航天飞行中潜伏病毒再活化的研究进展

目的综述航天飞行活动中潜伏病毒再活化研究进展.资料来源与选择国内外公开发表的有关论文及研究报告.资料引用国内外发表的文献24篇.资料综合简要概述了航天活动中和地面模拟研究中潜伏病毒的再激活现象并展望其在未来航天研究中的重要性.结论潜伏病毒再活化研究在航天飞行中具重要意义,应在我国载人航天飞行中开展此类研究.     

微重力对细菌致病性的影响

微重力是太空飞行中重要的环境影响因素之一.研究发现空间站和航天飞行器上可检出多种细菌.空间环境或模拟微重力会对大肠埃希菌、沙门菌、铜绿假单胞菌等条件致病菌产生影响,导致其在毒力、生物被膜和耐药性等方面发生改变.引发前述变化的机制尚不明确,但业已证明RNA结合蛋白Hfq的调控与空间环境或模拟微重力所致的多种基因变化有关,而空间环境或模拟微重力所致的细菌致病性增加可能会影响宇航员的健康.本文就微重力对细菌致病性的影响及其机制作一综述,以期为维护航天飞行中宇航员的健康和治疗感染性疾病提供思路.     

微重力和甲基化对细胞微管系统的调控

目的 综述近几年来微重力和甲基化对细胞微管系统的调节. 资料来源与选择国内外该领域的研究论文及综述. 资料引用文献资料引用25篇. 资料综合微重力及模拟微重力、甲基化对细胞微管及其相关蛋白的影响. 结论 微重力、甲基化对细胞微管及其相关蛋白的功能均有重要影响,但二者之间的关系还有待于进一步探讨.     

空间飞行对免疫功能影响的研究进展

目的 综述空间飞行对免疫功能影响的研究进展. 资料来源与选择该领域的相关研究论文与综述. 资料引用国内外公开发表的论文和综述44篇. 资料综述分析和综述了通过空间飞行和地面模拟实验研究宇航员和动物的免疫系统及免疫细胞的功能变化情况的研究进展. 结论 空间飞行对宇航员、实验动物及免疫细胞的免疫功能变化均具有重要影响,主要表现为免疫功能受抑制.     

微重力对骨组织细胞功能的影响

目的 综述关于微重力引起航天员骨质疏松的研究进展. 资料来源与选择 国内外该领域相关文献. 资料引用 公开发表的相关文献48篇. 资料综合 详细介绍了微重力对骨髓间充质干细胞成骨向分化的影响和微重力对成骨细胞的影响;总结了微重力对骨细胞及破骨细胞影响的最新进展. 结论 微重力不但影响骨组织细胞的形态、增殖、凋亡,也影响其分化和功能等方面,导致骨形成减少,骨吸收增加,引起骨丢失.     

微重力对成骨细胞及其分化过程的影响

目的 综述近年来有关微重力导致骨丢失的最新研究进展. 资料来源与选择 国内外该领域的相关文献. 资料引用 资料引用文献40篇. 资料综合 详细描述了微重力对成骨细胞增殖、分化的影响.着重介绍了微重力对骨髓间质干细胞到成熟成骨细胞整个分化过程的影响及其可能机制. 结论 微重力不但影响成骨细胞的增殖和活性,也影响骨髓间质干细胞骨向分化过程,导致成熟成骨细胞的数量减少和活性下降,引起空间骨丢失.     

微重力导致航天员骨质疏松的研究进展

目的 概述近年来有关微重力导致航天员骨质疏松的研究进展。资料来源与选择 国内外相关文献46篇。资料综合 详细论述了微重力对骨组织计量学、生化和骨发育的影响，地面模拟微重力的人体卧床实验和动物尾部悬吊实验，微重力诱导骨质减少的可能机制以及对抗措施等方面的问题。结论 空间飞行中微重力状态下，骨形成减少，导致主要是1G环境下的负荷骨的骨质减少。由于空间实验的数量有限和局限性，所以还不能对微重力影响骨的确切效应下最后的结论。     

双向多样本模拟微重力效应的细胞实验装置研制

目的 研制一种具有动态样本对照和组合式细胞培养能力的细胞实验装置,以满足地面开展航天医学细胞学微重力效应模拟研究的要求.方法 通过研制新颖细胞样本组合支持系统与可变向同步传动系统,实现地面细胞微重力效应的可靠模拟,并开展流体力学环境验证试验检验细胞培养环境力学条件.同时进行细胞学验证实验并与空间实验结果进行比较.结果 ...     

空间飞行和微重力对免疫应答的影响

目的综述空间飞行对免疫系统的已知效应,并探讨应激在促成这些改变中可能发挥的作用.资料来源与选择国外该领域的研究及论著.资料引用引用文献资料72篇.资料综合实验表明空间飞行以及模拟飞行过程发生的某些条件影响各种免疫学反应,这些反应主要是由细胞介导的免疫应答,如白细胞增殖、细胞因子生成和白细胞亚群分布,其改变的机制和生物医学结果还有待进一步论证.结论微重力、应激、辐射以及其他许多仍未确定的因素都是空间飞行诱导免疫应答改变的因素.     

失重对航天员的影响及其对抗措施

目的 按航天飞行的持续时间,分析微重力对航天员的影响,并详述对骨骼肌的影响与对抗措施. 资料来源与选择 国外较新的相关研究论文、综述、美国国家航空航天局(NASA)报告以及专著. 资料引用 论文与综述22篇,NASA报告3篇,专著4本.资料综合 按重要性将微重力对机体的影响进行排序,并归纳以运动为基础的新对抗措施. 结论 在多种航天异常环境因素中,微重力是惟一不可屏蔽的影响因素.短期微重力可引起航天员体液头向转移与空间运动病,中长期微重力则引起骨质丧失、骨骼肌萎缩、心血管功能紊乱、神经平衡失调与免疫功能降低等适应性改变,其中,骨骼肌萎缩与收缩功能降低机制及其对抗措施是当前研究的热点之一.研究表明:微重力条件下骨骼肌收缩负荷降低是引起其萎缩的主要原因,收缩负荷降低可能通过激活钙蛋白酶(Calpain)导致肌原纤维降解,形成萎缩的上游机制,而三磷酸腺苷泛素与溶酶体的激活则可能为下游机制.除以运动为基础的对抗措施如双负荷跑台与企鹅服外,正在观察其有效性的对抗措施有振动、Galileo空间训练系统与飞轮式自行车功量计等.基于骨骼肌萎缩机制而研制新一代对抗措施,将成为发展趋势.     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）