新发传染病及疫苗新技术

自20世纪初,先后暴发了多次威胁人类健康和社会稳定的传染病疫情,如埃博拉出血热、冠状病毒感染引起的严重急性呼吸综合征、中东呼吸综合征和新型冠状病毒肺炎以及寨卡病毒病等。对于尚未表征的新发病原体,尤其是变异速度快、宿主范围广、传播能力强的病毒病原体导致的相关疫情暴发尚无法进行有效预测。目前没有针对上述病毒感染的特效抗病毒药物,接种疫苗是防控疫情最为经济有效的策略。本文对埃博拉病毒、冠状病毒、寨卡病毒的病毒特征以及与之相关的核酸疫苗和病毒载体疫苗技术研究进展做一综述。     

欧洲药品管理局重申甲流疫苗安全有效

2009—11-20，欧洲药品管理局（EMEA）发布信息，称已对集中审批的甲型H1N1流感疫苗（商品名包括Celvapan、Focetfia和Pandemfix）的更多数据进行了综合分析。管理局重申，在目前H1N1流感大流行的背景下，接种这些疫苗利大于弊。     

“唾液酸衍生物”类抗流感新药开发现状与前景展望

在形形色色的病毒性疾病中，流感（influenza）可谓是发病人数最多、发病地域极其广泛（可从一个洲蔓延至另一个洲）以及造成死亡人数最多的一种传染性疾病。现已知道，流感系由空气中散布的流感病毒所引起。在医药工业尚不十分发达的廿世纪初．欧洲爆发的西班牙流感曾造成上千万人罹病．十几万人死亡的悲剧性后果。在沉寂了几十年后1968年在欧洲爆发的另一次流感（据后来分析其元凶为“香港甲型流感病毒”）亦造成数万欧洲人死亡。为何流感会造成那么大的危害？     

通过疫苗开发控制细菌性传染病

需要开发能全球应用预防细菌性传染病的疫苗。这些疫苗应能廉价生产 ,在缺乏冷藏的条件下稳定 ,安全有效 ,能口服或鼻腔接种。本文重点讨论了减毒活菌苗的开发及应用重组减毒菌苗来诱导抗异种病原菌的保护性免疫     

矛与盾：甲型流感与疫苗治疗

1918年西班牙流感暴发,夺去了多达5000万人的生命,被认为是人类历史上最致命的事件之一。今天,流感已经成为一个严重的公共卫生问题,可在高危人群中造成严重疾病和死亡。平均每个冬季,全球因流感并发症死亡者约为10万人。而当有新型流感出现时,后果更是难以预计。     

疫苗之惑

综观2010年的中国健康领域,疫苗引起的风波不止一次地牵动人心。为预防和控制传染病立了大功的疫苗．却让很多人陷入了“打还是不打”的两难境地。疫苗,到底怎么了？     

美国当前的疫苗生产能力可应对流感大流行

美国密歇根大学Lash等的一项研究显示，如果在今后5年内美国发生流感大流行，则利用现有设施生产细胞培养疫苗是控制疫情的唯一办法。 现行流感疫苗用鸡胚培养法制备。此法比细胞培养法费时费力。美国用鸡胚培养法需6个月才能生产出2．5亿～3亿剂流感疫苗，而且细胞培养法，4个月就能生产6亿剂疫苗。     

十五种传染病免费种疫苗

卫生部日前公布了《扩大国家免疫规划实施方案》，扩大国家免疫规划范围，规定在现行全国范围内使用的乙肝疫苗、卡介苗、脊灰疫苗、百白破疫苗、麻疹疫苗、白破疫苗等6种国家免疫规划疫苗基础上，以无细胞百白破疫苗替代百白破疫苗，将甲肝疫苗、流脑疫苗、乙脑疫苗、麻腮风疫苗纳入国家免疫规划，     

某部驻地传染病流行状况及部队应采取的防治对策

为掌握某部驻地阜新市传染病发病规律,给驻阜部队制定防治措施提供科学依据,对阜新地区1996~2005年传染病疫情报告资料进行分析。现将结果报告如下。1驻地传染病流行概况1996~2005年阜新市共报告发生甲、乙类传染病17种,10年平均报告发病率为185.15/10万。甲类传染病中霍乱4例;乙类传染病16种共33541例,乙类传染病平均发病率为174.71/10万。甲类传染病无死亡;乙类传染病死亡28例,死亡率为0.15/10万,病死率为0.08%。位于前5位的传染病依次为:病毒性肝炎(74.50/10万)、细菌性痢疾(56.35/10万)、肺结核(31.23/10万)、淋病(9.96/10万)、猩红热(2…     

用于预防传染病的核酸疫苗及其管理

1996年2月5～8日在美国国立卫生研究院召开了用于预防传染病的核酸疫苗(NAV)及其管理的国际会议,350名科学家、管理人员和制造商参加了会议.会议主要讨论了两个问题:(1)NAV是如何起作用的;(2)NAV是否可用于改进成功疫苗的接种能力以及有助于产生有效的疫苗.现将会议主要内容介绍如下.     

Vaccine strategies for infectious diseases

Infectious diseases are the major cause of death worldwide; in developing countries such diseases are responsible for nearly half the burden of premature death and disability. Therefore, the need for the development of new vaccine strategies aimed at preventing or limiting disease is extremely urgent. Important successes have been achieved against some infectious diseases that were once endemic or, even, epidemic (e.g., polio, smallpox, diptheria). Advances in our knowledge of the pathogenesis and immune correlates of protections are needed to develop novel vaccinal approaches to diseases such as hepatitis C, AIDS and malaria. In this review we will analyse the biological problems associated with the prevention of development and/or improvement of vaccine strategies for infectious diseases, focusing on the difficulties facing the creation of new effective vaccines for HIV infection and malaria.     

Aminoglycoside therapy in infectious diseases

Introduction: Aminoglycosides are of the oldest antibiotics. Even though representatives of the class are used in various applications, the use that has established aminoglycosides in medicine is their antimicrobial activity.

Areas covered: Current knowledge on mechanism of action, adverse events, strategies to overcome toxicity and increase efficacy of aminoglycosides, as well as therapeutic uses and future perspectives of this class of antibiotics.

Expert opinion: Aminoglycosides are still the treatment of choice for diseases such as brucellosis and plague. Toxicity, along with the discovery of equally potent and less toxic antibiotics, has shelved aminoglycosides the past 30 years. However, this has largely saved them from resistance development. Apart from retaining efficacy, strategies to overcome toxicity, especially once daily administration, has made aminoglycosides a safer choice. Further, plazomicin is a very promising synthetic aminoglycoside that escapes all clinically significant aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes and has completed a clinical Phase II trial. Despite being in clinical practice for > 60 years, issues such as the synergistic role of aminoglycosides in Gram-positive endocarditis remain controversial. Prospective randomized trials are needed to clarify the benefit of aminoglycosides in this setting. Nonetheless, in an era of emerging resistance, aminoglycosides are valuable weapons against multidrug-resistant pathogens.     

Combinatorial immunotherapies for infectious diseases

Combating pathogenic organisms by combinatorial approaches involving appropriate immune response molecules and antimicrobial drugs represents a progessively more apparent and successful therapeutic paradigm for the treatment of acute and chronic persistent infectious diseases. This review explores areas of current innovation and provides an update of the present state of knowledge concerning combination of chemotherapy with several immune-based interventions in infections. In the future, a better understanding of microbial immune modulation and evasion may continue to open new avenues of inquiry and carefully targeted application of adjunctive immunotherapies.