Regulatory action of nitric oxide synthase on ileal P-glycoprotein expression under streptozotocin-induced diabetic condition

P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a drug efflux transporter, affects the pharmacokinetics of a wide range of substrate drugs. Our previous study clearly revealed that intestinal P-gp expression levels were decreased via an inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-mediated mechanism in the early phases of diabetes. Here, we focused on changes in ileal P-gp expression and the influences of NOS on the P-gp expression levels in the later phase of diabetic condition using streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. The ileal P-gp expression and activity was analyzed by Western blot analysis and by in situ closed loop method, respectively. In STZ-treated mice, ileal P-gp expression levels and activity significantly decreased on the 9th day after STZ administration. Interestingly, the decrease of P-gp function was recovered to the control level on 15th day in same conditioned mice. In addition, the recovery of P-gp expression levels was completely suppressed by a non-selective NOS inhibitor. These results indicate that the diabetic condition-induced decline of P-gp expression levels was temporary, and both decline- and recovery-process of intestinal P-gp expression levels are mediated by NOS. Furthermore, this study shows the bidirectional effect of NOS on regulation of intestinal P-gp expression.     

Altered intestinal P-glycoprotein expression levels affect pharmacodynamics under diabetic condition

P-glycoprotein (P-gp), one of the important drug-efflux pumps, is known to affect pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of P-gp substrate drugs. We have previously reported that intestinal P-gp expression levels are transiently decreased in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic mouse model. Herein, we examined the analgesic effects of orally administered morphine and its pharmacokinetic properties under diabetic conditions, specifically focusing on the involvement of intestinal P-gp in a type 1 diabetic mouse model. Type 1 diabetes was induced in male ddY mice by an i.p. injection of STZ (230 mg/kg). We assessed the oral morphine analgesia using the tail-flick test. Serum and brain morphine content were determined on a HPLC-ECD system. Intestinal P-gp expression levels were significantly decreased on day 9 after STZ administration. On the other hands, oral morphine analgesia, and serum and brain morphine content were significantly increased on day 9 after STZ administration. The decrease in the intestinal P-gp expression levels were suppressed by aminoguanidine, a specific iNOS inhibitor. Interestingly, the increase in the analgesic effect of morphine, as well as serum and brain morphine content, was suppressed by aminoguanidine. Conversely, there was no change in the analgesic effect obtained with subcutaneous morphine in STZ-treated mice. In conclusions, our findings suggest that the oral morphine analgesia is dependent on intestinal P-gp expression, and that may be one of the problems against obtaining stable pharmacological effects of morphine in diabetic patients.     

氨基胍对糖尿病大鼠肾损害的治疗作用

目的通过探讨氨基胍（AG）对早期糖尿病（DM）大鼠一氧化氮（NO）、一氧化氮合酶（ni-tric oxi desynthase,NOS）活性及24h尿蛋白排泄量（24hUPE）的影响,了解氨基胍对糖尿病肾病的治疗作用。方法健康清洁级Wistar大鼠40只,检测24hUPE、血清NO水平、总一氧化氮合酶（total nitric oxide synthase,tNOS）和诱导型一氧化氮合酶（inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS）及结构型一氧化氮合酶（constructive nitric oxide synthase,cNOS）活性等5项指标后,用链脲佐菌素（Streptozotocin,STZ）60mg/kg制备成糖尿病大鼠模型,将糖尿病鼠随机分为糖尿病对照组、氨基胍组（AG组）。于8周末时再检测大鼠的上述5项指标并进行统计分析。结果①与造模前比较,DM对照组在8周末时24hUPE、NO和iNOS升高（P〈0.01,P〈0.05）;AG组24hUPE增加（P〈0.01）,tNOS、iNOS、cNOS降低（P〈0.01,P〈0.05）。②与DM对照组比较,8周末时AG组5项指标均下降（P〈0.05）。结论在糖尿病肾病（DN）的发展进程中,早期阶段应用AG可通过降低血NOS活性、NO生成量及其他机制,使24hUPE减少,减轻肾脏的损害。     

2型糖尿病大鼠主动脉内皮细胞氧化损伤及缬沙坦的保护作用

目的探讨2型糖尿病大鼠氧化应激与主动脉内皮细胞损伤的关系,观察缬沙坦对两者的影响。方法SD大鼠,用长期高能量饮食加小剂量注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)的方法复制模型。注射STZ12wk末,将大鼠分为3组:正常组、糖尿病组、缬沙坦治疗组(24mg·kg-1·d-1,灌胃给药8wk)。在注射STZ12和20wk末,检测大鼠的内皮依赖性血管舒张反应及主动脉内皮形态,血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性,丙二醛(MDA)和一氧化氮(NO)含量,以及主动脉一氧化氮合酶(NOS)基因表达情况。结果①12wk末,糖尿病大鼠主动脉对低浓度乙酰胆碱(ACh)舒张反应减弱,局部内皮隆起,血清SOD、GSH-Px活性增强,MDA和NO含量增加,主动脉iNOS mRNA表达明显上调,eNOS mRNA表达无明显改变。②20wk末,糖尿病大鼠主动脉对各浓度ACh的反应性均减弱,主动脉内皮变性、坏死,血清SOD、GSH-Px活性减弱,MDA含量进一步增加,NO含量下降,主动脉iNOS mRNA表达仍升高,eNOS mRNA表达降低,缬沙坦治疗后能减轻主动脉病变,改善血清SOD、GSH-Px、MDA、NO及主动脉NOS mRNA表达的异常。结论糖尿病大鼠的氧化应激和NO系统的紊乱参与了主动脉病变过程,增强机体抗氧化能力及调节NO生成可能是缬沙坦发挥主动脉保护作用的机制之一。     

Experimental study on regulation of blood glucose by 1400w （N-3-aminomethyl-benzyl-acetamidine）

AIM: To study the prevention and cure of N-3-aminomethyl-benzyl-acetamidine (1400w), a high selective iNOS inhibitor, on hyperglycemic mellitus induced by STZ, which inhibits NOS activity 100 times stronger than equal dose of AG in rat. METHODS: Hyperglycemic mice model was established by 130 mg/kg STZ. Blood glucose and serum NO concentration was     

Effects of Grapefruit Juice and Orange Juice on the Intestinal Efflux of P-Glycoprotein Substrates

Purpose. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of 50% ethyl acetate extracts of grapefruit juice (GFJ) and orange juice (OJ) on the transport activity of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in the rat small intestine. Methods.The efflux of P-gp substrates from rat everted sac in the absence or presence of verapamil, GFJ, OJ or erythromycin was measured. Rhodamine123, fexofenadine and saquinavir were used as P-gp substrates. P-gp expression levels in the rat jejunum and ileum were determined by Western blot analysis. Results. The efflux of rhodamine123 from the everted sac increased from the apex of the jejunum to the low ileum and the expression of P-gp in the ileum was 2.31-fold higher than that in the jejunum. Verapamil and the 50% GFJ and OJ extracts inhibited the efflux from the intestine of all three drugs tested. Erythromycin decreased the efflux of rhodamine123 and fexofenadine, but did not affect the efflux of saquinavir in the intestine. Conclusions. GFJ and OJ extracts inhibited the efflux of P-gp substrates from the small intestine. Therefore, they may enhance the oral bioavailability of P-gp substrates by increasing absorption in the small intestine.     

Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase uncoupling by sepiapterin improves left ventricular function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice

1. Uncoupling of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. In the present study, we investigated the role of NOS uncoupling in oxidative/nitrosative stress and LV dysfunction in the diabetic mouse heart. 2. Diabetes was induced in wild-type (WT), endothelial (e) NOS knockout (eNOS(-/-)), inducible (i) NOS knockout (iNOS(-/-)) and neuronal (n) NOS knockout (nNOS(-/-)) mice by streptozotocin (STZ) treatment. 3. In the diabetic heart, iNOS, but not eNOS or nNOS, expression was increased. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxy-noneal (HNE) and nitrotyrosine (NT), as markers of oxidative/nitrosative stress, were increased in the diabetic mouse heart, but the increase in oxidative/nitrosative stress was significantly repressed in the iNOS(-/-) diabetic mouse heart. Levels of nitrite and nitrate (NO(x)), as an index of nitric oxide, bioavailability were significantly decreased in the iNOS(-/-) diabetic mouse heart. 4. Oral administration of sepiapterin (10 mg/kg per day), a precursor of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)), significantly increased BH(4) and the BH(4)/BH(2) ratio in diabetic mouse heart. Similarly, sepiapterin inhibited the formation of HNE, MDA and NT in diabetic hearts from all three genotypes, but the increase in NO(x) following sepiapterin treatment was significantly attenuated in the iNOS(-/-) diabetic mouse heart. Percentage fractional shortening (FS), evaluated by echocardiography, decreased significantly in all genotypes of diabetic mice. Sepiapterin significantly increased percentage FS in diabetic mice, except in iNOS(-/-) mice. 5. These results suggest that sepiapterin inhibits uncoupling of NOS and improves LV function presumably by increasing iNOS-derived nitric oxide in the diabetic heart.     

缬沙坦对2型糖尿病大鼠心肌病变的防治作用

目的　观察 2型糖尿病大鼠心肌病变时一氧化氮(NO)、一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)基因表达的变化及缬沙坦对心肌病变的防治作用。方法　采用高能量饮食加小剂量腹腔注射链脲佐菌素 (STZ)的方法 ,建立 2型糖尿病大鼠模型。缬沙坦连续灌胃 8wk。观察注射STZ 12wk和 2 0wk后大鼠的心功能、心脏重量指数、心肌和血浆中NO含量、心肌中eNOSmRNA和iNOSmRNA表达情况。结果　从注射STZ后的 12wk到 2 0wk ,2型糖尿病组大鼠左心室收缩和舒张功能进行性减退 ,心脏重量指数增加 ;心肌和血浆中NO水平于注射STZ 12wk时上升 ,2 0wk时下降 ;心肌iNOSmR NA的表达在 12wk和 2 0wk时均明显增加 ,eNOSmRNA的表达在 12wk时无明显改变 ,在 2 0wk时则明显减少 ;缬沙坦能使上述异常显著减轻。结论　NO及NOSmRNA基因表达的异常改变可能参与了 2型糖尿病心肌病变发生发展的过程 ;缬沙坦对 2型糖尿病心肌病具有一定防治作用。     

NO和iNOS在大鼠糖尿病早期肾脏中的变化

目的:观察糖尿病大鼠早期肾脏中一氧化氮(Nitric oxide,NO)含量和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(Inducible nitric oxide syn-thase,iNOS)活性变化,探讨NO/iNOS在糖尿病早期肾脏损害中的作用机制。方法:取成年健康SD大鼠60只,随机分成糖尿病组(DM组)和正常对照组(NC组),每组30只。DM组大鼠采用一次性腹腔内注射STZ制造糖尿病大鼠模型,成模后和NC组分别于第1、2、4周麻醉取左肾,用硝酸还原酶法和吸光光度法测定肾组织中NO含量、一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)和iNOS活性。所有数据用SPSS11.5统计软件进行统计学处理。结果:①DM组大鼠肾组织中NO含量、NOS和iNOS活性分别较同批NC组有显著性差异(P<0.05);②各组大鼠中NO含量与NOS活性、iNOS活性呈正相关。结论:糖尿病大鼠早期肾脏中iNOS活性增强,催化生成的NO在糖尿病早期肾脏损害中发挥重要作用。     

花色素苷诱导小鼠巨噬细胞一氧化氮生成及其机制

目的研究花色素苷对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞一氧化氮(NO)合成的诱导作用及其机制。方法用CCK-8试剂检测花色素苷对小鼠脾细胞增殖的影响;硝酸盐还原酶法检测小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞NO含量;荧光法检测一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性;RT-PCR检测iNOS mRNA的表达。结果花色素苷可促进小鼠脾细胞增殖,诱导小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞合成NO,提高NOS活性,其中矢车菊素-3-葡萄糖苷能够诱导iNOS mRNA的表达。结论花色素苷能够促进脾细胞的增殖,诱导小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞合成NO,使巨噬细胞激活,具有一定的免疫调节活性。     

Trichloroethylene induce nitric oxide production and nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression in cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes

Trichloroethylene (TCE), a major chemical hazard during occupational exposure, can cause obvious skin lesions, including irritant reactions and dermatitis. Nitric oxide (NO) synthesized by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is involved in a broad array of pathogenesis of skin inflammatory and immune responses. To understand the mechanisms of TCE-induced dermatoxicity, we investigated the effects of TCE on NO production and NOS mRNA expression in cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK). Cells were treated with TCE (0 mM, 0.125 mM, 0.25 mM, 0.5 mM, 1.0 mM, 2.0 mM) for 4 h, and then incubated for 12 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. At each given time point, NO production were evaluated indirectly by measuring nitrite plus nitrate concentration in the culture medium using Griess reaction, as well as cell viability determined by MTT test, iNOS and cNOS activities assayed with a NOS activity detecting kit. The expression of iNOS and cNOS mRNA was detected using RT-PCR. TCE decreases cell viability and enhance NO production from NHEK in concentration- and time-dependent manner. Aminoguanidine (AG), an inhibitor of NOS, can prevent NO production and cell viability decrease in NHEK by TCE induced. Change to NO production was accompanied by increased activities of both types of NOS, but the iNOS activity accounted mainly for the TCE-induced NO production. RT-PCR detection showed that NHEK expressed both iNOS and cNOS mRNA by TCE exposure. Whereas a concentration- and time-dependent up-regulation of the mRNA expression was observed for iNOS and cNOS following TCE exposure, changes to iNOS were more marked. These results suggest that TCE caused increase in NO production, attributed to activation of iNOS as well as cNOS, and expression of iNOS and cNOS mRNA. These cellular changes may contribute to the pathological and physiological features of TCE-induced erythema and skin inflammation.     

Vascular contribution of adrenomedullin to microcirculatory improvement in experimental colitis

The effect of adrenomedullin (AM), a peptide that has demonstrated vasodilatory activity, was studied in the colon and small mesenteric arteries of rats in a chronic model of inflammatory bowel disease. AM (50 ng/kg/day) was administered i.p. daily, starting 24h after trinitrobenzensulfonic acid (TNBS, 30 mg) instillation. After 14 days, rats were sacrificed, colons were macroscopically analyzed and biochemical parameters (myeloperoxidase activity, cytokines, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression) were determined. Vascular function of small mesenteric arteries was assessed by addition of phenylephrine (10?? to 10?? mol/L) and participation of COX and NOS pathways was also evaluated by using different inhibitors: indomethacin, NS-398, L-NNA, and 1400 w. Chronic AM treatment significantly reduced colonic macroscopic damage and inflammation markers. TNBS instillation induced COX-2 and iNOS expressions in colon and small mesenteric arteries; AM treatment decreased COX-2 expression only in microvessels from rats with colitis. An attenuation of phenylephrine-induced contraction was detected in small mesenteric arteries from both TNBS and AM-treated rats. COX and NOS inhibitors altered the contractile ability of phenylephrine in small mesenteric arteries from TNBS rats, suggesting the involvement of COX-2 and iNOS derived factors in the deleterious effect of TNBS on vascular reactivity; AM administration was able to reduce such alteration. Finally, treatment with the peptide significantly reduced colonic nitric oxide (NO) levels, without affecting plasma concentration. In conclusion, AM showed beneficial effects in the restoration of vascular function through the regulation of vasoactive products derived from COX-2 and iNOS.     

Vitamin E supplementation in streptozotocin-treated rats alters cerebellar and plasma nitric oxide metabolism

Nitric oxide (NO) free radicals appear to contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of disorders including diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes on nitric oxide (NO) metabolites in plasma and cerebellar nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity. Further, it was of interest to determine whether an antioxidant, vitamin E, could reverse the STZ-induced effects. STZ significantly decreased cerebellar NOS but increased the level of plasma total nitrite + nitrate and the level of plasma nitrate. Supplementation with vitamin E effectively reduced the STZ-induced effects. Data demonstrate that vitamin E may serve as a protective antioxidant in STZ-induced diabetes.     

Nicotine enhancement of lipopolysaccharide/interferon-gamma-induced cytotoxicity with elevating nitric oxide production

Nicotine has been shown to induce relaxation via nitric oxide (NO) production with activation of endothelium nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), however the effect of nicotine on lipopolysaccharide/interferon-gamma (LPS/IFN-gamma)-induced NO production and inducible NOS (iNOS) gene expression is still undefined. Here, nicotine alone did not affect the NO and PGE2 production in RAW264.7 and primary peritoneal macrophages. Interestingly, nicotine showed the dose-dependent stimulatory effect on LPS (20 ng/ml)/IFN-gamma (10 ng/ml)-induced NO but not PGE2 production in both cells. Although nicotine stimulates NO production in the presence of LPS/IFN-gamma, LPS at the dose of 20 ng/ml, nicotine showed no obvious inductive effect on the expression of iNOS protein by Western blotting in both cells. However, nicotine significantly stimulates LPS (2.5, 5 ng/ml)/IFN-gamma (10 ng/ml)-induced iNOS expression and NO production in RAW264.7 cells. Cytotoxicity assay showed that nicotine enhanced LPS (20 ng/ml) and IFN-gamma (10 ng/ml)-induced cytotoxicity, which was inhibited by an NOS inhibitor N-nitro-L-arginine (NLA) in RAW264.7 cells. Direct and indirect NOS activity assays indicated that nicotine did not affect NOS activity. And, iNOS protein stability was not changed by nicotine after LPS/IFN-gamma treatment. These data indicates that nicotine may potentiate LPS/IFN-gamma-induced cytotoxic effects by enhancing NO production; enhancing iNOS gene expression induced by LPS/IFN-gamma is involved. A cross-talk between inflammation and smoking was proposed in the present study.     

高糖抑制牛主动脉内皮细胞诱导型和结构型一氧化氮合酶的表达

目的:研究高糖对新生小牛主动脉内皮细胞(BAEC)一氧化氮合酶(NOS)表达的影响。方法:BAEC培养并传代于含正常葡萄糖(5.5mmol·L~(-1),NGBAEC),高糖(25 mmol·L~(-1),HG-BAEC)或高渗(葡萄糖5.5 甘露醇19.5 mmol·L~(-1),Mann-BAEC)的无酚红M1640培养基.Griess反应检测脂多糖(LPS)诱导的一氧化氮(NO)产生.Westem blot法检测结构型NOS(ecNOS)及诱导型NOS(iNOS)表达。结果:LPS(0.25-2 mg·L~(-1))剂量依赖性刺激BAEC产生NO,并在LPS 1 mg·L~(-1)达峰值。高糖显著抑制LPS诱导的NO产生(亚硝酸μmol·L~(-1):HG-BAEC 43±8,vs NG-BAEC 71±11,Mann-BAEC 70±9,n=4,P<0.01)。同样,与NG-和Mann-BAEC相比,HG-BAEC iNOS表达下降39.9％和39.3％,ecNOS表达下降28％和24％,而NG-与Mann-BAEC之间,LPS诱导的NO产量和iNOS和ecNOS的表达无差别。结论:高糖抑制BAEC NO的释放,与NOS的低表达有关。     

氯沙坦对糖尿病大鼠肾皮质血管紧张素Ⅱ2型受体及诱生型一氧化氮合酶基因表达的影响

目的 研究氯沙坦对糖尿病大鼠肾组织血管紧张素系统与一氧化氮系统的影响及其二者之间的关系。方法 SD大鼠随机分成3组：对照组、糖尿病组和氯沙坦（30 mg·kg^-1·d^-1×8周, ig）治疗组。应用RT-PCR技术检测大鼠肾皮质血管紧张素Ⅱ2型受体(AT₂)、Ⅳ型胶原及诱生型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）mRNA表达。并同时检测大鼠肾皮质血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)、NO含量及一氧化氮合酶（NOS）活性。结果 糖尿病组大鼠尿蛋白排泄率、肾皮质AngII含量、Ⅳ型胶原mRNA及iNOS mRNA表达较对照组明显升高；糖尿病大鼠肾皮质NOS活性也较对照组明显增强；然而糖尿病大鼠肾皮质NO含量及AT₂ mRNA水平却较对照组大鼠明显降低；氯沙坦治疗能显著降低糖尿病大鼠尿蛋白排泄率及肾皮质Ⅳ型胶原mRNA表达；并能明显增加肾皮质AT₂及iNOS mRNA表达及总NOS活性及NO含量。结论 AT₂的激活与氯沙坦的肾脏保护作用有关，并可能参与了对肾脏iNOS mRNA表达的上调。     

Decreased expression of intestinal P-glycoprotein increases the analgesic effects of oral morphine in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse model

Morphine is one of the strongest analgesics and is commonly used for the treatment of chronic pain. The pharmacokinetic properties of morphine are, in part, modulated by P-glycoprotein (P-gp). We previously reported that intestinal P-gp expression levels are influenced via the activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. Herein, we examine the analgesic effects of orally administered morphine and its pharmacokinetic properties under diabetic conditions, specifically we focusing on the involvement of intestinal P-gp in a type 1 diabetic mouse model. We assessed the analgesic effect of morphine using the tail-flick test. Serum and brain morphine levels were determined using a HPLC-ECD system. Oral morphine analgesic effects and serum and brain morphine content were significantly increased 9 days after STZ administration. The increase in the analgesic effects of morphine, as well as serum and brain morphine content, was suppressed by aminoguanidine, a specific iNOS inhibitor. Conversely, there were no changes in the analgesic effects obtained with subcutaneous morphine in STZ-treated mice. Our findings suggest that the analgesic effects of oral morphine are dependent on intestinal P-gp expression, and this may be one of the reasons that it is difficult to obtain stable pharmacological effects of morphine in diabetic patients.     

ZX-5对一氧化氮合酶表达和活性的调节作用

目的前期研究表明ZX-5中的一个异构体(R,R)ZX-5,能够促进脉络膜血流和增加NO的释放量。该研究是为了进一步阐明ZX-5是通过上调哪种一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的表达或活性而达到增加NO释放和促进脉络膜血流的作用。方法 Western blot和一氧化氮合酶活性检测试剂盒测定不同一氧化氮合酶表达和酶活性。结果 (S,S)ZX-5能够上调诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)表达,而不影响内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)和神经型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)表达;而(R,R)ZX-5能够上调eNOS表达,并且iNOS表达也有轻微上调作用,但是不改变nNOS的表达;酶活性测定研究发现(S,S)ZX-5仅仅能通过激活iNOS酶活而增加NO释放量;而(R,R)ZX-5也仅仅能够通过激活eNOS的酶活而增加NO释放。结论和(S,S)ZX-5相比,(R,R)ZX-5能够通过上调eNOS表达和活力,增加NO的释放,进而增加脉络膜的血流;因此(R,R)ZX-5也更加适合开发为治疗年龄相关性黄斑变性的药物。