结肠癌转移相关基因1及c-met蛋白在乳腺癌组织中的表达及临床意义

目的观察结肠癌转移相关基因(MACC)1及c-met蛋白在乳腺癌中的表达及临床意义。方法采用免疫组织化学法检测MACC1及c-met蛋白在乳腺癌中的表达情况,并分析其相关性。结果 MACC1及c-met蛋白在乳腺癌中阳性表达率分别为76.8%和70.7%,与组织分化程度、浸润程度、淋巴结转移及临床分期显著相关(P<0.05,P<0.01)。MACC1及c-met的表达呈正相关(r=0.834,P<0.01)。结论 MACC1及c-met蛋白表达对乳腺癌的发生、发展起着重要作用。     

c-met基因表达与胃癌增殖在幽门螺杆菌感染中的关系

目的：研究c-met基因蛋白及增增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）在幽门螺杆菌（HP）感染的胃粘膜病变演进的表达及关系。方法：对145例经病理证实的不同胃粘膜病变，采用免疫组化法检测c-met和PCNA基因表达，Warthin-starry法检测HP感染。结果：在浅表性胃炎（CSG）、萎缩肠化生胃炎（CAG＋IM）、异型增生（ATP）、早期胃癌和进展期胃癌中，CAG＋IM、ATP胃癌c-met和PCNA两种基因均显著高于CSG（P＜0．05）。胃粘膜增殖程度与c-met和PCNA阳性表达强度显著相关（P＜0．01）。c-met和PCNA阳性表达与胃癌组织类型，浆膜浸润和淋巴结转移密切相关。c-met－LI和PCNA－LI在胃癌中等相关表达及其显著的相关性（P＜0．001）。c-met阳性表达与肠型胃癌HP感染有关，CAG＋IM、ATP和GC组c-met阳性表达中HP感染者明显高于阴性者。结论：c-met和PCNA基因表达与胃粘膜增殖和恶化有关。c-met基因在HP感染时其表达升高，是其恶性的主要参考指标，HP感染和c-met表达与胃粘膜增殖和进展有关。     

胃癌幽门螺杆菌感染中c-met基因表达与增殖的关系及其预后

目的 研究c-met基因蛋白及增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）在幽门螺杆菌（Hp)感染的胃黏膜病变演进中的表达及关系，探讨Hp感染对胃癌预后的意义。方法 采用免疫组织化学法检测145例经病理证实不同胃黏膜病变的c-met和PCNA基因表达，Warthin-Starry法检测Hp感染。结果 在浅表性胃炎（CSG）、萎缩肠化性胃炎、异型增生（DYS）、早期胃癌和进展期胃癌中，c-met和PCNA2种基因在萎缩肠化性胃炎、DYS、胃癌均显著高于CSG（P＜0．05）。对胃黏膜增殖程度与c-met和PCNA阳性表达强度的密切关系分析，表明两者有显著关联（P＜0．01）。c-met和PCNA阳性表达与胃癌组织类型、浆膜浸润和淋巴结转移密切相关，而且Borrmann Ⅳ明显高于早期胃癌（P＜0．05）。c-met－LI和PCNA－LI在胃癌中等级相关表达有极显著的相关性（P＜0．001）。c-met阳性表达与肠型胃癌Hp感染有关。萎缩肠化性胃炎、DYS和胃癌组c-met阳性表达中Hp感染者明显高于阴性者。Hp阳性者5年生存期显著短于Hp阴性者。结论 c-met和PCNA基因表达与胃黏膜增殖和恶化有关，c-met基因可能成为评估胃癌恶化和预后的1项新的重要指标。Hp感染和c-met表达与胃黏膜增殖和恶化有关，Hp感染与胃癌预后有关。     

抗肝癌单链双功能抗体基因逆转录病毒表达载体的构建及病毒包装细胞系的建立

人类基因治疗技术的迅速发展使越来越多针对先天性和获得性疾病的基因治疗方案进入临床试验,同时,逆转录病毒作为介导基因转染的载体也是目前基础和临床应用研究中最广泛使用的基因转移方法[1-3].迄今所掌握的研究资料表明,接受逆转录病毒介导基因治疗的患者中尚未发现因病毒感染导致的不良反应.因此,我们选择改造的缺陷型逆转录病毒载体pLXSN,将分泌型抗肝癌单链双功能抗体基因(sFv-TNF-α)克隆至该载体,进行病毒包装并筛选具有高滴度感染性重组病毒产生细胞系的研究.     

离散因子/肝细胞生长因子cDNA转染对肝癌SMMC7721细胞生长和转移的影响

目的 通过离散因子／肝细胞生长因子（scatter factor/Hepatocyte factor,SF/HGF）cDNA转染肝癌SMMC7721细胞来探讨SF／HGF对肝癌生长和转移的影响。方法 用脂质体法进行基因转染,以ELISA和western blot检测SF／HGF及其受体c-met的表达,通过生长曲线、划良实验比较转染前后细胞的增长状况及细胞的运动能力。以转染前后细胞分别接种裸鼠,观察移植的生长及转移情况。结果 转染后细胞表达SF／HGF的量为694pg/ml,其受体c-met量未见明显变化;转染后细胞增殖明显加快,运动能力增强,并伴明显的形态学变化。初步动物实验显示转染后细胞生长较快,瘤组织中有瘤栓形成,并在肺内发现转移灶。结论 SF／HGF在肝癌细胞中的高表达能促进肝癌细胞生长、侵袭及转移。     

携带单纯疱疹病毒tk基因的人肝癌特异性逆转录病毒载体的构建(英文)

目的构建携带单纯疱疹病毒ｔｋ基因（ＨＳＶｔｋ）的人肝癌特异性逆转录病毒载体．方法用ＳａｌＩ酶切除逆转录病毒载体ｐＭＮＳＭ内部的ＳＶ４０启动子成为ｐＭＮＭ；从真核表达载体ｐＢＰＧｋｔｋ质粒中用ＢａｍＨＩ酶游离带有磷酸甘油酸激酶基因（ｐｇｋ）启动子调控的ＨＳＶｔｋ片段，克隆到ｐＭＮＭ的ＰＬ位点上，构建成普通型ｐＭＮＰｔｋ逆转录病毒载体；从ｐＧＥＭ．７ＺＡＦＰｅ质粒中用ＥｃｏＲＩ酶游离人甲胎蛋白基因增强子核心序列，克隆到ｐＭＮＰｔｋ的ｐｇｋ启动子上游，构建成人肝癌特异型ｐＭＮＡＰｔｋ逆转录病毒载体．结果酶切鉴定ｐＭＮＰｔｋ和ｐＭＮＡＰｔｋ载体构建正确．结论该载体对肝癌特异性前药转换基因治疗有重要意义．     

肝细胞移植临床前研究：大鼠肝细胞分离,培养和逆转录病毒转导

目的建立完善的肝细胞培养系统，研究逆转录病毒载体转移并表达于大鼠原代肝细胞。方法采用表皮生长因子（ＥＧＦ）刺激大鼠原代肝细胞增殖，以表达β－半乳糖苷酶的双顺反子逆转录病毒载体（ｐＧＣＥＮ／β－ｇａｌ）感染肝细胞。Ｘ－ｇａｌ原位染色方法检测肝细胞内ＬａｃＺ的表达，采用ＰＣＲ方法扩增ＮｅｏＲ基因，从ＤＮＡ水平证实逆转录病毒载体整合入肝细胞。结果ＥＧＦ在体外可刺激肝细胞增殖并维持肝细胞功能，肝细胞表达β－半乳糖苷酶基因，肝细胞中可扩增出ＮｅｏＲ基因片断。结论双顺反子逆转录病毒载体可有效介导β－ｇａｌ和ＮｅｏＲ基因表达于大鼠肝细胞，提示可用于标记原代大鼠肝细胞，有利于研究肝细胞移植后移植之肝细胞在体内的寿命、分布及功能。     

细胞外调节蛋白激酶信号通路在乙型肝炎病毒X基因调控c-met基因启动子中的作用

目的 明确在乙型肝炎病毒X基因(HBx)对原癌蛋白质(c-met)基因启动子区的调控中所涉及的信号传导通路及其在肝癌侵袭和转移中的作用.方法 用Western blot比较可能涉及的信号通路特异性阻断剂对HBx调控c-met表达的影响,分析在该调控过程中所涉及的信号通路.体外侵袭试验验证信号传导通路在HBx调控c-met表达中的作用.对数据进行析因设计的方差分析.结果 HBx引起c-met表达水平的增加,细胞外调节蛋白激酶信号通路抑制剂U0126能够降低该作用,而p38MAPK信号通路抑制剂SB203580、PI-3K信号通路抑制剂wortmanin则未显示出该作用.体外细胞侵袭试验也证实了U0126能够降低HBx引起的HepG2细胞的强侵袭性[(74.3±6.2)个与(34.6±5.2)个,F=113.45,P＜0.01].结论 HBx引起肝癌细胞的侵袭转移可能与其通过细胞外调节蛋白激酶信号通路对c-met基因启动子区(-183 bp～-100 bp)的调控有关.     

c-met siRNA转染对食管鳞癌细胞生物学特性的影响

[目的]讨论c-Met在食管鳞癌中的表达;构建针对人c-met基因的RNA干扰(RNAi)慢病毒载体,观察其对高侵袭性食管鳞癌细胞c-met基因的沉默效应以及对细胞生物学行为的影响。[方法]培养食管鳞癌CE81T-4细胞株,构建c-met基因的RNAi慢病毒载体,用荧光定量RT-PCR与Western blotting检测其对c-met的干扰效率,用裸鼠移植瘤模型评估RNA干扰后细胞成瘤能力的影响,用裸鼠皮下食管肿瘤生长曲线、肿瘤组织的苏木精-伊红染色及Western blotting验证c-met表达情况。[结果]成功构建c-met基因的RNAi慢病毒载体,qRT-PCR与Western blotting实验显示其对食管鳞癌CE81T-4细胞c-met mRNA及蛋白的表达的抑制均较明显,裸鼠移植瘤实验显示RNA干扰后细胞的成瘤能力降低,裸鼠皮下食管肿瘤生长曲线、肿瘤组织的苏木精-伊红染色、Western blotting实验显示裸鼠移植瘤体内c-met的表达抑制较明显。[结论]c-metRNAi慢病毒载体能够抑制食管鳞癌CE81T-4细胞的侵袭及成瘤能力。     

C-met-siRNA在肝癌细胞株MHCC97-H侵袭和转移中的作用

目的探讨c—met-siRNA对肝细胞癌生长和侵袭的影响。方法采用脂质体法将pSuppressorRetro／c—met—siRNA导入包装细胞Phoenix A中获得含c-met-siRNA的逆转录病毒颗粒，进一步感染靶细胞MHCC97-H，Western blot检测c—Met的表达，通过生长曲线、运动试验及侵袭试验比较转染前后细胞的生长、运动及侵袭能力。结果肝细胞癌MHCC97-H细胞中c—Met的表达显著降低；细胞的生长、运动及侵袭均受到明显抑制。结论c—met—siRNA能抑制肝细胞癌细胞MHCC97-H的生长、运动及侵袭，这对肝细胞癌的生长、转移具有重要的临床意义。     

Control of intraabdominal hemorrhage and shock: a comparison of fluid resuscitation, MAST, and balloon occlusion

Our study examined the efficacy of four treatment modalities in controlling hemorrhage and achieving hemodynamic stabilization in hemorrhagic shock: intravenous fluid replacement (IV); military antishock trousers used concomitantly with fluids (MAST); balloon occlusion at the level of the diaphragm with concomitant fluid replacement (balloon); and a combination of MAST inflation, balloon occlusion, and fluid resuscitation (MAST and balloon). Twenty-eight mongrel dogs were anesthetized, and the spleen was exposed and completely crushed. The abdomen was closed, and treatment was initiated and continued for four hours or until the dog died. For all conditions the hematocrit dropped during the course of the experiment; balloon occlusion was effective at slowing this drop (P less than .0001), but MAST had no statistically significant effect. Animals with balloons bled more slowly into the abdominal cavity than did animals in the other two groups (P less than .0001). MAST also were effective at slowing the bleeding (P less than .05). Of the balloon and the MAST and balloon dogs, all except one survived the entire four hours; this difference between balloon and nonballoon dogs is significant (P = .002). MAST did not have a statistically significant effect on survival. Perfusion pressure (PP) declined during the course of the experiment, and the balloon was effective at slowing this decline (P less than .0001); none of the other comparisons was statistically significant.     

A Call to Action to Enhance Filovirus Disease Outbreak Preparedness and Response

The frequency and magnitude of recognized and declared filovirus-disease outbreaks have increased in recent years, while pathogenic filoviruses are potentially ubiquitous throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Meanwhile, the efficiency and effectiveness of filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response efforts are currently limited by inherent challenges and persistent shortcomings. This paper delineates some of these challenges and shortcomings and provides a proposal for enhancing future filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response. The proposal serves as a call for prompt action by the organizations that comprise filovirus-disease outbreak response teams, namely, Ministries of Health of outbreak-prone countries, the World Health Organization, Médecins Sans Frontières, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—Atlanta, and others.     

Interplay between interferon-mediated innate immunity and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Innate immunity is the first line of defense against viral infection, and in turn, viruses have evolved to evade host immune surveillance. As a result, viruses may persist in host and develop chronic infections. Type I interferons (IFN-α/β) are among the most potent antiviral cytokines triggered by viral infections. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a disease of pigs that is characterized by negligible induction of type I IFNs and viral persistence for an extended period. For IFN production, RIG-I/MDA5 and JAK-STAT pathways are two major signaling pathways, and recent studies indicate that PRRS virus is armed to modulate type I IFN responses during infection. This review describes the viral strategies for modulation of type I IFN responses. At least three non-structural proteins (Nsp1, Nsp2, and Nsp11) and a structural protein (N nucleocapsid protein) have been identified and characterized to play roles in the IFN suppression and NF-κB pathways. Nsp's are early proteins while N is a late protein, suggesting that additional signaling pathways may be involved in addition to the IFN pathway. The understanding of molecular bases for virus-mediated modulation of host innate immune signaling will help us design new generation vaccines and control PRRS.     

Disease Pandemics and Major Epidemics Arising From New Encounters between Indigenous Viruses and Introduced Crops

Virus disease pandemics and epidemics that occur in the world’s staple food crops pose a major threat to global food security, especially in developing countries with tropical or subtropical climates. Moreover, this threat is escalating rapidly due to increasing difficulties in controlling virus diseases as climate change accelerates and the need to feed the burgeoning global population escalates. One of the main causes of these pandemics and epidemics is the introduction to a new continent of food crops domesticated elsewhere, and their subsequent invasion by damaging virus diseases they never encountered before. This review focusses on providing historical and up-to-date information about pandemics and major epidemics initiated by spillover of indigenous viruses from infected alternative hosts into introduced crops. This spillover requires new encounters at the managed and natural vegetation interface. The principal virus disease pandemic examples described are two (cassava mosaic, cassava brown streak) that threaten food security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and one (tomato yellow leaf curl) doing so globally. A further example describes a virus disease pandemic threatening a major plantation crop producing a vital food export for West Africa (cacao swollen shoot). Also described are two examples of major virus disease epidemics that threaten SSA’s food security (rice yellow mottle, groundnut rosette). In addition, brief accounts are provided of two major maize virus disease epidemics (maize streak in SSA, maize rough dwarf in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions), a major rice disease epidemic (rice hoja blanca in the Americas), and damaging tomato tospovirus and begomovirus disease epidemics of tomato that impair food security in different world regions. For each pandemic or major epidemic, the factors involved in driving its initial emergence, and its subsequent increase in importance and geographical distribution, are explained. Finally, clarification is provided over what needs to be done globally to achieve effective management of severe virus disease pandemics and epidemics initiated by spillover events.     

Barrett's Esophagus: Where Do We Stand?

Barrett''s esophagus (BE) is a precursor for esophageal adenocarcinoma, which has an increased incidence rate over the last few decades. Its importance stems from the poor five-year survival of esophageal adenocarcinoma and current data that suggest a survival benefit when surveillance programs are implemented. In this review, we will cover the pathophysiology and natural history of BE and the different endoscopic findings. The prevalence of BE in different geographic areas and the incidence of high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in this patient population is reviewed. Recent recommendation for screening and surveillance of BE has been covered in this review as well as the efficacy of nonconventional imaging modalities and endoscopic ablation therapies.     

The Technology Transfer from Europe to China in the 17th–18th Centuries: Non-Invasive On-Site XRF and Raman Analyses of Chinese Qing Dynasty Enameled Masterpieces Made Using European Ingredients/Recipes

Two masterpieces of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912 CE), one in gilded brass (incense burner) decorated with cloisonné enamels stylistically attributed to the end of the Kangxi Emperor’s reign, the other in gold (ewer offered by Napoleon III to the Empress as a birthday present), decorated with both cloisonné and painted enamels bearing the mark of the Qianlong Emperor, were non-invasively studied by optical microscopy, Raman microspectroscopy and X-ray microfluorescence spectroscopy (point measurements and mapping) implemented on-site with mobile instruments. The elemental compositions of the metal substrates and enamels are compared. XRF point measurements and mappings support the identification of the coloring phases and elements obtained by Raman microspectroscopy. Attention was paid to the white (opacifier), blue, yellow, green, and red areas. The demonstration of arsenic-based phases (e.g., lead arsenate apatite) in the blue areas of the ewer, free of manganese, proves the use of cobalt imported from Europe. The high level of potassium confirms the use of smalt as the cobalt source. On the other hand, the significant manganese level indicates the use of Asian cobalt ores for the enamels of the incense burner. The very limited use of the lead pyrochlore pigment (European Naples yellow recipes) in the yellow and soft green cloisonné enamels of the Kangxi incense burner, as well as the use of traditional Chinese recipes for other colors (white, turquoise, dark green, red), reinforces the pioneering character of this object in technical terms at the 17th–18th century turn. The low level of lead in the cloisonné enamels of the incense burner may also be related to the use of European recipes. On the contrary, the Qianlong ewer displays all the enameling techniques imported from Europe to obtain a painted decoration of exceptional quality with the use of complex lead pyrochlore pigments, with or without addition of zinc, as well as cassiterite opacifier.