二氧化钛职业接触致癌效应流行病学研究进展

二氧化钛(TiO2)是当前产量较高的化学品之一,因其强大的遮盖力、着色力,较高的折射率、分散性和稳定性等特点,被广泛地应用于涂料、塑料和造纸等行业的生产[1-3]。国际癌症研究机构于2006年将Ti O2列为可疑人类致癌物[4],其致癌性评估主要依赖于动物实验结果[5-8],缺乏充分的人群流行病学证据。随着我国TiO2生产规模的扩大,应用行业的增加,职业人群接触Ti O2的机会剧增。因此,尽快在我国开展     

膀胱癌与职业接触的流行病学研究概况

早在１８９５年,德国的Ｒｅｈｎｕ就报道染料工人比普通人群易发生膀胱癌,随后美国、意大利、法国、瑞士、日本等国学者也在染料生产工人中发现了膀胱癌患者,并通过动物实验资料证实了β－萘胺和联苯胺有很强的致癌性。１９７３年８月致癌物质标准咨询委员会向美国劳工部提出 １４种化学化合物的管理建议,其中包括化学性强致癌物联苯胺［１］。为此,许多国家也相继制定对策,禁止其制造和使用。近年来,国内外学者发现与膀胱癌发生有关的职业接触因素越来越多,膀胱癌与职业接触的流行病学调查研究也在不断地深入。 据文献记载表明［２…     

职业接触丙烯腈对健康影响的流行病学研究

选取某腈纶厂1504名丙烯腈作业工人(1998年670名,2000年834名)作为接触组,以条件相当的不接触任何毒物的442名高校职工作为对照组,分析接触丙烯腈对职业工人健康状况的影响。结果 提示丙烯腈作业工人头晕、头痛、失眠等神经精神症状报告率高于对照组,肝功能异常率明显高于对照组,表明长期较低浓度丙烯腈对接触人群健康仍有一定影响。     

职业伤害流行病学方法的研究进展

近年来，各国学对职业伤害进行了大量的研究，本从职业伤害流行病学的研究方法、存在的问题等方面，对国内外职业伤害流行病学方法的最新进展进行了综述。重点介绍目前应用的各种方法的优缺点，并对需要解决的问题作了总结。     

职业接触铅人群健康危害的研究进展

铅及其化合物因具有熔点低、延展性好、耐腐蚀的理化性质而广泛用于生产蓄电池、电子产品等行业,在促进经济发展的同时,长期低剂量接触铅对作业人群的健康危害也引起关注。本文综述了铅对职业人群神经系统、免疫系统、血液系统、生殖内分泌系统、肾脏等的毒性作用及其作用机制。 更多还原     

职业危害评估中的接触评定

职业危害评估中的接触评定 (以下简称接触评定 )包括接触水平和可能影响接触的决定因素 (ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎａｎｔｓｏｆｅｘｐｏ ｓｕｒｅ)的评定 ,是职业医学领域中的一个重要问题 ,对合理采取各项控制措施 ,改善生产环境的劳动条件和降低工人接触有害因素的程度有指导意义。两者缺一不可 ,否则仅是说明某种接触因素的存在量 ,对可能影响接触的决定因素 ,只是类似轶事般的建议。在职业医学领域———接触检测、医学监护、危险物品管理、工作习惯控制、个人防护用品应用、职业教育和培训、技术控制以及职业流行病学研究等均述及接触评定 ,然…     

氯乙烯的职业接触评估

该文综述了氯乙烯职业接触的具体评估方法、评估指标。通过对氧乙烯职业接触评估方法的阐述,重点介绍了环境监测中定点采样和个体采样的使用方法,以及各类生物标志物在氯乙烯生物监测中的应用。     

我国职业接触限值的研究进展

职业接触限值是制订职业卫生标准的基础。本文介绍了我国职业接触限值的发展历史、研究情况,并与国外部分国家的限量标准进行比较,为今后制定我国工作场所有害物质的职业接触限值提供一定的参考。     

043我国职业接触限值的研究进展

职业接触限值是制订职业卫生标准的基础。本文介绍了我国职业接触限值的发展历史、研究情况,并与国外部分国家的限量标准进行比较,为今后制定我国工作场所有害物质的职业接触限值提供一定的参考。     

Dermal exposure assessment in occupational medicine

The importance of dermal exposure has increased during the last few years, mainly because of the reduction of respiratory exposure to toxicants. Pesticides, aromatic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are considered to be the chemicals at highest dermal risk. In the occupational exposure limit lists of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) and of many countries, compounds that can be absorbed through the skin are identified by a skin notation. However, a generally accepted criterion for assigning skin notation does not exist. The recent attempts to develop health-based dermal occupational exposure limits (DOELs) have not been accepted, thus in practice their use has remained limited. To predict the systemic risk associated with dermal exposure and to enable agencies to set safety standards, penetration data are needed. Moreover, there is a need for a practical risk assessment model, particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises.     

苯职业暴露健康风险评价研究及应用

目的对苯暴露的非致癌效应与致癌效应进行职业健康风险的定量评价,为我国职业病危害因素的控制以及职业性肿瘤等严重职业病的预防和管理提供科学依据。方法以某大型化工企业苯乙烯装置为研究对象,采用美国环境保护署(EPA)推荐的健康风险评价四步法,即危害辨识、暴露评价、剂量-反应评价和风险表征,对苯乙烯装置作业工人的苯职业暴露进行健康风险评价。分别以吸入单位风险、参考浓度表示化学毒物的致癌效应、非致癌效应的剂量-反应关系,以危害指数HI(hazard index)、致癌超额风险值(Risktumor)分别对非致癌风险、致癌风险进行表征;针对暴露与风险的不确定性,采用水晶球软件蒙特卡洛模拟方法分析概率分布规律。结果该装置工人84.65%情况下苯导致淋巴细胞计数减少的非致癌效应危害指数HI高于安全阈值1;69.37%的情况下苯导致白血病的超额风险超过了可接受风险水平1.0×10-4。提示风险不可接受,需要采取相应的风险应对措施,降低工人职业健康风险。结论利用职业健康风险评价四步法及蒙特卡洛模拟可以得到非致癌风险、致癌风险值的概率分布及其统计学分布特征,从而为风险管理者提供更准确的信息。     

Dermal exposure assessment in occupational epidemiologic research

Recognition of the importance of skin exposure in industrial settings has steadily increased over the last few decades. Unfortunately, the growing attention to dermal exposure in industrial hygiene has often not been reflected in the field of occupational epidemiology. An extensive literature survey was conducted to identify dermal exposure assessment methods that have been applied in epidemiologic studies. Subsequently, methodologies are postulated that could be applied to epidemiologic research. Attention is given to intensity, frequency, and duration of exposure, the exposed surface area, and personal, temporal and spatial variability in dermal exposure and uptake. It is anticipated that, in the near future, dermal exposure assessment in epidemiologic research will be based generally on expert judgment and to some degree on process-specific exposure models. Field studies collecting quantitative dermal exposure data and statistical modeling to identify exposure determinants will, however, be imperative if progress is to be made in the field of dermal exposure assessment for epidemiologic purposes.     

Cost-efficient design of occupational exposure assessment strategies--a review

When designing a strategy for collecting occupational exposure data, both economic and statistical performance criteria should be considered. However, very few studies have addressed the trade-off between the cost of obtaining data and the precision/accuracy of the exposure estimate as a research issue. To highlight the need of providing cost-efficient designs for assessing exposure variables in occupational research, the present review explains and critically evaluates the concepts and analytical tools used in available cost efficiency studies. Nine studies were identified through a systematic search using two algorithms in the databases PubMed and ScienceDirect. Two main approaches could be identified in these studies: 'comparisons' of the cost efficiency associated with different measurement designs and 'optimizations' of resource allocation on the basis of functions describing cost and statistical efficiency. In either case, the reviewed studies use simplified analytical tools and insufficient economic analyses. More research is needed to understand whether these drawbacks jeopardize the guidance on cost-efficient exposure assessment provided by the studies, as well as to support theoretical results by empirical data from occupational life.     

Classification of occupational activities for assessment of inhalation exposure

There is a large variety of activities in workplaces that can lead to emission of substances. Coding systems based on determinants of emission have so far not been developed. In this paper, a system of Activity Classes and Activity Subclasses is proposed for categorizing activities involving chemical use. Activity Classes share their so-called 'emission generation mechanisms' and physical state of the product handled and the underlying determinants of emission. A number of (industrial) stakeholders actively participated in testing and fine-tuning the system. With the help of these stakeholders, it was found to be relatively easy to allocate a large number of activities to the Activity Classes and Activity Subclasses. The system facilitates a more structured classification of activities in exposure databases, a structured analysis of the analogy of exposure activities, and a transparent quantification of the activity emission potential in (new) exposure assessment models. The first use of the system is in the Advanced REACH Tool.     

Risk assessment of leukaemia and occupational exposure to benzene

Experimental toxicological studies have offered clear evidence that benzene induces haematopoietic neoplasms, and it is generally accepted that exposure to benzene is a risk factor for leukaemia, in particular for acute non-lymphatic leukaemia. Quantitative aspects of benzene risk assessment are still a matter of controversy, however. In several risk assessments an estimated 50 deaths from leukaemia per 1000 deaths would arise from exposures to benzene of 10 ppm during a working life of 30 years. The assessment presented in this paper leads to lower estimates, which are more in agreement with the weak toxicological data. Furthermore, an approach is presented to incorporate the results of low exposure epidemiological studies into the process of quantitative risk assessment.