超声检查在直肠癌术前分期中的价值

目的：探讨两种ＵＳ检查方法对直肠癌术前分期的准确性及其临床应用价值。材料和方法：４５例直肠癌患者行ＵＳ检查，其中２１例行直肠腔内ＵＳ检查（ＥＲＵＳ），另外２４例无法行ＥＲＵＳ（硬质腔内探头）的直肠上段癌或伴有肠腔狭窄的直肠癌患者行直肠内灌水经腹部ＵＳ检查，其中５例女性患者同时行经阴道ＵＳ检查，ＵＳ检查结果与手术及病理对照。结果：直肠内灌水经腹部ＵＳ检查对直肠癌术前分期的准确率为７５％，与ＥＲＵＳ的分期准确率７６．２％相近，直肠内灌水经腹部ＵＳ检查还可用于检查结肠疾病。对女性患者，经阴道ＵＳ检查也可以清晰显示直肠癌的侵犯范围。结论：直肠内灌水经腹部ＵＳ检查是直肠腔内ＵＳ较理想的替补方法，对女性直肠癌患者，经阴道ＵＳ检查亦有较高价值。     

颈部转移淋巴结的CT,B超检查与病理对照研究：II.包膜外侵…

目的：评价ＣＴ、Ｂ超检查颈部转移淋巴结包膜外侵犯的价值和诊断标准，以及颈动脉受侵的影像学诊断。材料与方法：对６０例颈淋巴结清扫术的患者做术前前瞻性ＣＴ、Ｂ超检查，术后与病理对照，并进行双盲法分析。结果：以淋巴结边缘不规则强化、脂肪间隙部分或全部消失为转移淋巴结包膜外侵犯的ＣＴ诊断指标，敏感性８１．０３％，特异性９３．０２％；以淋巴结边缘不规则，强回声包膜呈锯齿状中断为转移淋巴结包膜外侵犯的Ｂ超诊断     

胃癌CT检查价值的分析

目的：通过对进展期胃癌术前ＣＴ表现的ＴＮＭ分期,确定胃癌的治疗方案,避免盲目地４手术探查。方法：对８８例胃癌患者进行普通ＣＴ扫描,对无周围器官和远处转移者进行手术,手术所见和ＣＴ表现进行对照。结果：ＣＴ扫描对进展期胃癌的检出率为１００％,ＴＮＭ分期的准确率达８４．６％,民见与ＣＴ表现的符合率为９０．６％。结论：进展期胃癌的术前ＣＴ检查能够准确地对胃癌进行ＣＴ分期。     

直肠癌CT分型（附28例病理对照）

本文对２８例直肠患者术前ＣＴ扫描，根据ＣＴ影像将直肠癌分成四种类型：即息肉型、局限浸润型、广泛浸润型和团块型。同时进行ＣＴ分期，对照手术病理分期，探讨ＣＴ分型和分期之间的关系以及价值。另外还讨论直肠ＣＴ扫描的意义及限度。     

颈部转移淋巴结的CT、B超检查与病理对照研究(Ⅱ.包膜外侵犯的诊断)

目的：评价ＣＴ、Ｂ超检查颈部转移淋巴结包膜外侵犯的价值和诊断标准，以及颈动脉受侵的影像学诊断。材料与方法：对６０例颈淋巴结清扫术的患者做术前前瞻性ＣＴ、Ｂ超检查，术后与病理对照，并进行双盲法分析。结果：以淋巴结边缘不规则强化、脂肪间隙部分或全部消失为转移淋巴结包膜外侵犯的ＣＴ诊断指标，敏感性８１．０３％，特异性９３．０２％；以淋巴结边缘不规则，强回声包膜呈锯齿状中断为转移淋巴结包膜外侵犯的Ｂ超诊断指标，敏感性９５．３５％，特异性６３．６４％。１１例转移淋巴结粘连侵犯颈动脉者，ＣＴ准确评价９例，Ｂ超准确诊断１０例。结论：淋巴结边缘不规则强化，周围脂肪间隙部分或全部消失为ＣＴ评价颈部转移淋巴结包膜外侵犯的准确指标。ＣＴ结合Ｂ超能准确评价颈部转移淋巴结与颈动脉的关系。     

螺旋CT对中央型肺癌临床分期的诊断价值

目的：探讨螺旋CT（SCT）对中央型肺癌术前分期的价值。方法：经手术和病理证实的支气管肺癌共88例，将SCT检查结果与病理进行对照分析。结果：螺旋CT分期和术后病理符合率为：I期83．3％，Ⅱ期87．0％，ⅢA期94．1％，ⅢB期95．0％，Ⅳ期100％，总体符合率92．0％。螺旋CT诊断淋巴结转移的敏感性82．9％，特异性83．3％，准确率83．0％。结论：螺旋CT对中央型肺癌术前分期有较高的准确性，对指导临床制定治疗方案具有较高价值。     

颈部转移淋巴结的CT、B超扫描与病理对照研究(Ⅰ. 转移淋巴结的诊断标准)

目的：根据ＣＴ、Ｂ超及两者结合的表现，评价颈部淋巴结转移的诊断标准。材料与方法：对６０例颈淋巴结清扫术的患者做术前前瞻性ＣＴ、Ｂ超检查，术后与病理对照，并进行双盲法分析。结果：以最小径≥８ｍｍ为颈静脉链周围（Ⅱ～Ⅳ区）转移淋巴结的ＣＴ诊断指标，敏感性９１．６７％，特异性９８．６１％；以淋巴结最小径≥８ｍｍ作为其Ｂ超诊断指标，敏感性８３．３３％、特异性９７．２２％。以淋巴结最小径≥５ｍｍ为气管食管沟区转移淋巴结的ＣＴ诊断阈，敏感性６９．２３％，特异性１００％。增强ＣＴ扫描４４个淋巴结区域显示淋巴结边缘强化伴中心低密度区，经病理证实全部为转移淋巴结，特异性为１００％。结论：增强ＣＴ扫描是评价颈部转移淋巴结的最基本的影像学检查方法。淋巴结的最小径≥８ｍｍ可作为评估颈静脉链淋巴结转移的诊断指标；气管食管沟淋巴结最小径≥５ｍｍ时可诊断为转移。如有原发肿瘤病史，淋巴结边缘强化伴中心坏死是诊断颈部淋巴结转移最可靠的征象。     

多排螺旋CT双体位检查对结直肠癌术前评估的价值再探

目的:探讨多排螺旋CT(MSCT)双体位检查对结直肠癌术前分期的价值.材料和方法:搜集102例经肠镜确诊的直肠癌患者行MSCT仰卧、俯卧位扫描,扫描前清洁肠道,并经肛门注气,扫描范围从膈顶至耻骨联合下缘.102例结直肠癌患者全部经肠镜或手术病理证实,全部病例均有手术、术前MSCT、术后病理等完整资料参与分期研究,将影像诊断结果与手术病理结果进行对照.结果:MSCT总的分期准确率82.4%(84/102),判断T、N、M分期的准确率分别是93.1%(95/102)、83.3%(85/102)、99.0%(101/102),判断淋巴结转移的敏感性和特异性分别为93.9%和88.7%.结论:MSCT双体位扫描对直肠癌的术前分期有重要价值,有助于判断肿瘤浆膜外侵犯及区域淋巴结转移情况.     

多层螺旋CT扫描在结直肠癌诊断和术前分期中的应用价值

目的:评价多层螺旋CT扫描(MSCT)在结直肠癌诊断和术前分期中的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析经手术或常规结肠镜活检病理证实的40例结直肠癌的多层螺旋CT表现,并与病理结果对照。结果:病理证实结直肠癌40例(其中盲肠癌6例,升结肠癌3例,横结肠癌3例,降结肠癌5例,乙状结肠癌1例,直肠癌22例),多层螺旋CT检出了全部结直肠癌,敏感性为100%,总的分期准确率为80%(32/40),B期分期准确率为83.3%(15/18),C期分期准确率为66.7%(8/12),肿瘤浆膜外侵犯的敏感性和特异性分别为95%(36/34)和50%(2/4),淋巴结转移的敏感性和特异性分别为60%(12/20)和90%(9/10)。结论:多层螺旋CT扫描(MSCT)可以有效地显示结直肠癌的部位、大小和形态、确定中晚期结直肠癌的侵犯范围、远处转移及淋巴结转移等,从而更准确地诊断并进行术前分期,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

直肠癌术前CT扫描的价值

目的：评估直肠癌术前ＣＴ扫描的价值。材料与方法：１０４例直肠癌（Ｔ２期１１例、Ｔ３期９０例、Ｔ４期３例）的ＣＴ扫描与手术病理这缘改变、浸润周径、淋巴结大小对Ｔ、Ｎ分期的价值。结果：以肿瘤石头居齿状和结节改变作为Ｔ３的诊断指标,其准确率分别为９４．０％、９０．４％、８８．４％;Ｔ分期的准确率是８９．４％,Ｔ３的准确率是９４．０％。将肿瘤侵犯肠管周径〉１／２与≤１／２作为Ｔ３期的诊断指标,有显著统计学     

Preoperative staging of rectal carcinoma by transrectal echography combined with pelvic computerized tomography

The accurate staging of rectal carcinoma is very important for treatment planning. The histological data obtained from the surgical specimens of 22 patients with rectal carcinoma were compared with pre- and postoperative endorectal US findings and with preoperative CT results. According to an adapted version of the Astler and Coller classification, the different degrees of tumor spread into the rectal wall were represented as follows: stage A: 1 patient; stage B1: 5 patients; stage B2: 6 patients; stage C1: 1 patient; stage C2: 8 patients and stage D: 1 patient. Preoperative staging, based on the overall results of CT and US, was in agreement with histology in 19 of 22 cases. Individual analysis of US and CT results, in comparison with histological data, showed US staging accuracy to be 77.3% (17/22 patients). US accuracy in demonstrating tumor spread into the rectal wall (stages A, B1, C1) was 100% (7/7 patients); US was 70% accurate in lymph node detection (7/10 patients) and 93.3% accurate in demonstrating perirectal infiltration (14/15 patients). CT diagnostic accuracy was 66.7% (10/15 patients) in the evaluation of perirectal lymph nodes, but tumor spread into the rectal wall (stages A and B1) could not be evaluated. While admitting the primary role of US in the staging of rectal carcinoma, according to our results a combination of US and CT yields a more accurate preoperative diagnostic picture.     

螺旋CT在直肠癌诊断及其术前分期中的价值

目的：探讨直肠癌的CT表现及其术前分期价值。方法：对33例经内镜或手术活检病理证实为直肠癌的患者进行CT回顾性阅片，分析其CT征象并进行术前分期．并将CT表现与病理结果进行对照。结果：直肠癌CT表现为肠壁增厚、肠腔狭窄、软组织肿块及周围组织结构侵犯、区域淋巴结肿大和远处转移。直肠癌术前CT分期诊断和病理分期的总符合率为92％。结论：直肠癌的CT征象具有一定的特征性，CT在直肠癌术前分期中具有较高的准确性，对治疗方案的确定具有重要参考价值。     

Endorectal coil MRI in local staging of rectal cancer

PURPOSE: The choice of the therapeutic strategies in patients affected with rectal cancer is strictly dependent by the tumor stage. So, in order to obtain an improvement in preoperative staging accuracy, new imaging modalities are now under investigation. The aim of this work is the evaluation of endorectal-coil MRI in the local staging of rectal cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fourty-three patients affected with histologically proven rectal cancer, have been evaluated by an high-field strength magnet (1.5 T). In 14/43 patients neoadjuvant pre-operative chemotherapy had been previously performed. In all cases axial SE T1w and FSE T2w sequences and coronal or sagittal FSE T2w sequences, with and without fat suppression, were performed. Basing upon the TNM staging system and the previously reported MRI signs the local extent of the tumor was evaluated, focusing about the rectal wall infiltration and the perirectal lymph nodes involvement. All the patients underwent surgery and a comparative evaluation of MRI and pathological staging was done. RESULTS: At MRI the tumor was detected in 38/43 patients. In evaluating wall infiltration the MRI results agreed with pathological results in 89% of patients and showed 92% accuracy in T1-T2 stage and 94% in T3. In evaluating perirectal lymph nodes metastases MRI showed 69% accuracy, 82% sensitivity and 55%specificity. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The poor accuracy of CT and body-coil MRI in evaluating wall involvement in patients with rectal cancer is mainly related to their inability to demonstrate the single layers of the rectal wall. So transrectal ultrasound is now the first choice modalitiy in local staging of rectal cancer. However transrectal ultrasound showed low sensitivity in detecting perirectal lymph nodes metastases and low accuracy in evaluating the patients previously undergone to neoadjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy. On the other hand the improvement of MRI sequences and the availability of the endorectal coils allowed to visualize the single layers of the rectal wall so making the endorectal-coil MRI a reliable imaging technique to stage rectal cancer. The results of our work demonstrate a good diagnostic accuracy of endorectal-coil MRI in local staging of rectal cancer, in particular the degree of rectal wall infiltration was well demonstrated, while the perirectal lymph nodes metastases were demonstrated with less accuracy. The long examination time, the costs and the movement-related artefacts are the main limits of MRI. In particular the movement-related artifacts sometime do not allow the visualization of the wall layers so lowering the diagnostic accuracy in demonstrating the tumor wall infiltration. In conclusion, even though endorectal coil MRI proved to be a reliable imaging technique in local staging of rectal cancer, at present we are not able to state what may be its real role in diagnostic evaluation of the patients with rectal cancer, in particular if compared to endorectal ultrasound. Further, comparative studies, based upon larger patients series are probably needed to draw a definitive conclusion.     

16层螺旋CT及TopoⅡ表达分析在直肠癌术前分期中的价值

目的：探讨螺旋CT扫描及回旋酶（topoⅡ）表达相结合在直肠癌术前分期诊断中的意义。方法：应用螺旋CT增强扫描对111例直肠癌进行术前分期;对111例直肠切除标本组织进行topoⅡ表达分析,与手术及术后病理对照;探讨二者在直肠癌术前分期中的价值。结果：螺旋CT扫描对直肠癌T分期准确度为79.3%,N分期准确度86.5%,M分期准确度90.9%,综合判断CT对直肠癌TNM分期总准确度为89.2%。直肠癌组织中topoⅡ表达阳性率85.6%。直肠癌病理分期为Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期者其癌组织的topoⅡ表达阳性率明显高于Ⅰ期;伴有淋巴结转移者直肠癌组织的topoⅡ表达阳性率明显高于淋巴结转移阴性者。结论：16层螺旋CT扫描及topoⅡ检测都有利于直肠癌术前分期的判断,topoⅡ检测弥补了CT对于N分期判断准确度低的缺点,两者结合有利于提高分期诊断的准确率。     

Preoperative staging of rectal cancer: accuracy of 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the preoperative staging of rectal cancer. Thirty-five patients with a primary rectal cancer who underwent preoperative 3-T MRI using a phased-array coil and had a surgical resection were enrolled in the study group. Preoperatively, three experienced radiologists independently assessed the T and N staging. A confidence level scoring system was used to determine if there was any perirectal invasion, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated. The interobserver agreement was estimated using κ statistics. The overall accuracy rate of T staging for rectal cancer was 92%. The diagnostic accuracy was 97% for T1, 89% for T2 and 91% for T3, respectively. The predictive accuracy for perirectal invasion by the three observers was high (Az>0.92). The interobserver agreement for T staging was moderate to substantial. The overall sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for the detection of mesorectal nodal metastases were 80%, 98%, and 95%, respectively. In conclusion, preoperative 3-T MRI using a phase-array coil accurately indicates the depth of tumor invasion for rectal cancer with a low variability.     

Local staging of rectal cancer: assessment with double-contrast multislice computed tomography and transrectal ultrasound

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of multislice computed tomography (MSCT) with double-contrast technique and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) in staging of rectal carcinoma compared with histopathological confirmation. METHODS: In a prospective study of 92 patients with rectal carcinoma, preoperative MSCT with negative rectal contrast (methylcellulose) and intravenous contrast was performed. Reconstructions in 3 planes were analyzed in a cine mode in picture archiving and communication (PAC) system. Analysis of rectal wall infiltration was performed preoperatively according to a modified tumor, nodes, metastases (TNM)-classification system (< or =T2/T3/T4, N0/N+, UICC/UICC I > I). MSCT imaging findings were compared with the results of TRUS and histopathology in all patients. RESULTS: With interactive multiplanar image viewing, the results of MSCT of depth of rectal wall invasion (T-staging) were as follows: sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy rate were 85%, 87%, 88%, 84%, and 86% (54/63 patients) compared with 59%, 63%, 72%, 48%, and 60% (38/63 patients), respectively, for TRUS staging in the same patients. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy rate of MSCT for perirectal nodes evaluation was 75%, 85%, 75%, 85%, and 81% (51/63 patients) compared with 55%, 71%, 50%, 74%, and 65% (41/63 patients), respectively, for TRUS in detecting metastatic lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative double-contrast MSCT accurately indicates the exact depth of tumor infiltration and improves lymph node staging. The new technical innovations of MSCT provide superior information for preoperative staging of rectal cancer and may compete with TRUS as the standard preoperative diagnostic method.     

喉咽癌的CT诊断及其在术前分期中的作用

目的：探讨ＣＴ 对喉咽癌的诊断价值及其在术前分期中的作用。材料与方法：回顾性分析２７ 例经病理证实的喉咽癌的ＣＴ 表现,根据ＣＴ 征象对肿瘤进行分期并与手术病理结果对照分析。结果：肿瘤呈块状或椭圆形软组织肿块,形态不规则,等或混杂密度,增强扫描轻度增强;患侧杓椎和环椎间距＞ １０ ｍ ｍ 者分别占６７ ％ 和３０ ％ ,患侧甲杓间隙和环甲关节间距增宽的发生率为６３ ％ 及３０ ％ ;本组ＣＴ 术前肿瘤（ Ｔ） 分期和诊断颈部淋巴结转移的准确性为８５ ％ 和９０ ％ 。结论：ＣＴ 能很好地显示喉咽癌的大小、部位和侵犯范围及有无颈部淋巴结转移,有利于肿瘤的诊断和分期。     

Rectal carcinoma: CT staging with water as contrast medium

Computed tomography (CT) was used to study 42 patients with rectal carcinoma. Water was used as a contrast medium for studying the local extent of tumor in all patients. Scans were read prospectively without knowledge of the histologic staging and then compared with pathologic specimens. CT depicted the tumor in all patients. Comparison of CT and histologic results (following the Dukes classification) showed that disease was correctly staged as A in three of four patients, as B in eight of 12, as C in 15 of 17, and as D in nine of nine. Overall, carcinoma was correctly staged with CT in 35 of 42 patients (diagnostic accuracy, 83.3%). The accuracy in the assessment of local invasion was 97.6% (41 of 42). In the detection of lymph node involvement, the accuracy was 78.6% (sensitivity, 88%; specificity, 64.7%). CT is recommended in the preoperative staging of rectal carcinoma and as an aid in choosing the appropriate therapy. The use of water enema and complete distention of the rectum are reliable techniques for improving the accuracy of CT in the assessment of local invasion by cancer.