细胞色素P450 2C19、3A5和多药耐药基因多态性对兰索拉唑代谢的影响

目的研究细胞色素P4503A5*3、多药耐药基因C3435T和细胞色素P450 2C19*2突变对兰索拉唑(抗胃酸药)药代动力学的影响。方法24名健康志愿者单次口服兰索拉唑30 mg后,用HPLC方法测定血浆中的兰索拉唑浓度,研究在中国汉族健康人中兰索拉唑的体内过程与基因型的相关性。结果细胞色素P4502C19*1/*1与*2/* 2比较,AUC_(0-∞)存在显著性差异(P=0.04),表达CYP2C19*2/*2的受试者体内兰索拉唑的暴露量是*1/*1者的1.75倍;MDR1 3435C与3435TT比较,t_(max)、AUC_(0-2)存在显著性差异(P=0.026,P=0.03),但总暴露量(AUC_(0-∞))2组间没有差异,表明CYP3A5*3各基因型间药代动力学参数不存在显著性差异。结论CYP2C19*2/*2突变使兰索拉唑体内暴露量增大;MDR1 3435TT基因型者兰索拉唑起始吸收速率较大,达峰快;但该基因型对其总吸收量没有影响,CYP3A5*3对兰索拉唑药代动力学没有影响。     

细胞色素 P4503 A4与 P4503 A5及多药耐药基因多态性对氨氯地平降压疗效影响研究

目的：探讨细胞色素 P450（ CYP）3A4倡1G、CYP3A5倡3及多药耐药（MDR1） C1236T、MDR1 G2677T／A和MDR1 C3435T基因多态性对氨氯地平降压疗效的影响。方法纳入159名原发性高血压患者,予氨氯地平5 mg· d－1干预4周,检测相关基因型,分析不同个体CYP3A4、3A5及MDR1相关基因型分布特征,考察不同单核苷酸多态性（ SNP）及MDR1单倍体对氨氯地平降压疗效的影响。结果 CYP3A4倡1G倡1G 基因型舒张压（ DBP）下降幅度显著低于CYP3A4倡1G倡1和CYP3A4倡1倡1（P＜0.05）;CYP3A5倡3倡3基因型DBP下降幅度显著高于CYP3A5倡1倡3和CYP3A5倡1倡1（P＜0.05）;MDR1 C1236T CC、MDR1 G2677T／A AA基因型收缩压（SBP）下降幅度显著高于其他基因型（P＜0.05）;MDR1 C3435T各基因型治疗前后SBP、DBP下降幅度差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。携带MDR1 C3435T CC、MDR1 C3435T CT基因型的患者的DBP下降幅度,女性显著高于男性（ P＜0.05）。对MDR1单倍体分析,各组单倍体治疗前后 SBP、DBP 下降幅度差异均无统计学意义（ P ＞0.05）。结论CYP3A5倡3、CYP3A4倡1G基因多态性可影响氨氯地平降压疗效,MDR1各单倍体未发现与氨氯地平降压疗效相关。     

CYP3A5和MDR1基因多态性对中国肝移植患者他克莫司药动学的影响

目的探讨细胞色素P450酶3A5（CYP3A5）基因和多药耐药基因（MDR1）C1236T、G2677T／A、C3435T多态性对肝移植患者口服他克莫司（TAC）后体内药动学参数的影响。方法采集28例肝移植患者手术后第1周和第3周血标本,采用LC—MS／MS法检测TAC血药浓度,计算主要药动学参数。采用聚合酶链反应结合基因测序分析28例肝移植患者CYP3A5＊3和MDR1主要基因型。结果携带MDR1 3435T基因型的肝移植患者口服TAC后,药动学参数AUC0→1和ρmax明显高于3435CC型患者,而CYP3A5＊3、MDR1 C1236T和G2677T／A基因多态性对TAC的药动学参数无明显影响。结论携带MDR1 3435T基因型肝移植患者比3435CC型患者需要较高剂量才能达到目标浓度。     

药物代谢酶CYP3A和多药耐药基因在中国肾移植人群的遗传多态性

目的 建立基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱技术(MASS ARRAY)测定中国肾移植人群的CYP3A5*3、CYP3AP1和多药耐药基因(MDR1)的多态性.方法 用MASS ARRAY技术对60例中国肾移植人群的CYP3AS*3、CY3AP1和MDR1位点进行基因分型.结果 CYP3A5*I等位基因占25.9%,*3等位基因占74.1%,CYP3AP1 A等位基因占26.7%,G等位基因占73.3%,MDR1 C1236T、G2677T/A、C3435T个体突变频率分别为65.6%、38.3%、36.6%.结论 中国肾移植人群中CYP3A5*3、CYP3AP1和MDR1位点存在遗传多态性,影响不同个体药物代谢酶活性和药物代谢.     

CYP3A4基因多态性对健康受试者体内替硝唑药代动力学的影响（英文）

研究中国汉族人群CYP3A4^*18B基因多态性的频率,并探讨CYP3A4^*18B基因多态性对替硝唑药代动力学的影响。本研究共招募100名来自中国汉族的健康志愿者,采用PCR-RFLP方法检测CYP3A4^*18B的基因多态性。选择CYP3A4^*1/^*1(n=10)野生型受试者和CYP3A4^*1/^*18B(n=9)突变杂合型受试者进行替硝唑的药代动力学研究。单剂量口服替硝唑片剂后采集72h内的血样,使用高效液相色谱法测定血浆样本中替硝唑的浓度。发现88名健康志愿者携带CYP3A4^*1/^*1基因型,12人携带CYP3A4^*1/^*18B基因型,未发现携带CYP3A4^*18B/^*18B基因型。CYP3A4^*18B等位基因频率为6%。CYP3A4*1/*1基因型和CYP3A4^*     

细胞色素P4502C9基因多态性对健康人体内格列喹酮药代动力学的影响

目的研究细胞色素CYP2C9基因多态性对中国人体内格列喹酮药物代谢动力学的影响。方法用RELP-PCR方法对38名健康受试者进行CYP2C9基因多态性检测,并按不同CYP2C9基因型进行分组,用高效液相色谱-荧光检测法测定受试者体内格列喹酮的血药浓度并计算相应的药代动力学参数,比较不同基因型受试者间药代动力学参数的差异。结果在38名健康受试者中,发现3名CYP2C9*1/*3杂合突变型个体与35名CYP2C9*1/*1野生型个体;未发现CYP2C9*3/*3纯合突变型个体。随机抽取的17名野生型个体与3名杂合突变型个体在给予格列喹酮60 mg后,发现杂合突变型个体AUC0-t、AUC0-∞、CL/F分别相当于野生型个体的1.854,1.787,0.554倍。结论 CYP2C9基因多态性对格列喹酮的药代动力学有显著影响,CYP2C9*1/*3突变型个体临床应适当调整给药剂量。     

111例心衰患者的 MDR1 和CYP3A 基因多态性与地高辛血药浓度的相关性研究

目的：观察中国贵州地区汉族心衰患者中MDR1C3435T、CYP3A4＊18B和CYP3A5＊3等位基因多态性对地高辛血药浓度的影响。方法：收集111名中国贵州地区汉族心衰患者的血样与地高辛治疗药物浓度监测（TDM）数据,通过PCR-RFLP法分析患者的MDR1C3435T、CYP3A4＊18B及CYP3A5＊3基因型,分析每个基因的多态性对地高辛血药浓度的影响。结果：70岁以上患者MDR1各基因型组中,野生纯合子（CC）组、突变杂合子（CT）组、突变纯合子（TT）组的地高辛血药浓度依次增高。CC组和CT组较TT组的地高辛血药浓度差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;CYP3A4和CYP3A5各基因型组之间的地高辛血药浓度差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：MDR1C3435T等位基因突变可使地高辛血药浓度提高;而CYP3A4＊18B和CYP3A5＊3等位基因突变对地高辛的血药浓度无明显影响。     

黄豆苷元对不同基因型健康受试者氯沙坦药代动力学的影响

目的 探讨黄豆苷元对不同基因型健康受试者氯沙坦药代动力学的影响.方法 筛选中国男性健康受试者18名(CYP2C9*1/*1、CYP2C9*1/*3、CYP2C9*1/*13基因型各6名).执行双周期、自身前后对照方案,第一阶段随机分为对照组和试验组,受试者分别口服黄豆苷元片或安慰剂15 d,第15天两组受试者均口服氯沙...     

MDR1和CYP3A5基因多态性对环孢素血药浓度的影响

目的 研究MDR1基因和CYP3A5基因多态性与再生障碍性贫血患者环孢素药物浓度的关系。方法 在73例再生障碍性贫血(aplastic anemia,AA)患者中,采用基因测序法测定MDR1 G2677T/A基因型,RFLP法分析MDR1C1236T,MDR1 C3435T,CYP3A5*3基因型,并对这4个位点进行连锁分析。收集患者临床资料,对患者环孢素血药浓度进行检测分析。结果 本次研究的受试者中CYP3A5基因多态性仅发现*1*3和*3*3两种类型,且*3*3组的C0t显著高于*1*3组(P<0.05)。本次实验中患者MDR1基因中C1236T和C3435T两个SNP位点中各个基因型C_0t之间无显著性差异;而C2677T/A中突变纯合体(TT/TA)C_0t为(40±23.85)μg·kg·mL^-1·mg^-1与野生型(GG)(36.21±19.88)μg·kg·mL^-1·mg^-1相比有显著性增加。使用环孢素后不同单倍体型之间C_0t比较,各组之间都是TT-TT/A-TT>CT-GT/A-CT>CC-GG-CC。其中TT-TT/A-TT单倍体型组与CC-GG-CC单倍体型组相比具有显著性差异。结论 药物基因多态性研究对环孢素治疗再生障碍性贫血患者的临床合理用药有指导意义。     

CYP3A5~*3和CYP3A4~*18B基因多态性对肾移植患者环孢素药代动力学的影响

目的回顾性研究肾脏移植后1mon,CYP3A5*3和CYP3A4*18B基因多态性对CsA药代动力学参数的影响。方法采用PCR-RFLP方法分析了63名肾脏移植患者CYP3A5*3和CYP3A4*18B基因型;荧光偏正免疫法用于检测肾移植患者静脉全血中的CsA浓度。结果在63名肾移植患者中,CYP3A5*3和CYP3A4*18B突变等位基因发生频率分别为0.770(95CI:0.767～0.773),0.235(95CI:0.235～0.241),而且这些等位基因表现出完全连锁不平衡。在移植术后1mon内,携带CYP3A4*1/*1野生型纯合子患者的C0以及剂量校正谷血浓度(C0/D)均明显高于携带CYP3A4*1/*18B杂合子或CYP3A4*18B/*18B突变型纯合子患者(P<0.05,Mann-WhitneyUtest);CYP3A5*1/*1基因型组的给药剂量明显高于CYP3A5*1/*3或CYP3A5*3/*3基因型组(P=0.004<0.01,Kruakal-Wallistest);CYP34*18B和CYP3A5*3联合考虑,对于CYP3A5表达组,同样发现C0、C0/D在CYP3A4*1/*1组C0以及C0/D均明显高于CYP3A4*1/*18B或CYP3A4*18B/*18B组(P<0.05,Mann-WhitneyUtest);而其他药动学参数在CYP3A5*3及CYP3A4*18B各组间相比差异则没有统计学意义。结论CYP3A5*3和(或)CYP3A4*18B基因多态性对肾移植后1monCsA药代动力学有一定影响,移植前CYP3A5*3基因型的分析仍需进一步研究。     

CYP3A5*3 and MDR-1 C3435T single nucleotide polymorphisms in six Chinese ethnic groups

The prevalent CYP3A5 *3 and the functional multi-drug resistance gene (MDR1) C3435T show marked interethnic variation among Orientals, Caucasians and Africans. This study aimed to investigate the distribution of CYP3A5*3 and MDR1 C3435T among Chinese ethnic groups. Genotypes of the CYP3A5*3 and MDR1 C3435T were determined in 839 unrelated healthy Chinese subjects by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assays. Frequencies (P < 0.05) of CYP3A5*3 variant alleles observed in Uygur Chinese, Kazakh Chinese and Tibetan Chinese (88.1%, 84.5% and 80.7%, respectively) were Significantly higher than those in Han Chinese, Wa Chinese and Bai Chinese (67.3%, 56.3% and 70.2%, respectively). Significantly higher 3435T variant frequencies (P < 0.05) were observed in Uygur Chinese (58.4%) and Kazakh Chinese (56.8%) compared with Han Chinese (44.2%), Tibetan Chinese (43.9%), Wa Chinese (45.8%) and Bai Chinese (44.2%). These results indicate that there were marked ethnic differences in the mutant frequencies of CYP3A5*3 and MDR1 C3435T among Chinese ethnic groups. Frequencies of those variants observed in Uygur Chinese, Kazakh Chinese, Tibetan Chinese, Wa Chinese and Bai Chinese wereintermediate between those seen in Han Chinese and African-American.     

Effects of genetic polymorphisms of CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and MDR1 on cyclosporine pharmacokinetics after renal transplantation

1. The calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporine is widely used to prevent allograft rejection after solid organ transplantation. It has a narrow therapeutic index and shows considerable interindividual differences in its pharmacokinetics. Interindividual differences in the activity and expression of the metabolising enzymes cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and 3A5 and the multidrug efflux pump P-glycoprotein (P-gp) contribute considerably to cyclosporine pharmacokinetics. Variability in the activity of CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and P-gp could be considered to result from genetic polymorphisms encoding their genes. 2. The aim of the present study was to evaluate retrospectively the effects of genetic polymorphisms of CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and MDR1 on cyclosporine dose adjusted trough blood concentration during the early period after renal transplantation in Chinese patients. 3. One hundred and six renal transplant recipients in China were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism for CYP3A4*18A, CYP3A5*3 and MDR1 C3435T. Cyclosporine whole blood levels were measured by fluorescence polarization immunoassay. Dose-adjusted trough blood concentrations (C(0)) were determined and compared among the different genotype groups. 4. The frequency of the CYP3A4*18A, CYP3A5*3 and MDR1 C3435T variant alleles were 0.005 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.048, 0.0049), 0.783 (95% CI 0.781, 0.785) and 0.528 (95% CI 0.526, 0.531), respectively, and these alleles exhibited incomplete linkage disequilibrium. The median cyclosporine dose-adjusted C(0) in CYP3A5*1/*1 genotype subjects (n = 6) was 14.8 ng/mL per mg per kg (range 11.1-26.8 ng/mL per mg per kg), in CYP3A5*1/*3 patients (n = 34) it was 23.7 ng/mL per mg per kg (range 9.0-61.0 ng/mL per mg per kg) and for CYP3A5*3/*3 patients (n = 66) it was 26.4 ng/mL per mg per kg (range 9.8-85.8 ng/mL per mg per kg; P = 0.012, Kruskal-Wallis test). Accordingly, cyclosporine dose-adjusted C0 was larger in CYP3A5 non-expressors than expressors in the first week after renal transplantation. In addition, wild-type homozygotes (n = 21) for MDR1 C3435T had a slight but significantly lower dose-adjusted C0 compared with heterozygotes (n = 58): 17.7 (10.3-60.8) versus 26.4 (9.0-67.3) ng/mL per mg per kg, respectively (P = 0.014, Mann-Whitney U-test). 5. In conclusion, the present study shows that genetic polymorphisms in CYP3A5 may be responsible, in part, for the large interindividual variability of cyclosporine pharmacokinetics during the early phase after renal transplantation in Chinese patients. Patients with the CYP3A5*3 variant genotype require a low dose of cyclosporine to reach target levels compared with those with the CYP3A5*1 allele.     

Minimal effect of MDR1 and CYP3A5 genetic polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of indinavir in HIV-infected patients

AIMS: The protease inhibitor indinavir is characterized by an important interindividual pharmacokinetic variability, which results from the actions of the metabolizing enzymes cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A and the multidrug efflux pump P-glycoprotein (P-gp), encoded by MDR1. Using a population pharmacokinetic approach, we investigated the effect of several MDR1 and CYP3A5 polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetic parameters of indinavir in HIV-infected patients. METHODS: Twenty-eight patients receiving indinavir alone or together with ritonavir were included. Indinavir pharmacokinetics were studied over a 12 h interval. Genetic polymorphisms were assessed by real-time PCR assays and direct sequencing for MDR1 and by PCR-SSCP analysis for CYP3A5. RESULTS: The pharmacokinetics of indinavir were best described by a one-compartment model with first-order absorption. In the final model, the MDR1 C3435T genotype and ritonavir were identified as statistically significant covariates (P 相似文献   

Differences in CYP3A5*3 genotype distribution and combinations with other polymorphisms between Spaniards and Other Caucasian populations

The goal of this study was to detect genotypic differences between Spaniards and other related populations regarding CYP3A4*1B, CYP3A5*3, and ABCB1 (MDR1) C3435T polymorphisms. DNA from 177 Spanish patients were analyzed for the presence of these mutations using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism or direct sequencing. The observed frequencies for CYP3A4*1B, CYP3A5*3, and C3435T alleles were within normal values in Caucasians (0.04, 0.91, and 0.5, respectively). However, 2.8% of the patients were homozygous for the wild-type CYP3A5*1 allele, an extremely uncommon genotype in other Caucasians. In addition, analysis of CYP3A4-3A5 haplotypes revealed the existence of 2 unusual subgroups: patients who were homozygous wild-type for both polymorphisms, and patients showing a CYP3A4*1A/*1B-CYP3A5*3/*3 genotype combination. The incidence of CYP3A5*1/*1 carriers and the occurrence of subjects combining the 2 above-mentioned unusual genotype combinations were more frequent in Spanish-Caucasians compared with American- or European-Caucasians. ABCB1 C3435T genotype frequencies were equally distributed between both single and combined CYP3A4 and 3A5 genotypes. These findings suggest that dose requirements for drugs metabolized by CYP3A and certain allele-disease association studies in white populations could show discrepancies in Spaniards.     

The effect of CYP3A5 and MDR1 polymorphic expression on cyclosporine oral disposition in renal transplant patients

Variability in CYP3A (CYP3A4/5) and P-glycoprotein (human MDR1 gene product) activity underlies interindividual differences in oral cyclosporine (CsA) bioavailability. Racial differences in polymorphic expression of CYP3A5 and MDR1 may explain observed interracial variability in oral bioavailability. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of CYP3A5 and MDR1 polymorphic expression on CsA oral disposition. Steady-state plasma concentration profiles (n = 19) were sampled in renal transplant recipients receiving concentration-adjusted CsA maintenance therapy. CsA plasma concentrations were measured by fluorescence polarization immunoassay. CYP3A5 and MDR1 genotypes were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis and nonlinear mixed-effects modeling (NONMEM) were performed to assess the effect of genotype on CsA pharmacokinetics. MDR1 C3435T genotype was identified as the best predictor of CsA systemic exposure. CsA oral clearance was significantly higher in subjects who carried at least one 3435T allele compared to homozygous wild-type individuals (40.0 +/- 2.2 vs. 26.4 +/- 3.1 L/h, p = 0.007). MDR1 C3435T genotype accounted for 43% of the interindividual variability of CsA oral clearance in the study population after accounting for interoccasion variability. The authors were unable to independently assess whether CYP3A5 correlated with any CsA pharmacokinetic parameter since all CYP3A5 nonexpressors were also 3435T allele carriers. MDR1 3435T allele carriers have enhanced oral clearance compared to individuals with the CC genotype. The frequency of the 3435T allele is lower in African Americans compared to Caucasians. Thus, the MDR1 C3435T genotype offers a potential mechanistic basis to explain interracial differences in CsA oral bioavailability. Further studies are needed to explore the relationship between CYP3A5 and MDR1 genotype and phenotype.     

Influence of the CYP3A5 and MDR1 genetic polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in healthy Korean subjects

AIMS: To determine the frequencies of the genotypes of CYP3A5 and MDR1 and to examine the influence of the polymorphisms of these genes on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in the Korean population. METHODS: Twenty-nine healthy Koreans who participated in the previous tacrolimus pharmacokinetic study were genotyped for CYP3A4*1B, CYP3A5*3, MDR1 c.1236C-->T, MDR1 c.2677G-->A/T and MDR1 c.3435C-->T. The relationship between the genotypes so obtained and tacrolimus pharmacokinetics observed in the previous study was examined. RESULTS: No subject in this study had the CYP3A4*1B variant. The observed frequencies of CYP3A5*1/*1, *1/*3, and *3/*3 were 0.069 [confidence interval (CI) -0.023, 0.161], 0.483 (CI 0.301, 0.665) and 0.448 (CI 0.267, 0.629), respectively. AUC(0-infinity) for the CYP3A5*1/*1 or *1/*3 genotype was 131.5 +/- 44.8 ng h ml(-1) (CI 109.6, 153.5), which was much lower compared with the CYP3A5*3/*3 genotype of 323.8 +/- 129.3 ng h ml(-1) (CI 253.5, 394.1) (P = 2.063E-07). Similarly, C(max) for the CYP3A5*1/*1 or *1/*3 genotype was 11.8 +/- 3.4 ng ml(-1) (CI 10.1, 13.5), which was also much lower compared with the CYP3A5*3/*3 genotype of 24.4 +/- 12.3 ng ml(-1) (CI 17.8, 31.1) (P = 0.0001). However, there was no significant difference in tacrolimus pharmacokinetics among the MDR1 diplotypes of CGC-CGC, CGC-TTT, CGC-TGC, TTT-TGC or TTT-TTT (P = 0.2486). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the CYP3A5*3 genetic polymorphisms may be associated with the individual difference in tacrolimus pharmacokinetics. An individualized dosage regimen design incorporating such genetic information would help increase clinical efficacy of the drug while reducing adverse drug reactions.     

MDR1基因C3435T多态性对替米沙坦血药浓度与药动学的影响

目的：探讨健康志愿者和高血压患者的多药耐药基因26（exon26）C3435T基因多态性对替米沙坦的血药浓度和药动学的影响。方法：采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）和限制性内切片段多态性（RFLP）的方法对19例健康志愿者和66例高血压患者进行MDR1基因分型。使用HPLC-MS法测定健康志愿者单剂量口服40mg替米沙坦48h内血药浓度和高血压患者的稳态血药浓度。比较不同基因型之间替米沙坦在健康志愿者的药物动力学的差异,和高血压患者的稳态血药浓度差异。结果：C3435T发生率在健康人群和高血压患者之间没有明显的差异,C3435T的3个不同基因型健康志愿者的Cmax,tmax,AUC0-48,AUC0-∞,CL差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。3个基因型的高血压患者的稳态血药浓度差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：MDR1C3435T基因多态性对替米沙坦的血药浓度和药动学无影响。     

影响他汀类药物降脂治疗的相关基因的多态性及其与高脂血症的关系

目的观察他汀类药物降脂治疗相关的基因多态性位点CYP3A4*1G、CYP3A 5*3、MDRl C3435T、SLC21A6 A388G、SLC21A6 T521C、CYP7Al A-204C及ABCG8 T400K在河南地区的分布及其与高脂血症的关系。方法采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片断长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)和等位基因特异性-聚合酶链式反应(AS-PCR)技术对400名高脂血症病人和320名正常对照者进行基因分型。结果等位基因SLC21A6 A388G、SLC21A6 T521C、CYP3A4*1G、CYP3A5*3、MDR1 C3435T、CYP7A1 A-204C及ABCG8 400K的分布频率在高脂血症病人中分别为72.1%、16.2%、27.9%、73.7%、39.9%、34.7%和12.8%,在正常对照组中分别为71.5%、16.1%、27.4%、74.5%、39.4%、33.3%和7.4%;ABCG8 400K等位基因携带者患高脂血症的风险显著增加(OR=1.870,CI:1.259-2.777,P=0.002)。结论CYP3A5*3、MDR1 C3435T、SLC21A6 A388G、SLC21A6 T521C和ABCG8 T400K基因多态性分布可能存在地区或种族差异,ABCG8 400K等位基因是高脂血症的高风险因素。