累及咽旁间隙的肿物的影像学特征

目的：分析累及咽旁间隙肿物的影像学特征。材料与方法：总结分析了１９例经手术病理证实的累及咽旁间隙肿物的ＭＲＩ、ＣＴ、ＭＲＡ和ＤＳＡ表现。包括腮裂囊肿４例、颈静脉球瘤３例、颈动脉体瘤４例、神经鞘瘤３例、鼻咽癌侵入咽旁间隙５例。１５例行ＭＲＩ检查、９例行ＣＴ扫描、３例行ＭＲＡ检查、５例行ＤＳＡ检查。结果：ＭＲＩ对肿块的大小、形态、位置、与周围组织的关系及继发改变能清晰显示，并可见具有特征性的副神经节瘤瘤内纡曲、匍行的低信号血管影。颈静脉球瘤的ＣＴ特征性表现是颈静脉孔的扩大和骨质破坏。ＭＲＡ和ＤＳＡ对肿瘤血管的显示十分清楚。结论：ＭＲＩ对累及咽旁间隙肿物的诊断优于ＣＴ，若能结合ＣＴ、ＤＳＡ、ＭＲＡ等其他影像学技术，能更准确地评估病变的部位和性质。     

颈静脉孔区肿瘤的MRI和MRA诊断（附五例报告）

目的：分析颈静脉孔区肿瘤的影像学特点，探讨ＭＲＡ对其诊断与鉴别诊断的价值。材料与方法：对５例经手术病理证实的颈静脉孔区肿瘤（颈静脉球瘤２例、神经鞘瘤２例、脑膜瘤１例）病人行ＭＲＩ和ＴＯＦ法ＭＲＡ检查，应用１．０Ｔ超导ＭＲ系统，在常规ＭＲＩ基础上采用２Ｄ或３ＤＦＩＳＰ序列和ＭＩＰ图像后处理技术获取ＭＲＡ图像。４例有ＣＴ，３例有ＤＳＡ资料。结果：ＭＲＩ显示了全部病灶和颈静脉孔的扩大与破坏，准确定性诊断了４例，结合ＭＲＡ后，５例均正确定性诊断。颈静脉球瘤的ＭＲＩ瘤内流空征和ＭＲＡ血管团块征颇具特征性。神经鞘瘤与脑膜瘤的ＭＲＩ信号有别，且前者易囊变，两者ＭＲＡ均未显示肿瘤血管。结论：ＭＲＩ，尤其结合ＭＲＡ对颈静脉孔区肿瘤诊断与鉴别诊断颇有价值。     

MRI在颈静脉球瘤诊断中的应用

目的 总结颈静脉球瘤的ＭＲＩ特点，评价ＭＲＩ对颈静脉球瘤的鉴别诊断价值。材料与方法 ７全经手术及病理证实颈静脉球瘤均行ＭＲＩ平扫与增强扫描。对其ＭＲＩ表现作回顾性分析。结果 ６例主要位于颈静脉孔区，１例同时见于颈静脉孔区和中耳鼓室。Ｔ１ＷＩ均呈近肌肉之等信号，Ｔ２ＷＩ均呈等到稍高信号。所有病灶内均可见流空表现，增强后均有明显强化。结论 颈静脉球瘤的ＭＲＩ表现有较强的特征性，为该肿瘤理想的影像学检查     

头颈区去神经性肌萎缩的CT与MRI表现及其临床意义

本文报告８例头颈区去神经性肌萎缩的ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ表现，旨在评价其临床意义，引起肌萎缩的原因包括颈静脉孔区肿瘤４例（颈静脉球瘤，转移瘤各２例），鼻咽癌２例，中颅凹区脑膜瘤１例，上颌窦囊腺癌转移至咽旁１例，ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ表现为特定的颅神经运动支支配区肌肉轮廓缩小，脂肪间隙增宽，病程较长者表现为受累肌群完全为脂肪组织取代；３例根据肌萎缩征象发现原发病变。作者认为：认识去神经性肌萎缩的ＣＴ，ＭＲＩ表现可避免误     

颅内多发原发性肿瘤的CT与MRI诊断

目的：报道１５例颅内多发原发性肿瘤的ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ表现，并评价ＣＴ与ＭＲＩ的诊断价值。方法：１５例颅内多发原发性肿瘤均行ＣＴ检查，其中４例行ＭＲＩ检查，均经手术病理证实。结果：多发胶质瘤４例，其中恶性室宫膜瘤３例，表现为脑室内及额顶叶脑实质内实质性肿块或囊性病变，多发星形细胞瘤１例，病变分别位于额叶及小脑蚓部；双侧听神经瘤及多发脑膜瘤各３例、ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ表现均较典型；脑膜瘤合并胶质瘤３例、脑膜瘤合并听神经瘤１例和垂体瘤合并胶质瘤１例。结论：结合肿瘤的ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ表现特点，可对大多数颅内多发原发性肿瘤作出正确诊断，ＭＲＩ对脑膜瘤的诊断优于ＣＴ。     

颅内混合瘤的CT、MRI诊断(附七例报告)

目的提高对颅内混合瘤影像学表现的认识，丰富诊断学知识。材料与方法７例颅内混合瘤均经手术病理证实，其中脑膜瘤和胶质母细胞瘤的混合瘤２例，脑膜瘤和垂体瘤的混合瘤２例，多形性胶质母细胞瘤和血管母细胞瘤的混合瘤１例，胆脂瘤和黑色素瘤的混合瘤１例，垂体瘤和脑膜瘤的混合瘤１例。回顾性分析此７例混合瘤的ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ表现。结果颅内混合瘤的ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ表现酷似脑膜瘤、胶质瘤和垂体瘤等，不熟悉此类肿瘤的临床和病理知识，可错诊为常见肿瘤。对照临床和手术病理改变，可发现有４例混合瘤的ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ显示在同一部位的同一肿瘤有两种肿瘤表现特点。结论颅内混合瘤无特征性ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ表现，对于酷似脑膜瘤、胶质瘤和垂体瘤等，高度可疑混合瘤者，应结合临床考虑诊断。     

肺内良性肿块的MRI诊断

目的：探讨肺内良性病变的磁共振表现及其诊断价值。材料和方法：收集２９例经病理证实的良性病变，结合ＣＴ分析其ＭＲＩ表现及诊断价值。ＭＲＩ成像采用ＤＩＳＯＮＩＣＳ０．３５Ｔ超导成像系统，行横断面Ｔ１、Ｔ２加权及冠状面Ｔ１加权成像。结果：除１例腺瘤及１例炎性肉芽肿术前ＭＲＩ误诊为肺癌外，其余病例之ＭＲＩ诊断基本与最后诊断相符，其中结核球、球形干酪肺炎、阿米巴脓肿、动静脉瘘的ＭＲＩ表现具有特征性；错构瘤、炎性假瘤、巨大淋巴结增生症及非特异性肉芽肿等结合形态学及ＣＴ表现也大都可以作出正确诊断。结论：ＭＲＩ通过ＣＴ的帮助，对大多数肺内良性病变可作出定位及定性诊断，但需要更多病例的积累和研究     

囊性肾癌的CT诊断(附9例分析)

目的：探讨ＣＴ及ＭＲＩ诊断囊性肾癌的价值。材料与方法：囊性肾癌９例的ＣＴ及ＭＲＩ特征性表现分析与手术病理对照。结果：肿瘤位于右肾６例,左肾３例,呈椭圆形及不规则形。ＣＴ呈囊性低密度区,ＭＲＩ的Ｔ１ＷＩ呈低信号,Ｔ２ＷＩ呈高信号区。ＣＴ及ＭＲＩ的特征性表现：（１）肿瘤囊壁厚薄不均,可伴有囊内壁结节;（２）单囊腔多于多囊分隔;（３）肿瘤由肾实质向外生长,肿瘤与肾脏构成“８”字形;（４）肿瘤压迫肾脏向腹腔移位及肾脏代偿性增大。结论：本研究总结的ＣＴ及ＭＲＩ特征性表现,为囊性肾癌的诊断与鉴别提供了依据。     

精囊囊肿的CT和MRI表现（附2例报告）

目的：介绍罕见的精囊囊肿（ｓｅｍｉｎａｌｖｅｓｉｃｌｅｃｙｓｔｓ，ＳＶＣ）的ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ表现，提高对本病的认识，材料与方法，回顾性分析２例经手术及病理证实的ＳＶＣ，并复习国外文献，讨论了ＳＶＣ的发生机制，检查方法，诊断及鉴别诊断。结果，ＳＶＣＣＴ表现；（１）精囊局部单腔偏离中线的边界规则的薄壁囊肿，水样密度，（２）密度不均为囊内出血或结石（３）边界不规则的多囊腔，ＭＲＩ：Ｔ１ＷＩ为低或中低信号，Ｔ     

鼻咽癌颅内侵犯的MRI诊断

目的：评价Ｇｄ－ＤＴＰＡ增强后ＭＲＩ对鼻咽癌放疗后复发及颅内侵犯的诊断价值。材料和方法：对颅内侵犯的２０例放疗后复发和７例初发鼻咽癌患者比较ＣＴ及ＭＲＩ增强前后检查结果。结果：２７例鼻咽癌侵犯颅内者几乎均有颅底骨质破坏,比较ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ检查,增强ＣＴ显示颅内侵犯确定、可疑和不明确者各占１／３,增强ＭＲＩ都可显示清楚,且较好确定肿瘤的复发。结论：增强ＭＲＩ可作为鼻咽癌复发和颅内侵犯的主要诊断方法。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.