劳动卫生

03 0 5 91　接触二硫化碳工人辨色错误得分水平及尿代谢物含量分析 /汪春红…∥中国公共卫生 2 0 0 1 ,1 7( 9) 779～ 781为探讨长期接触CS2 工人色觉功能及尿 2_硫代塞唑烷_4_羧酸 (TTCA)水平。应用FM1 0 0_HUE方法检测工人辨色能力 ,高效液相色谱测定工人班末尿中TTCA含量。结果 ,CS2 暴露组接触CS2 时间加权平均浓度为 1 5 5 3± 6 2 9mg/m3 。常规眼科检查未见特异损伤 ;FM1 0 0_HUE检查男、女工主要在 5年～工龄段总错误得分水平、绿色及蓝色区带得分水平均显著高于同工龄段对照组 (P <0 0 5 )。暴露组女工尿TTCA含…     

较低浓度二硫化碳对作业男工FM100-HUE辨色能力的影响

为探讨较低浓度二硫化碳 (CS2 )对作业男工FM10 0 -HUE辨色能力的影响 ,采用气相色谱仪检测工人 8小时工作班接触CS2 浓度 ;FM10 0 HUE方法检测 191名CS2 作业男工和 93名对照者的辨色能力。结果显示 ,CS2 暴露组接触CS2 时间加权平均浓度为长丝车间 (14 75± 6 89)mg m3、短丝车间 (16 30± 5 42 )mg m3;常规眼科检查未见特异损伤 ;FM10 0 HUE平均辨色错误得分 (10 6 9)与对照组 (78 3)相比差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 ) ,对绿色和蓝色区带的辨别能力也显著低于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,且短丝车间表现的影响更为突出。提示较低浓度CS2 对作业男工FM10 0 HUE辨色力有一定的损伤 ,应加强对该类作业工人的健康监护。     

职业接触二硫化碳生物接触限值的探讨

目的 探讨我国职业接触二硫化碳(CS2)的生物接触限值.方法 用高效液相色谱法测定工人班末尿中2-硫代噻唑烷-4-羧酸(TTCA)含量,用气相色谱法测定接触CS2工人作业场所空气中CS2浓度,探讨二者的相关关系,比较生物接触限值和PC-TWA判定结果.结果 CS2作业工人班末尿中TTCA含量与其接触的工作场所空气中CS2浓度呈正相关,回归方程式Y=0.265X-0.165 (r=0.91,P＜0.01).基于本次研究的回归方程,根据GBZ 2.1-2007《工作场所有害因素职业接触限值第1部分:化学有害因素》规定的CS2的PC-TWA 5 mg/m3推算,CS2接触工人班末尿中TTCA浓度生物限值为1.2 mgTTCA/g Cr.结论 建议我国CS2生物接触限值修订为1.2 mg TTCA/g Cr.     

二硫化碳接触工人尿2-硫代噻唑烷-4-羧酸排泄规律的研究

目的　探讨二硫化碳 (CS2 )接触工人尿 2 硫代噻唑烷 4 羧酸 (TTCA)的排泄规律 ,为制定CS2 短时接触生物监测提供实验依据。方法　将受试对象分为 3组进行实验 :(1) 14名非CS2 接触者在某CS2 车间暴露 2h后收集不同时段尿液 ,分析其TTCA浓度变化 ;(2 )某CS2 车间 15名CS2 接触工人三班倒休息 4 8h后上班 ,连续收集 3d班前、班中、班末尿 ,分析其TTCA浓度变化 ;(3)收集 4 0名长期接触CS2 工人班末尿 ,分析其TTCA浓度变化与工人接触CS2 的 8h时间加权平均浓度 (PC TWA)的关系。结果　第 1组研究结果显示 ,接触CS2 4h后 (此时已停止接触 2h)尿中TTCA含量达到最高值 [(1.0 3± 0 .72 )mg/gCr];第 2组研究结果显示 ,班前尿TTCA含量极低 [(0 .37± 0 .2 8)mg/gCr],与班中尿 [上班后 4h(1.2 3± 0 .71)mg/gCr]及班末尿 [(1.31± 0 .78)mg/gCr]比较 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ,而班中尿TTCA值与班末尿相比 ,差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;第 3组研究结果显示 ,班末尿TTCA值与工人PC TWA之间有直线关系 [Y(TTCAmg/gCr) =1.16 36X(CS2 mg/m3) - 5 .4 116 ]。结论　班末尿TTCA值可作为CS2 接触工人的生物监测指标。     

粘胶工人尿2-硫代噻唑烷-4-羧酸浓度与神经传导速度的相关性研究

目的 探讨尿中－2硫代噻唑烷－4－羟酸（TTCA）含量作为内暴露指标在我国二硫化碳（CS2）接触工人神经系统功能职业健康监护方面的实际应用价值。方法 应用高效液相色谱法测定工人8h班末尿TTCA含量,选取尿中TTCA＜5mg/gCr者作为研究对象;应用常规方法测定工人腓总神经和腓肠神经传导速度及腓总神经F波最短潜伏期;用SAS软件包进行多元回归统计分析。结果 暴露组与对照组比较,工人神经传导速度的相关指标存在组间差异：暴露组运动神经元端及近端动作电位波幅降低（偏回归系数分别为－1．0985、－0．9557）,F波最短潜伏期延长（偏回归系数为1．6830）。结论 就周围神经系统功能而言,尿TTCA含量作为我国CS2接触工人的一项敏感的内暴露指标。     

用FM100—HUE方法检测二硫化碳作业女工的辨色能力

应用ＦＭ１００ＨＵＥ 方法检测了７０ 名二硫化碳（ＣＳ２）作业女工和２３ 名对照者的辨色能力。结果显示ＣＳ２ 暴露组接触ＣＳ２ 浓度为１２５ ～３６４ｍｇ／ｍ３ ,常规眼科检查未见特异损伤,ＦＭ１００ＨＵＥ辨色错误得分为８４５ ,与对照组（６５２） 相比尽管未显示出统计学上的差异,但对绿色区带的辨别能力极显著低于对照组（Ｐ＜ ００１） 。表明ＣＳ２ 对作业女工辨色力有一定影响,且以绿色区带最明显,ＦＭ１００ＨＵＥ 能较早发现这一损伤作用     

氧化镉对作业工人尿镉、尿β2微球蛋白水平的影响

目的探讨空气中氧化镉粉尘对作业工人尿镉、尿β2-微球蛋白水平的影响.方法对某电池厂氧化镉作业工人493人及对照组283人进行尿镉、尿β2-微球蛋白测定分析,结果氧化镉接触组尿镉含量高于对照组(P＜0.01),且随着接触工龄的延长而逐渐升高.接触组尿β2-微球蛋白含量略高于对照组,但差异无统计学意义,当工龄≥3年时差异才有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论氧化镉的暴露与尿镉呈正相关关系,尿β2-微球蛋白是肾损害的早期指标.     

饮酒对尿2 -硫代噻唑烷-4-羧酸排泄的影响

目的观察饮酒对二硫化碳(CS2)接触者及非接触者尿2-硫代噻唑烷4羧酸(TTCA)排泄的影响。方法(1)男性非接触CS2志愿者10人,一次饮用38。白酒150ml或250ml,高效液相色谱法观察其尿TTCA排泄动态;(2)CS2作业男工152人,非接触者60人,分别收集班末尿和晨尿进行TTCA测定并进行问卷调查;同时进行个体空气采样和CS2浓度气相色谱法测定。结果非接触者一次饮白酒150ml后3h尿TTCA水平达峰值,12h后降至饮前水平(餐前0．5h,饮酒后1、3、12h中位数分别为0．045、0．068、0．099、0．046mg/gCr,n=10);TTCA水平随饮白酒剂量的增加而增高,饮0、150、250ml白酒者TTCA水平(中位数)分别为0．036、0．064、0．609mg/gCr(n=5,饮后3h)。CS2浓度为≤10．0、10．1～50．0、>50．0mg/m3时,CS2接触者TTCA有随CS2浓度增高而上升的趋势;对照组中饮白酒和啤酒者TTCA水平似高于不饮者,而接触组TTCA水平则随饮酒指数的增加而呈降低趋势。结论大量饮酒可影响尿TTCA水平,在进行CS2生物监测时,应避免在大量饮酒后12h内采集尿样,以避免饮酒对监测结果的干扰作用。     

锰对工人肝及心血管功能影响的配对研究

目的探讨锰暴露对工人肝及心血管功能的毒作用.方法对15名锰作业工人和15名对照工人的血清TPR、ALB、ALT、AST、TTT、ChE、心率、心电图和血压进行检查,所得资料采用SPSS软件进行配对分析.结果作业环境空气MnO2浓度几何均值为0.25(0.09～1.04)mg/m3时,接触女工心率明显比对照女工慢,接触男工收缩压明显高于对照男工(P＜0.05),两组心血管和肝功能指标未见显著性差异.结论提示低浓度锰暴露可能会影响到工人心血管功能.     

铅作业工人尿铅在性别上的差异

目的探讨铅作业工人尿铅有无性别上差异。方法选择接触铅作业1 a以上,并且平均年龄及铅作业工龄段人数构成比均相近的不同性别的两组工人(女工组1 133名,男工组342名)作为研究对象,测定其尿铅,对测定结果进行统计学分析。结果女工组同工龄尿铅异常发生率除25岁~组外,其他均明显高于男工组,女工组尿铅异常总发生率为29.7%,与男工相比(8.2%),差异有非常显著性,P<0.01。结论铅对作业工人尿铅的影响有性别差异,女性高于男性。是否与女性的解剖生理特点及对毒物的敏感性高有关,有待于继续研究。     

Cross-sectional study of the ophthalmological effects of carbon disulfide in Chinese viscose workers

This article presents cross-sectional investigation results of ophthalmological effects for the occupational exposure to carbon disulfide of workers at a large viscose fibre factory in the middle part of China. The total of 271 exposed subjects (191 males, 80 females) and 133 workers (93 males, 40 females) not exposed to any toxic agent in the working environment underwent ophthalmological examination. The self-administered questionnaire collected data on the medical history and ophthalmological complaints during the past three months. The ophthalmologic examination included routine examination for retinal capillary anomalies and and color vision with the FM 100-Hue test method. Nearly all subjects did not use respirators, smocks or aprons, gloves or other personal protective devices during work time. The average personal CS2 exposure level in the present study was 13.7-20.05 mg/m3. The FM 100-Hue test results showed that the total error scores of the exposed group, whether male or female, were higher than that of the control, the discrimination of the green and blue zones was also impaired significantly. A fundus examination showed no retinal capillary anomalies or other serious ophthalmological symptoms that may be related to effects of CS2. In conclusion, color vision was disturbed in workers exposed to CS2, at levels below the present threshold value. Reduced color discrimination may be attributed to long-term carbon disulfide exposure and suggests that health surveillance of workers exposed to carbon disulfide should include the FM 100-Hue Test as a sensitive and easy method.     

接触二硫化碳男工血清性激素水平及尿代谢物含量分析

为探讨长期接触二硫化碳（ＣＳ２）的粘胶纺丝男工血清性激素及尿２－硫代－噻唑啶－４－羧酸（ＴＴＣＡ）水平,应用放射免疫法测定接触工人血清性激素水平及用高效液相色谱法测定工人班末尿中ＴＴＣＡ含量。以多功能气体红外监测仪定点连续监测车间ＣＳ２浓度为（１４．４０±４．６２）ｍｇ／ｍ３（６．０１～２５．３０ｍｇ／ｍ３）,平均接触工龄为１０．４年。结果显示（１）接触组血清促卵泡激素〔ＦＳＨ：（１０．９４±７．３５）ＩＵ／Ｌ）〕明显高于对照组〔（７．５０±５．０７）ＩＵ／Ｌ〕;催乳素〔ＰＲＬ（５．７２±４．１８）ｎｇ／Ｌ〕则显著低于对照组〔（６．８９±４．６２）ｎｇ／Ｌ〕;血清促黄体激素（ＬＨ）、睾丸酮（Ｔ）等两组间均无统计学显著差异。但随着暴露工龄延长,ＨＬ含量明显下降。班的轮换不影响性激素水平。（２）在该接触浓度下工人班末尿ＴＴＣＡ为（１．０７２±１．０１３）ｍｇ／ｇ肌酐,随尿ＴＴＣＡ排出量增加,血清ＦＳＨ含量明显下降,存在接触－反应关系。本研究表明,现有接触水平对男工内分泌系统功能已造成一定损害。     

尿中2—硫代噻唑烷—4—羧酸排泄规律初探

对１５名二硫化碳（ＣＳ２）作业工人与１４名非接触者进行了尿２硫代噻唑烷４羧酸（ＴＴＣＡ）排泄规律研究。结果表明，随ＣＳ２接触时间与接触量的增加，ＴＴＣＡ水平逐渐增高（班前、班中、班末ＴＴＣＡ几何均数分别为１．２５７４、１．６１２０、２．１８０５／ｇｃｒ），呈剂量效应关系。停止接触后ＴＴＣＡ排泄较快，１６ｈ后基本降至前一天班前水平。班末尿ＴＴＣＡ能灵敏地反映个体近期ＣＳ２接触量。４２个非接触者尿样中有３２个检出微量ＴＴＣＡ（７６．２％），其ＴＴＣＡ排泄无明显特征，但摄入白酒可影响尿ＴＴＣＡ的排泄     

Assessment of exposure to carbon disulfide in viscose production workers from urinary 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid determinations.

The follow-up of environmental carbon disulfide (CS2) exposure and urinary excretion of 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA) among 20 operatives over a 4-day working week in two viscose producing factories confirmed earlier observations that TTCA is a sensitive and reliable indicator of exposure to CS2. Exposure to as low as 0.5-1.0 ppm (1.6-3.2 mg/m3) of CS2 (8-hour time-weighted average [TWA]) was associated with detectable amounts of TTCA in end-of-shift urine. Moreover, the excretion of TTCA, relative to estimated CS2 uptake, appeared surprisingly constant in the studied work force. Approximately 3% (range 2-6.5%) of absorbed CS2 was detected in urine as TTCA. The proportional TTCA excretion did not show dose dependency in the estimated CS2 dose range which varied by about 20-fold. TTCA elimination exhibited both a fast (T 1/2 6 hour) and a slow (T 1/2 68 hour) phase. The slow elimination is compatible with a high lipid solubility and reversible protein binding of CS2. Consequently, urinary excretion of TTCA, relative to CS2 exposure, increased by about a third during the workweek. Urinary TTCA concentration of 4.5 mmol/mol creatinine in a postshift sample corresponded to a TWA exposure to 10 ppm CS2 towards the end of the working week.     

Cardiovascular function of workers exposed to carbon disulphide

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to verify that exposure to carbon disulphide (CS(2)) up to 10 ppm results in a negative inotropic effect on cardiovascular function. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study a total of 325 workers exposed to CS(2) in the rayon-producing industry and 179 controls from the same plants were examined. The exposure assessment was based on personal air sampling and biological monitoring (2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA) in urine) for all persons. The examination consisted of a standardised questionnaire, physical examination, assessment of body fat mass, ergometric test with the determination of work capacity at heart rates of 100, 130, 150 and 170 beats/min, and electrocardiography. RESULTS: The mean external exposure was 6.04 ppm CS(2) (range: 0.03-91.08); the mean internal exposure was 1.14 mg TTCA/g creatinine (range: 0.02-11.50). The workers exposed to CS(2) showed better physical fitness. The diameters of the left heart chamber of the exposed persons were not significantly different when compared with occupationally non-exposed workers, but there was a tendency of increasing diameters for the exposed employees. In the multiple linear regression the diameters showed physiologically plausible correlations with the body mass index, body fat mass, alcohol consumption, and physical fitness, but not, however, with the exposure, neither with the exposure group in all persons nor with the internal or external exposure within the exposed workers. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, differences in the heart chamber diameters between exposed persons and controls could not be confirmed. Differences in physical fitness and constitution can explain differences in heart chamber diameters.     

Biological monitoring of workers exposed to carbon disulfide

Urinary 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA) concentrations and corresponding personal breathing zone carbon disulfide (CS₂) air concentrations were measured for worker populations at a Tennessee rubber product facility and a Virginia viscose rayon plant. At the rubber product facility, all of the 19 workers had urinary TTCA levels less than the limit of detection (LOD) of about 0.03 mg/L, equivalent to less than 0.5 ppm of CS₂ in air. At the viscose rayon plant, five of six workers, although wearing half-mask cartridge respirators, showed increased urinary TTCA during the workshift. The cutters and spinners had the largest increases in urinary TTCA concentrations; they also had the highest breathing zone exposures to CS₂. The TTCA concentrations for three cutters and spinners did not return to normal preshift levels of <0.3 mg/g creatinine before the start of the next shift. The arithmetic mean respirator workplace protection factor (WPF) was 7.0 ± 2.2. Increase in urinary TTCA concentration during the workshift and postshift urinary TTCA concentration reflected CS₂ air concentration equally well. In conjunction with air monitoring results, urinary TTCA concentrations allow determination of the WPF afforded workers wearing respirators and identify workers not adhering to safety rules and good work practices. Workers at risk of adverse health effects from overexposure to CS₂ for any reason may thus be identified. Am. J. Ind. Med. 33:48–54, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Symptoms and immunologic markers among vulcanization workers in rubber industries in southern Sweden

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to estimate the risk of symptoms and the possible derangement of levels of immunologic markers for contemporary Swedish rubber workers. Furthermore, the relation between exposure and these biomarkers of response was examined using urinary levels of 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA), which reflect the exposure. METHODS: Included in the study were 166 exposed workers and 117 controls. Medical and occupational histories were obtained in structured interviews. Symptoms were recorded, and immunologic markers were analyzed in blood. Urinary levels of TTCA were determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Compared with the controls, the exposed workers had increased risks of eye symptoms [odds ratio (OR) 3.0], nose bleeds (OR 4.0), burning and dry throat (OR 3.0), hoarseness (OR 2.4), severe dry cough (OR 3.8), nausea (OR 4.3), and headache (OR 2.5). When the exposed workers were divided into three groups according to the TTCA levels, the highest risks were observed among the exposed workers with intermediate TTCA levels. Furthermore, the exposed workers in all of the TTCA subgroups had elevated concentrations of total immunoglobulin G when compared with the controls. Elevated concentrations of leukocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils were observed in the group with high TTCA levels. CONCLUSIONS: This work shows an increased risk of several symptoms and elevated levels of some immunologic markers among exposed workers in Swedish rubber industries. In addition, relationships between urinary levels of TTCA and some biomarkers of response were reported.