standardized total doses of 16 Gy; the postoperative irradiation was given in combination with regional intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy administered via the superficial temporal artery. All visible tumor lesions were removed where possible in order to preserve or facilitate cellular immunity after surgery. The cumulative 5-year survival rates were 85.7% for Stage II patients, 88.1% for Stage III, 76.6% for Stage IVA and 75.0% for Stage IVB.     

Tongue Base Reduction with Temperature-controlled Radiofrequency Volumetric Tissue Reduction for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

In recent years a considerable effort has been made to establish the use of different surgical techniques for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Nevertheless, treatment of hypopharyngeal obstruction due to tongue base hypertrophy remains in many ways an unsolved problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tongue base reduction with temperature-controlled radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction in the treatment of OSAS. Twenty patients with OSAS and tongue base hypertrophy were treated with radiofrequency tissue ablation. An intensified treatment protocol was used, delivering 2,800 J per treatment session under local anesthesia. Two nights of polysomnography testing were performed before and after treatment. Daytime sleepiness, snoring and postoperative morbidity were assessed using questionnaires. Mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was reduced from 32.1 to 24.9/h after a mean of 3.4 treatment sessions. Six patients (33%) were cured after the procedure (reduction in RDI of &#83 50% and a postoperative RDI of <15/h) and ten (55%) showed an improvement of >20% in their RDI. Daytime sleepiness and snoring improved significantly. Peri- and postoperative morbidity was low; one severe complication occurred (tongue base abscess). We were able to achieve similar cure and responder rates to those reported in a recently published pilot study but with a reduced number of treatment sessions. We believe that this technique may improve patient acceptance and have beneficial cost implications.     

Cervical Reflex Induced by Click Stimuli in Cats

We studied click-evoked potentials in the anterior horn of the spinal cord in 17 cats. A concentric needle electrode was inserted into the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C3-C6. Potentials evoked with 105 dB SPL clicks were recorded with a peak latency of 4.89-5.10 ms only at the C3 level. These responses were observed 45-60 dB SPL above the auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold, and no potentials were evoked by stimulation of the contralateral ear. Average was performed 100 times with changes in stimulation frequency of 1-20 Hz. The amplitude of the potentials decreased with increasing stimulus frequency, but there were no changes in ABRs. The responses disappeared after destruction of the medial vestibulospinal tract at the obex level, but ABRs were still recorded. The spinal nucleus of the accessory nerves was located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C1-C6, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle motoneurons were found at levels C1-C3. The click-evoked potentials recorded in this study reflect responses of the spinal nucleus of accessory nerves through the vestibulospinal tract to click stimulation. The responses have the same characteristics as vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials that can be recorded using surface electrodes over the sternocleidomastoid muscles of humans.     

Lack of significant estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in nasal telangiectasias in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: an immunohistochemical analysis

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by snoring and apnea during sleep leading to decreased oxygen saturation and disturbed sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness and neuropsychological disturbances. This study investigates cognitive neuropsychological abilities in a group of 53 OSAS patients before and after treatment with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. General intellectual ability, verbal learning and memory as well as executive functioning were measured at baseline and 6 months postoperatively. After surgery there were significant improvements in verbal learning and memory (mean change - 39, SD 57.3, p <0.001), recall (mean change - 24.3, SD 39.3, p <0.001) and executive functioning (as assessed by percentage of errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; mean change-9.1, SD 15.7, p <0.001). These improvements were in accordance with improvements in the degree of sleep apnea, the oxygen desaturation index (mean change -9.7, SD 15.9, p <0.001) and arterial minimum oxygen saturation (mean change 4.5%, SD 10.2%, p <0.01). Surgical treatment seems to improve verbal learning, memory and recall and executive functions in parallel with better oxygenation in OSAS.     

Measurement of chemosensory function

Although hundreds of thousands of patients seek medical help annually for disorders of taste and smell, relatively few medical practitioners quantitatively test their patients' chemosensory function, taking their complaints at face value. This is clearly not the approach paid to patients complaining of visual, hearing, or balance problems. Accurate chemosensory testing is essential to establish the nature, degree, and veracity of a patient's complaint, as well as to aid in counseling and in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment strategies and decisions. In many cases, patients perseverate on chemosensory loss that objective assessment demonstrates has resolved. In other cases, patients are malingering. Olfactory testing is critical for not only establishing the validity and degree of the chemosensory dysfunction, but for helping patients place their dysfunction into perspective relative to the function of their peer group. It is well established, for example, that olfactory dysfunction is the rule, rather than the exception, in members of the older population. Moreover, it is now apparent that such dysfunction can be an early sign of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Importantly, older anosmics are three times more likely to die over the course of an ensuring five-year period than their normosmic peers, a situation that may be averted in some cases by appropriate nutritional and safety counseling. This review provides the clinician, as well as the academic and industrial researcher, with an overview of the available means for accurately assessing smell and taste function, including up-to-date information and normative data for advances in this field.