高效液相色谱法测定盐酸普萘洛尔乳膏的含量

目的 建立测定盐酸普萘洛尔乳膏含量的高效液相色谱法。方法 色谱柱为Diamonsil C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为磷酸二氢钾(含0.1%庚烷磺酸钠的0.05 mol/L)-甲醇(50∶50),流速为1.0 m L/min,检测波长为290 nm。结果 盐酸普萘洛尔质量浓度在97.08~485.4μg/m L范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.999 7,n=5),平均回收率为98.76%,RSD=2.30%(n=9)。结论 该方法测定盐酸普萘洛尔乳膏的含量简便、准确、重现性好。     

HPLC法测定盐酸普萘洛尔片的含量

目的建立测定盐酸普萘洛尔片含量的高效液相色谱法。方法采用SHIMADZU Shim-pack VP-ODS C18色谱柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),以甲醇-含0.1%庚烷磺酸钠的0.05mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液(57∶43)为流动相,流速为1.0mL·min-1,检测波长为290nm。结果盐酸普萘洛尔在50.17～501.7μg/ml范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,r=0.9999(n=6),平均加样回收率为99.43%,RSD为1.2%(n=9)。结论该方法简便、准确,专属性强,重现性好,可用于盐酸普萘洛尔片含量测定。     

UHPLC-MS/MS法测定盐酸普萘洛尔缓释片中基因毒性杂质N-亚硝基普萘洛尔

目的 建立盐酸普萘洛尔缓释片中基因毒性杂质N-亚硝基普萘洛尔的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UHPLC-MS/MS)检测方法。方法 Waters ACQUITY UPLC CSH^TM C₁₈色谱柱(3.0 mm×150 mm, 1.7μm),10 mmol·L^-1甲酸铵的水溶液(含0.1%甲酸)作为流动相A,乙腈溶液(含0.1%甲酸)作为流动相B,梯度洗脱,流速为0.5 mL·min^-1,柱温为50℃,进样器温度为5℃,进样体积为10μL,采用多反应监测(MRM)模式,对盐酸普萘洛尔缓释片中的N-亚硝基普萘洛尔进行定量检测。结果 N-亚硝基普萘洛尔在1～20 ng·mL^-1范围内具有良好的线性关系。低、中、高3个浓度的加样回收率(n=3)在98.4%～103.2%之间,RSD≤2.7%。检测限和定量限分别为0.09 ng·mL^-1和0.3 ng·mL^-1。检出盐酸普萘洛尔缓释片中基因毒性杂质N-亚硝基普萘洛尔含量为1.8μg·g^...     

HPLC测定盐酸美西律片的含量

目的 采用HPLC法测定盐酸美西律片的含量.方法 色谱柱为Agela C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),流动相为甲醇-0.1 mol·L-1醋酸钠溶液(50:50,冰醋酸调pH5.8),流速0.8 mL·min-1,检测波长262 nm.结果 盐酸美西律12.94～258.76μg·mL-1与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999),平均回收率为99.94%.结论 所用方法准确可靠、专属性强,可用于盐酸美西律片的质量控制.     

HPLC法测定盐酸普鲁卡因葡萄糖注射液中盐酸普鲁卡因和对氨基苯甲酸的含量

目的:用HPLC法同时测定盐酸普鲁卡因葡萄糖注射液中盐酸普鲁卡因和对氨基苯甲酸含量.方法:色谱柱为Nova-PakC18(150 mm×4.0 mm,4μm);流动相为甲醇-10mmol·L-1 NaH2PO4溶液(用磷酸调pH6.48,含2 mml·L-1三乙胺)(30:70,V/V);流速为0.7 ml·min-1;检测波长为287 nm,柱温30℃.结果:盐酸普鲁卡因浓度在O.1～1.0 mg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.998 9),平均加样回收率98.9%(n=3,RSD=1.4%);对氨基苯甲酸浓度在1～10μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 6),平均加样回收率99.2%(n=3,RSD=1.6%).结论:该方法准确、直观、便于盐酸普鲁卡因葡萄糖注射液质量控制.     

高效液相色谱法测定上清丸中盐酸小檗碱的含量

目的 建立上清丸中盐酸小檗碱的含量测定方法.方法 采用HPLC法.色谱柱为DiamonsilTM C18柱(250mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);流动相为乙腈-0.05 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钠溶液(每1 000 mL中加十二烷基磺酸钠1.7 g)(40:60);流速1.0 mL·min-1;柱温:25℃;检测波长:345 nm.结果 盐酸小檗碱进样量在0.257 5～0.600 9μg与峰面积呈良好线性关系(r=0.999 9),平均加样回收率为98.42%(RSD=1.09%,n=9).结论 该方法简便、准确、重现性好,可用于上清丸中盐酸小檗碱含量的质量控制.     

高效液相色谱法测定黄藤素片中盐酸巴马汀的含量

目的: 建立高效液相色谱法测定黄藤素片中盐酸巴马汀的含量.方法: 色谱柱为Diamonsil ODS C18 柱(200 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm).流动相为乙腈-缓冲液(0.05 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾和0.05 mol·L-1 庚烷磺酸钠,1: 1)(50: 50),检测波长272 nm,流速:0.8 ml·min-1,柱温:室温.结果: 盐酸巴马汀在8.032～40.160 μg·ml-1范围内浓度与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,回归方程Y=1.01×104X 7.86×104, r=0.999 6,平均回收率为99.5%,RSD为1.0%(n=9).结论: 本法简便、灵敏、准确,可作为该制剂的定量分析方法.     

HPLC法测定双黄消炎片中盐酸小檗碱的含量

目的:建立双黄消炎片中盐酸小檗碱的含量测定HPLC方法;方法:Diomansil C_(18)柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),乙腈: 0.1%磷酸溶液(50:50)(每100 ml加十二烷基磺酸钠0.1g)为流动相,检测波长265nm;流速1.0ml·min~(-1)。结果:线性范围1.0～76.6μg·ml~(-1)(r=0.999 9)线性关系良好,平均回收率为102.4%,RSD为1.0%(n=6)。结论:方法简便快捷,可用于双黄消炎片的质量控制。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定盐酸多沙普仑注射液的含量

目的:建立盐酸多沙普仑注射液的HPLC含量测定及有关物质检查方法.方法:色谱柱为Diamonsil C18(4.6 mm×250mm,5μm,迪马公司),流动相为水-甲醇(30:70),流量为1mL·min-1,检测波长为225 nm,柱温为40℃.结果:多沙普仑在20～200 mg·L-1浓度范围内,与峰面积呈良好的相关性(r=0.999 5),平均回收率为99.7%(n=9),RSD=1.0%.结论:本法专属性强、灵敏度高、重现性好,结果准确,适用于盐酸多沙普仑注射液的质量控制.     

HPLC法测定复方降压片中利血平及盐酸异丙嗪的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定复方降压片中利血平及盐酸异丙嗪的含量.方法:采用C18(200mm×4.6mm,5μm)色谱柱,乙腈-水(用高氯酸调节pH值至2.15土0.05)(41:59)为流动相,检测波长为268nm.结果:利血平在3.84～15.36μg·ml-1浓度范围内呈良好线性关系(r=0.9996),平均回收率为99.9%,RSD=0.65%(n=9);盐酸异丙嗪在0.252～1.008mg·ml-1浓度范围内呈良好线性关系(r=0.9998),平均回收率为99.3%,RSD=1.80%(n=9).结论本方法简便,准确,可靠.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.