宿州市墉桥区1996～2001年碘缺乏病监测报告

目的　通过调查 ,对墉桥区碘缺乏病 (iodinedeficiencydisorder.IDD)防治现状进行评价 ,提出相应的防治措施。方法　按照《安徽省碘缺乏病防治监测方案》 ,对 8～ 10岁儿童的甲状腺肿大率 ,尿碘 ,居民户碘盐合格率 ,进行调查并进行分析。结果　甲状腺肿大率 ,尿碘中位数 ,盐碘合格率三项主要指标已达到安徽省消除IDD的标准。结论　我区IDD防治工作已达到消除的阶段目标 ,但也存在少数问题。     

原平市碘缺乏病流行现状及干预措施调查分析

目的了解掌握原平市碘缺乏病流行现状及干预措施落实情况,为制定防治措施提供科学依据。方法选择原平市较重的历史碘缺乏病(IDD)病区,采取随机抽样的方法,对居民户食用盐、儿童甲状腺、儿童尿碘、居民饮用水碘浓度、IDD健康教育知识等进行监测调查。结果 8~10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率为5.7%。儿童尿碘中位数188.94μg/L,100μg/L的占18.3%。居民盐现场半定量检测碘盐覆盖率达97.7%,全定量测定居民合格碘盐食用率为94.4%。五年级IDD知识问卷调查平均得分3.6分,家庭主妇平均得分3.8分。居民饮水含碘值范围1.2~5.5μg/L。儿童智力测验:共测验8~10岁儿童171人,总体样本IQ均值为(99.86±15.6)。结论监测调查结果表明,原平市儿童甲状腺肿大率未达到国家消除碘缺乏病目标指标(5%),对此应予以高度重视,并进一步探讨研究。儿童尿碘水平和居民食用碘盐率均达到了国家消除碘缺乏病标准。碘缺乏病健康教育知识宣传不到位发展滞后,人群防病保健意识淡薄。     

1995-2003年周宁县碘缺乏病监测结果动态分析

[目的]为建立健全可持续消除碘缺乏病(IDD)运行机制,进一步巩固消除IDD阶段目标成果.[方法]19951997、1999、2001和2003年按<全国碘缺乏病防治监测方案>进行甲状腺检查和尿碘与盐碘测定.[结果]甲状腺肿大率分别比上一次监测结果下降了45.8%,61.9%,4.7%和54.4%;尿碘中位数均在100 μg/L以上,＜100 μg/L所占的比例逐年减少;用户碘盐合格率和合格碘盐食用率呈逐年上升趋势.[结论]我县的碘缺乏病病情已明显下降,居民的碘营养状况得到改善.食盐加碘为主的干预措施是改善居民碘营养行之有效的途径,必须年年坚持,才能防患于未然.     

金昌市碘缺乏病干预措施的效果研究与分析

目的:碘缺乏病的发病情况以及促进干预措施的落实,探讨研究金昌市碘缺乏病干预措施的效果。方法:2014年-2018年全年根据《甘肃省碘缺乏病监测方案》要求,对金昌市8-10岁儿童尿碘、甲状腺肿大率等进行调查、监测。结果:经过各级政府的干预,2014年甲状腺肿大率为2.5%,2018年为1.46%,呈现下降趋势,尿碘中位数为228.65μg/L,居民户碘盐合格率为98.36%,合格碘盐食用率为97.21%。结论:金昌市碘缺乏病的干预措施,政府健康促进工作取得了明显成效,为了保证各项措施长期落实,需要加强碘营养状态的监测,做好碘缺乏病的干预工作,提高本市居民的健康水平。     

2011年昆明市碘缺乏病监测结果分析

目的分析昆明市碘缺乏病(IDD)监测结果,了解碘缺乏病流行现状,评价防治效果,为制定策略提供依据。方法按照"云南省2011年中央转移支付地方病防治项目技术方案",采用概率抽样法监测学生、孕妇、哺乳妇女尿碘、盐碘、水碘及8~10岁儿童甲肿率。结果病情监测县8~10岁儿童甲肿率0.63%,尿碘中位数239.45μg/L,学生家中盐碘中位数32.75 mg/kg,合格碘盐食用率为98.13%;孕妇尿碘中位数233.3μg/L;哺乳妇女尿碘中位数208.6μg/L;水碘中位数为4.19μg/L;非病情监测县学生尿碘中位数279.3μg/L,居民户家中盐碘中位数30.28 mg/kg,合格碘盐食用率为97.49%。结论实施全民食盐加碘干预措施以后儿童甲状腺肿大率大幅度下降,碘缺乏病防治成果得到了持续巩固,但昆明市居民碘营养水平存在不均衡的情况,食盐中碘的加入量有下调空间。     

1995-2005年天津市碘盐干预防治碘缺乏病效果评价

目的 评价碘盐干预防治碘缺乏病(IDD)效果,为科学补碘提供依据.方法 于1995-2005年按人口比例概率抽样方法(PPS)抽取天津市30个监测学校(城市∶乡镇∶乡村=1∶1∶1),以8～10岁学生1 200人(男∶女=1∶1)为监测对象,以5年级学生600人、家庭主妇150人以及饮用水中碘含量中位数＞150(300)μg/L的8～10岁学生994人为调查对象进行调查,内容包括儿童甲状腺肿大率、尿碘水平、合格碘盐食用率、5年级学生碘缺乏病知识普及现状问卷、家庭主妇相关预防知识问卷和同等碘盐干预条件下的高水碘对人群健康影响调查.结果 8～10岁人群甲状腺肿大率由1995年(干预前)的32.6%降至2005年(干预后)的1.8%;人群尿碘中位数由1995年(干预前)的96.1μg/L提高至2005年的228.1μg/L.2005年,滨海地区监测人群合格碘盐食用率低于全市总体水平,甲状腺肿大率高于全市总体水平,经χ2检验,差异均有统计学意义(合格碘盐食用率:X2=16.47,P＜0.01;甲状腺肿大率:X2=4.36,P＜0.05).在同等碘盐干预条件下,水源性高碘地区8～10岁人群甲状腺肿大率和尿碘水平均高于低水碘地区,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 低水碘地区碘盐干预防治IDD效果显著,部分水源性高碘地区碘营养过剩问题应引起重视,科学补碘是提高整体防治效果的关键.     

贵州省3个县碘缺乏病监测结果分析

目的:了解和掌握麻江、凤岗、丹寨3县碘缺乏病(IDD)病情和人群碘营养状况,评价干预措施落实情况及效果,为全面消除碘缺乏病目标提供科学依据。方法:采用抽样调查的方法,对8～10岁在校学生进行甲状腺肿、盐碘、尿碘、智商的监测,同时采集育龄妇女、孕妇、哺乳期妇女的尿样进行检测。结果:3县8～10岁学生触诊法,甲状腺肿大率为6.6%,B超法为3.4%。居民盐碘合格率分别为91.5%、92.5%、95.8%,盐碘中位数分别为31.0、30.2、31.5mg/kg,尿碘中位数分别为252.0、321.2、316.3μg/L。育龄妇女、孕妇、哺乳期妇女的尿碘中位数分别为257.4、847.2、315.6μg/L。智商分别为92.9、86.4、97.2,已达到国家消除IDD指标。结论:3县实施现行盐碘标准防治碘缺乏病取得了显著成效。     

许昌市碘缺乏病防治10年效果监测与评价

目的了解许昌市全民食盐加碘干预情况,观察和评价防治效果,为制定防治对策提供依据。方法按人口容量比例概率抽样方法（PPS）,观察儿童甲状腺肿大率、盐碘和尿碘变化情况。结果1995年实行食盐加碘前,全市8-10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率为17.16%,居民户碘盐合格率为40.35%,儿童尿碘中位数仅有50μg/L。经10年碘缺乏病防治干预措施以后,该市儿童甲状腺肿大率、碘盐合格率、尿碘3项指标分别达到国家规定的消除碘缺乏病标准。结论实施全民食盐加碘干预措施以后,儿童甲状腺肿大率逐年下降,人群碘营养水平得到提高,10年碘缺乏病防治成效显著。     

1995～2001年椒江地区碘缺乏病防治效果评价

目的观察加碘食盐防治碘缺乏病(IDD)效果. 方法全民食用加碘食盐(碘含量(35±15) mg/kg.观察评价指标:8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率、尿碘水平、碘盐合格率和新生儿TSH. 结果碘盐防治前1995年甲肿率11.73%,尿碘中位数109.35 ug/L.防治后2001年甲肿率6.28%,前后比较具有统计学意义(χ2=14.450,P＜0.01),尿碘中位数253.41 ug/L,前后比较亦具有统计学意义(u=6.9431,P＜0.01),加工厂、销售点和居民用户碘盐合格率分别为94.33%、97%和90.93%,TSH＞5 mu/L比率0.11%. 结论加碘食盐防治IDD方法简便、经济、效果显著,该地区已实现消除IDD阶段目标.     

许昌市2006年碘缺乏病监测报告

目的评价许昌市碘缺乏病防治效果,为制定和完善防治对策提供科学依据。方法按人口容量比例概率抽样方法(PPS),检查儿童甲状腺肿大率、盐碘和尿碘水平。结果2006年监测8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率为3.75%,碘盐合格率为97%,儿童尿碘中位数为261.1μg/L。结论实施全民食盐加碘干预措施以后,儿童甲状腺肿大率逐年下降,人群碘营养水平得到提高,碘缺乏病防治成效显著。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.