人精原干细胞特异性标志的初步筛选

目的:寻求可能用于人精原干细胞(SSC)分离和纯化的特异性表面标志。方法:通过免疫组化方法,应用造血干细胞(HSC)表面标志c-kit、Thy-1,人胚胎干细胞(ES)表面标志阶段特异性胚胎抗原SSEA-3、SSEA-4、碱性磷酸酶(ALP),原始生殖细胞(PGC)标志SSEA-1以及小鼠SSC表面标志α6和β1整合素对成人及胎儿睾丸SSC的特异性表达进行筛选和鉴定。结果:在成人睾丸组织中,α6整合素在生精小管生殖细胞表面存在较广泛而显著阳性表达,而β1整合素主要在生精小管基底部细胞存在显著阳性染色,Thy-1在成人睾丸生精小管基底部细胞可见散在阳性染色,少量间质细胞中亦可见阳性染色。上述3种抗原标志在成人生殖细胞表面的表达具有一定的特异性。在胎儿睾丸生精小管中,可见SSEA-1在生殖细胞表面存在显著阳性表达,具有明显特异性。结论:α6、β1整合素和Thy-1可作为阳性标志用于人SSC的分选。SSEA-1可作为识别胎儿SSC的特异性标志。     

支持细胞体外培养研究进展

总结了支持细胞 (Sertolicell,Sc)原代培养的 3种方法 :Sc分离培养、生殖细胞 Sc共培养及组织培养 (器官培养 )。采用胰蛋白酶、胶原酶及透明质酸酶等消化方法从动物睾丸分离Sc ,将纯化的Sc平铺在Matrigel包被的培养皿中作体外原代培养 ,培养基通常为 1∶1(vol/vol)无血清Ham sF12营养液和Dulbecco改良Eagle培养基 (DulbeccomodifiedEaglemedium ,DMEM) (F12 /DMEM)。培养条件 :5 %CO2 、35℃。生殖细胞 Sc共培养可模拟体内精子发生的微环境 ,用于研究生殖细胞与Sc之间的相互作用。同时也总结通过转基因动物建立的永生Sc株 ,该细胞具有与真正Sc一样的某些特征     

小鼠精原干细胞分选

目的:寻求富集小鼠精原干细胞的有效方法。方法:取6周龄雄性昆明白小鼠20只,手术制作成双侧隐睾模型,继续饲养2~3个月后,切取睾丸,用酶两步消化法制成单细胞悬液,加入FITC标记的抗α6-integrin抗体和PE标记的抗c-k it抗体冰浴20 m in后,利用流式细胞仪筛选出具有side scatterlo、α6-integrin+、c-k it-特征的细胞,苔盼兰染色监测细胞活性。另取20只小鼠作为对照组,相同条件下饲养相同时间。结果:隐睾小鼠筛选出的精原干细胞占睾丸细胞总数的2.8%,95%以上的细胞具有活性。结论:利用免疫荧光激活细胞分选术能分离出大量有活性的精原干细胞。     

诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分化为唾液腺腺泡样细胞的实验研究

目的:探讨在共培养系统下大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分化为唾液腺腺泡样细胞的实验.方法:以纯化1代SD大鼠颌下腺腺泡细胞和3代骨髓间充质干细胞作为共培养实验对象.实验分组:含唾液腺培养液的共培养组;含10%FBS、DMEM/F12的共培养组;含唾液腺培养液的非共培养组;含10%FBS、DMEM/F12的非共培养组.培养1个月经α-淀粉酶(α-amylase)免疫组化染色各组的MSCs,计算阳性细胞数得出MSCs的转化率,并且通过光镜和电镜鉴定细胞形态变化.结果:各组诱导的MSCs经α-amylase染色,共培养组阳性细胞数较非共培养组多(P＜0.05),且诱导成功的细胞在镜下形态类似于唾液腺腺泡细胞.结论:在共培养条件下成功实现了MSCs向 SGCs的形态学转化,唾液腺专用培养液能够提高SGCs的诱导效率.     

人精原干细胞分离、培养与鉴定

目的 :分离、鉴定和培养人精原干细胞(SSC),以获得纯化、富集的人SSC并为其研究与应用奠定基础。方法:通过免疫荧光方法检测睾丸组织中CD90表达情况;应用两步酶消化和差速贴壁法分离人睾丸生精细胞,以CD90为人SSC标志,用免疫磁珠分选技术(MACS)对人睾丸生精细胞进行分选,并利用RT-PCR和免疫细胞化学对分选所得CD90+细胞进行鉴定;同时用SG培养液将CD90+细胞与支持细胞进行体外共培养。结果:MACS分选所得CD90+细胞大小、形态特征较为均一,RT-PCR检测其表达人SSC标记性基因,免疫荧光检测其高表达人SSC特异标记GFRA-1、GPR125和UCHL-1,阳性率达90.5%,其在SG培养液中与支持细胞共培养14 d后仍可保持良好活性。结论:CD90可作为人SSC特异性标志之一,结合差速贴壁和MACS可高效分选人SSC,分选所得SSC可在SG培养液中进行体外培养。     

雄性生殖细胞体外分化研究现状

生殖细胞的体外研究已建立了多种组织和器官培养系统、精曲小管培养系统、Sertoli细胞和生殖细胞共同培养系统等。随着对血 睾屏障和睾丸细胞极性在体外培养中重要性的逐步重视 ,已初步建立了模拟睾丸分隔结构的双室培养系统和藻酸钙三维培养系统。现有培养系统已经成为深入了解和认识精子发生过程的一种强有力工具。目前在体外已经获得某些动物精子发生的整个减数分裂过程 ,但对雄性生殖细胞体外减数分裂的详细调控机制还知之甚少。本文主要介绍了在雄性生殖细胞体外分化尤其是减数分裂研究方面的发展现状     

大鼠睾丸支持细胞对骨髓问充质干细胞免疫抑制作用的影响

目的探索睾丸支持细胞（Sertoli细胞）对骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSC）免疫抑制作用的影响,为二者在移植免疫中的联合应用提供思路。方法二步酶解法处理大鼠睾丸,分离Sertoli细胞;Percoll法分离大鼠BMSC;Ficoll法分离淋巴细胞;刀豆蛋白A（ConA）刺激进行T细胞转化试验;将Sertoli细胞、BMSC和Sertoli细胞＋BMSC分别加入未经ConA处理的静止淋巴细胞培养体系和经ConA处理后的T细胞转化体系,MTT法测定淋巴细胞增殖情况,观察BMSC、Sertoli细胞或二者共培养对T细胞活化、增殖的影响。结果 BMSC、Sertoli细胞以及二者共培养对静止的淋巴细胞无明显作用。BMSC、Sertoli细胞及二者共培养对T细胞的活化、增殖均有明显的抑制作用,且Sertoli细胞与BMSC共培养时抑制作用呈现一定的协同性。结论 BMSC和Sertoli细胞均具有负性免疫调节作用,二者共培养可以进一步增强BMSC的免疫抑制效应。     

大鼠曲细精管生殖细胞体外共培养和精子发生过程的观察

目的建立体外长期共培养体系和观察方法,为精子发生过程的研究提供细胞模型。方法采用大鼠曲细精管生殖细胞及支持细胞共培养的方法,对睾丸生精细胞作显微镜观察。结果共培养的支持细胞和生精细胞在体外存活超过6个月。在共培养期间,观察到精母细胞、圆形精子细胞和长形精子细胞。结论在不添加任何细胞因子和生长因子的情况下,大鼠曲细精管生殖细胞长期增生分化,不断产生精子细胞。这一结果暗示组织块和共生的支持细胞可为生殖细胞的增生和分化提供必需的细胞因子。该方法为体外研究精子发生过程提供了实验依据。     

胶质细胞源性神经营养因子对体外培养小鼠精原干细胞增殖分化作用的影响

目的 探讨胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)对体外培养小鼠精原干细胞(SSC)增殖与分化的影响.方法 雄性昆明小鼠80只.采用Percoll密度梯度分离及差速贴壁法纯化SSC,免疫荧光染色及流式细胞检测方法鉴定.将获取的SSC随机分为实验组和对照组,以支持细胞作为饲养层培养SSC,实验组每5 ml DMEM/F12完全培养液中添加0.02 μg GDNF.酶联仪检测细胞生长情况,流式细胞仪检测细胞生长周期;采用卵泡浆内显微注射(ICSI)技术将精子细胞与卵母细胞结合,观察卵裂细胞数,体外培养3 d后行染色体数量分析.结果 添加GDNF培养的SSC第6、9、12、15天吸光度(A)值分别为0.448±0.028、0.502±0.062、0.556±0.045、0.621±0.072,与对照组0.377±0.053、0.402±0.071、0.432±0.019、0.461±0.037比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);第3、6、9、12、15天SSC DNA合成期(S期)含量分别为20.86、26.34、31.23、37.54、28.02,与对照组1.69、1.73、2.56,4.85,1.82比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);精子细胞与卵母细胞结合后可得到含有20对染色体的配子.结论 ICSI技术可为鉴定SSC体外分化为精子细胞提供较充分的依据;GDNF能促进SSC的体外增殖与分化.     

大鼠神经干细胞与小鼠雪旺细胞混合培养的研究

外培目的观察小鼠雪旺细胞体养时对大鼠神经干细胞存活及分化的影响。方法获取Wistar鼠坐骨神经并采用组织块法分离和纯化雪旺细胞；体外分离新生乳鼠脑神经干细胞，将雪旺细胞和神经干细胞分别培养扩增后进行共培养。共分5组进行：实验组1（NSC悬浮＋SC悬浮＋DMEM／F12）；实验组2（NSC悬浮＋SC贴壁＋DMEM／F12）；试验对照组1（SC培养基＋NSC＋DMEM／F12）；试验对照组2（EGF／bFGF＋NSC＋DMEM／F12）；试验对照组3（NSC＋DMEM／F12）。倒置相差显微镜对各组培养细胞每天观察形态和计数，免疫组织化学检测混合培养细胞特异性标记物的表达：SC采用P0和S100，NS采用nestin标记，神经干细胞分化神经元分别采用GFAP、GalC、Tubulin-β染色。结果共培养组NF染色阳性神经元样细胞的百分率明显高干其他各组；实验组1克隆球直径明显高于其他各组，其平均直径为8μm；实验组神经元样细胞突起的长度比对照组的长，3周长度差为26．5-67．3μm。结论大鼠神经干细胞与小鼠雪旺细胞共培养使两者不仅能够共生，而且雪旺细胞能显著促进体神经干细胞分化为神经元样细胞；神经干细胞分化神经元突起增长并且有序排列成轴索样结构。     

人精原干细胞的磁式分选和功能鉴定

目的 :目前对人睾丸内精原干细胞 (SSC)的生物学本质特性尚缺乏深入研究。本研究旨在寻求人SSC的特异性表面标志以及对其进行有效分选和功能鉴定的合理方法。　方法 :应用α6、β1 整合素、Thy 1 (CD90 )和c kit作为人SSC标志 ,利用免疫磁珠分选技术对成人睾丸单细胞悬液进行多参数复合分选 ,并利用流式细胞仪对分选后细胞的光散射特性和DNA倍体特性进行检测 ;将人分选后生殖细胞进行显微注射移植 ,观察人SSC在裸鼠睾丸内克隆形成的数量及其精子发生的可能性 ,对上述分选后人SSC进行功能性评价。　结果 :分选后α+ 6Thy 1 + c kit-和 β+ 1 Thy 1 + c kit-细胞均为大小、形态特征较为均一的细胞亚群 ,分别占分离细胞总数的 2 %～ 3%和 0 .5 %～ 1 %。其光散射特性分析显示均为明显低侧向散射特征。DNA倍体分析显示明显DNA倍体组成改变 ,合成期和四倍体细胞消失 ,仅有单倍体、二倍体和减数分裂期细胞 ,α+ 6Thy 1 + c kit-细胞群中 ,二倍体细胞数提高至该细胞群的5 1 .2 %。功能性评价结果表明 ,分选后α+ 6Thy 1 + c kit-细胞中干细胞浓度富积约 4 0倍 ,β+ 1 Thy 1 + c kit-细胞中干细胞浓度富积约 2 0倍。　结论 :α6,β1 整合素和Thy 1可作为阳性标志用于人SSC的分选。应用上述标志的复合免疫磁珠分?     

酒精染毒后大鼠睾丸生精小管超微结构的改变

目的:观察酒精染毒后大鼠睾丸生精小管超微结构的变化。方法:将48只W istar雄性性成熟健康大鼠随机分为对照组(A组)、染毒组(B组),每组24只,B组用50度酒精(6 m l/kg)每天灌胃染毒1次,连续39 d,A组用生理盐水灌胃(6 m l/kg);在第14、27、40 d分别从A、B两组中各处死8只大鼠,取睾丸组织,常规电镜制片,透射电镜观察大鼠睾丸生精小管超微结构。结果:透射电镜发现:对照组各时间段睾丸生精小管超微结构无明显变化,基膜平滑、致密、厚薄均匀,支持细胞胞质丰富、粗面内织网及线粒体较多,核大、核质均匀、核仁清楚,精原细胞与基膜和支持细胞之间连接紧密,紧密连接层次清楚。染毒组第1生精周期末(相当于第14 d)超微结构开始变化;第2、3个生精周期末(分别相当于第27、40 d)超微结构变化最明显,主要表现为:①支持细胞溶酶体增多,线粒体肿胀空泡化,细胞器模糊且数量减少,支持细胞内出现较大空泡,甚至支持细胞出现萎缩;②精原细胞与支持细胞及生精小管的基膜之间出现较多较大空泡;③精原细胞凋亡,凋亡小体边集;④生精小管内的精子有过多的胞质且有大小不一的空泡,尾部断面线粒体排列不整齐、缺失或堆积;⑤紧密连接层次改变、模糊不清;⑥基膜厚薄不均,基膜外胶原组织疏松增厚,成波浪式皱褶,可见基膜断裂。结论:酒精可引起大鼠睾丸生精小管的基膜、紧密连接、支持细胞等超微结构异常,并可引起精原细胞凋亡。     

In vitro maturation of fresh and frozen-thawed mouse round spermatids

Both initiation and maintenance of spermatogenesis are hormonally regulated by follicle stimulating hormone (rFSH) and testosterone. Co-culture systems also have important roles in the maintenance of spermatogenic cells. In this study, the effects of FSH and testosterone, co-culture system with Vero cells and co-culture supplemented with the hormones for maturation of frozen-thawed spermatids were determined. Testicular cells were suspended from the testis of National Medical Research Institute (NMRI) male mice and divided into two parts. The first aliquot of suspension was allocated for using as fresh and the rest was quickly cryopreserved. The frozen specimens were thawed and washed using Dulbecco modified Eagle's minimum essential medium (DMEM) medium. The fresh specimens were cultured in four groups: control (cultured on DMEM with 10% FBS), hormone (cultured on a medium supplemented with rFSH and testosterone), co-culture (cultured on Vero cells) and co-culture + hormone (cultured on Vero cells combined with rFSH and testosterone). The frozen-thawed specimens were cultured accordingly. The number of spermatids was recorded daily and the survival rates of each group were evaluated using Trypan blue test. The results showed that the number of the elongating spermatids was increased during the first day of the culture of fresh hormone, co-culture and co-culture + hormone groups. Viability rates of all kinds of the spermatid reduced during the 96 h of culturing. Our findings showed that the addition of hormone could support cell viability better than the co-culture. They also confirmed that the fresh round spermatid cells can progress into elongating and elongated spermatid only within the first 2 days of the culture in hormone, co-culture and co-culture + hormone groups. In the frozen-thawed specimens no extra significant increase in the number of cells was observed.     

Maturation, proliferation and apoptosis of seminal tubule cells at puberty after administration of estradiol, follicle stimulating hormone or both

AIM: To assess proliferative and apoptotic potential of the seminiferous epithelium cells in relation to Sertoli cell maturation in newborn rats under the influence of estradiol, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) or both agents given together. METHODS: From postnatal day (PND) 5 to 15 male rats were daily injected with 12.5 microg of 17beta-estradiol benzoate (EB) or 7.5 IU of human purified FSH (hFSH) or EB + hFSH or solvents (control). On postnatal day 16, autopsy was performed. Sertoli cell maturation/function was assessed by morphometry. Proliferation of the seminiferous epithelium cells was quantitatively evaluated using immunohistochemical labeling against proliferating cell nuclear antigen and apoptosis using the TUNEL method. RESULTS: Although EB inhibited Sertoli cell maturation and hFSH was not effective, a pronounced acceleration of Sertoli cell maturation occurred after EB + hFSH. Whereas hFSH stimulated Sertoli cell proliferation, EB or EB + hFSH inhibited Sertoli cell proliferation. All treatments significantly stimulated germ cell proliferation. Apoptosis of Sertoli cells increased 9-fold and germ cells 2-fold after EB, and was not affected by hFSH but was inhibited after EB + hFSH. CONCLUSION: At puberty, estradiol inhibits Sertoli cell maturation, increases Sertoli and germ cell apoptosis but stimulates germ cell proliferation. Estradiol in synergism with FSH, but neither of the hormones alone, accelerates Sertoli cell maturation associated with an increase in germ cell survival. Estradiol and FSH cooperate to induce seminal tubule maturation and trigger first spermatogenesis.     

Expression of cathepsin L in human testis under diverse infertility conditions

The cathepsin family of proteolytic enzymes play an important role in the remodeling seminiferous epithelia in rodent testis. In an effort to uncover the cathepsin L expression in diverse pathological conditions in human testis, the immunohistochemical localization of cathepsin L was conducted in human testis under diverse male infertility condition including spermatogenic hypoplasia and testis cancer. In seminiferous tubule of normal, non-obstructive azoospermic, decreased spermatogenesis, and maturation arrest conditions, cathepsin L was found in both germ cells and Sertoli cells. In contrast, there was no visible expression of cathepsin L in seminiferous tubule tissues from Sertoli cell-only syndrome, spermatogenic hypoplasia, and testicular cancer. Our result suggests that the cross-talk between germ cells and Sertoli cells is crucial for the control of cathepsin L expression in human testis. The absence of expression of cathepsin L in germ cell cancer emphasizes that cathepsin L expression in Sertoli cells is regulated by functional germ cells in human testis.     

Androgen effects on Sertoli cells

Mature male rats, gamma-irradiated in utero, were hypophysectomized. In an effort to maintain the seminiferous epithelium, some animals were treated with exogenous androgen while in other animals the seminiferous epithelium was allowed to regress without hormonal treatment. These Sertoli cell-enriched (SCE) males were evaluated for 7 weeks following hypophysectomy. In SCE males the average initial weight of each testis was 300 mg which declined to 110 mg at 7 weeks post-hypophysectomy. Concomitantly, seminiferous tubule diameter decreased from 130 microns to approximately 89 microns. Numerous cells were detached from the lamina propria and were observed in the centre of the tubule. Two layers of Sertoli cell nuclei were frequently observed in the regressed seminiferous tubules. Many of these nuclei appeared to be less differentiated, i.e. the nuclei were smaller with smaller nucleoli and more heterochromatin. In contrast, hypophysectomized animals treated with testosterone propionate during the last 5 weeks of the 7 week observational period, retained a tissue weight of about 270 mg/testis (a 5-10% decline in weight compared with normal untreated controls). Also, these animals had seminiferous tubule diameters of 132 microns. Finally, the Sertoli cells which comprised primarily a single layer inside the seminiferous tubules had larger nuclei with finely granulated chromatin and large nucleoli. Protein changes in SCE testes, (+/-) androgen, following hypophysectomy were analysed using polyacrylamide gels containing SDS. Prominent changes in the protein profile as separated by molecular weight were observed and were attributable to androgen stimulation. These changes were probably occurring in Sertoli cells since the Sertoli cell represents about 70% of the total cell population in the gamma-irradiated model. It is concluded that testosterone is responsible for major changes in mature Sertoli cells, although potential contributions of other cell types such as myoid cells and Leydig cells are considered.     

BALB/c小鼠精原干细胞体外长期培养和鉴定

目的:建立小鼠精原干细胞长期培养体系,探讨精原干细胞体外增殖分化的关键因子。方法:收集出生4~6 d BALB/c绿色荧光小鼠睾丸,采用改良的两步消化法获得细胞悬液,种植到铺有明胶的培养皿中,分别于种植后1、5、24 h通过差速贴壁法去除体细胞,获得高度纯化的精原干细胞,种植到丝裂霉素C处理的小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞饲养层上培养。基础培养液为StemPro-34SFM干细胞培养液并补充15种添加成分;添加20 ng/ml大鼠胶质细胞源神经营养因子(GDNF)、10 ng/ml碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)和200 ng/ml DDNF受体α1(GFRα1)促进精原干细胞增殖。分别采用免疫荧光染色和RT-PCR检测精原干细胞已知抗原和标志性基因的表达。结果:饲养层上培养3~4 d后精原干细胞增殖形成典型的克隆,为边缘不清楚的团块状;小鼠精原干细胞能在该培养体系中稳定传代培养达3个月。免疫荧光共聚焦显微镜观察示Oct-4特异性表达在培养的精原干细胞核上;而GFRα1显著表达在培养的精原干细胞膜表面;RT-PCR也证实培养的精原干细胞表达Oct-4、GFRα1、Sox2和c-Ret等象征未分化精原细胞的标志基因。结论:BALB/c小鼠精原干细胞可在体外长期培养(3个月),该培养体系的建立将为研究精原干细胞增殖分化调控机制及精原干细胞移植治疗男性不育奠定基础。