Intra-arterial thrombolysis for acute limb ischemia: a three-year experience

Peripheral arterial thromboembolism and thrombosis of arterial grafts continue to threaten viability of extremities. Percutaneous intra-arterial thrombolysis (IAT) and angiodilatation have afforded limb salvage in some of these patients. Proper patient selection appears to be the hallmark of success with IAT. During a recent three-year period, we used IAT in 32 extremities in 28 patients who had acute arterial insufficiency. Before IAT, 16 extremities were painful at rest, and 16 had incapacitating claudication. The overall success rate was 38%, but some degree of thrombolysis occurred in 88%. Limb salvage was achieved in 27 of 32 extremities (84%). Only five of 17 limbs (29%) with arterial graft thrombosis required no operation or an operation of lesser magnitude than predicted before IAT. Of six extremities with native arterial embolism, four (67%) were completely cleared with IAT. Major complications occurred in eight cases (25%), with two IAT-related deaths (6%). This study suggests that IAT is best reserved for individuals with acute limb ischemia caused by arterial embolus, those whose degree of ischemia would tolerate a 24-hour trial of IAT, and those whose femoral or tibial runoff is not likely to require remedial operation.     

Preservation of arm veins for arterial reconstruction.

The results of surgery for lower extremity salvage have improved steadily over the past decade. One of the principles accounting for this advance is the preferential use of autogenous veins for peripheral bypass surgery. Nonautogenous and prosthetic grafts to the infrageniculate (below knee) level have patency rates significantly lower than autogenous bypasses. Currently, the technical limits of bypass surgery often depend upon the availability of adequate venous conduits. The saphenous vein has been the conduit of choice for distal arterial bypasses. However, some patients lack saphenous veins as a result of previous vein harvesting for coronary or other arterial surgery, phlebitis, variations in venous anatomy, previous vein stripping, or other conditions. In these patients, arm veins (cephalic and basilic) have been used successfully for limb salvage. There are several requirements for the successful use of arm veins. These include a detailed knowledge of the anatomy of the cephalic and basilic veins, education of patients and health care professionals, nursing protocols to preserve arm veins, and the training of surgical nurses in the demanding technical maneuvers for arm vein implantation. This paper will address these subjects.     

Deep femoral to anterior tibial bypass after failed femoropopliteal reconstructions

Deep femoral to anterior tibial artery bypass is a reconstructive technique occasionally applicable when more conventional attempts at revascularization of the distal portion of the leg have failed. Three such patients, in whom the anterior tibial was the only distal patent branch of the popliteal artery, had severe symptoms of arterial insufficiency. Deep femoral to anterior tibial bypass was done using autogenous The distal portion of the deep femoral artery was exposed through an anteromedial distal thigh approach. The three patients have been followed up for a mean of 20.3 months, and each maintains graft patency and marked symptomatic improvement.     

下肢深静脉血栓形成与介入手术股动脉穿刺术相关性研究

目的研究介入手术股动脉穿刺术与下肢深静脉血栓形成之间的相关性。方法对80例介入手术股动脉穿刺术后诊断为肺栓塞,并且术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的患者进行回顾性分析,分析介入手术导致下肢深静脉血栓形成的直接原因。结果介入手术并发下肢深静脉血栓形成为本组患者常见危险因素,介入手术导致下肢深静脉血栓形成的首要原因是平卧时间长。结论介入手术股动脉穿刺术与下肢深静脉血栓形成密切相关,介入手术术后应尽量减少平卧时间预防下肢深静脉血栓形成。     

彩色多普勒超声与数字减影血管造影对比评价不同节段下肢深静脉血栓的诊断价值

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声对不同节段深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的诊断价值.方法 临床疑为DVT患者58例,应用彩色多普勒超声探测患肢各节段血管,检查结果 与DSA对照,按照四格表分析,评价彩色多普勒超卢诊断不同节段DVT的灵敏性、特异性、准确性等指标.结果 共检测150条不同节段静脉.进行四格表统计分析彩色多普勒超声对各节段血管的检出率:髂总静脉血栓检查灵敏性82.6%,特异性66.7%;髂外静脉血栓灵敏性83.3%,特异性80.0%;髂内静脉血栓灵敏性80.0%,特异性66.7%;胴静脉血栓灵敏性92.6%,特异性92.2%;股静脉血栓灵敏性96.2%,特异性93.8%;胫前静脉血栓灵敏性71.4%,特异性75.0%;胫后静脉血栓灵敏性72.7%,特异性75.0%.结论 彩色多普勒超声作为DVT的首选检查方法 ,对不同节段静脉血栓有不同的诊断价值,对股、胭及髂外静脉灵敏性较高,胫前、胫后静脉血栓检出的灵敏性较低.     

Clinical Evaluation of the Use of Tibial Bone Grafting in Dentoalveolar Reconstructive Surgery

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of tibial autogenous bone grafting in the treatment of patients with alveolar bone defects.

Materials and Methods

The study subjects consisted of 12 patients (10 male, 2 female, age: 19-51 years) who underwent reconstructive autogenous bone-grafting procedures. The medial approach to the tibial bone was used to harvest autogenous cancellous bone grafts in all the patients. Clinical parameters (complications at the donor and recipient sites, resorption and volume of the grafts) were evaluated retrospectively.

Results

The mean age of the patients was 36.25 ± 0.9 years. Of the 12 patients, 5 (41.7%) received bone grafts for sinus augmentation, 3 (25%) for cyst cavity reconstruction and 4 (33.3%) for alveolar cleft reconstruction procedures. The average follow-up period was 28.4 months (range: 21-40 months). An average of 5.2 cm³ of cancellous bone was harvested for grafting procedures. All the grafting procedures were successful, and there were no surgical complications during the harvesting protocol. In all cases, pain and gait disturbance lasted less than 2 weeks.

Conclusion

The results of this study suggest that the use of tibial autogenous bone graft harvested using a medial approach was a safe, simple and effective method for grafting various alveolar bone defects where high amounts of cancellous bone grafts were needed with low morbidity.Key Words: Autogenous bone graft, Tibial bone, Dentoalveolar surgery     

彩色多普勒超声诊断下肢深浅静脉血栓形成中的价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声诊断下肢深浅静脉血栓形成中的价值。方法对下肢深静脉血栓形成的患者37例，进行彩色多普勒超声检查。结果37例中，股静脉完全栓塞5例，股浅静脉完全栓塞4例，大隐静脉入口处完全栓塞1例，胭静脉完全栓塞3例，股静脉不全栓塞15例，股浅静脉不全栓塞3例，大隐静脉入口处不全栓塞2例，胭静脉不全栓塞4例。结论彩色多普勒超声可区分各种下肢静脉血栓并评价其严重程度，是一种无创伤、实时而又敏感的诊断方法。     

Atherosclerotic aneurysm formation in a femoropopliteal saphenous vein graft

We have reported a case of nonanastomotic atherosclerotic aneurysm occurring in an autogenous saphenous vein graft nine years after implantation. This is an unusual development, as aneurysmal degeneration of autogenous vein grafts has been reported only three times previously. In addition, atherosclerotic change in these conduits commonly takes the form of occlusion rather than aneurysm. The loss of elastic tissue seen in our patient's vein graft is uncharacteristic, but may have predisposed to the development of aneurysmal change.     

Salvage of extremities with ischemic necrosis in diabetic patients by infrapopliteal arterial bypass

Initial and long-term limb salvage can be achieved by infrapopliteal bypass in diabetic patients with ischemic necrosis of the distal extremity. Mortality is low in all groups, and mortality of subsequent amputation apparently is not affected by the previous bypass. An adequate arteriogram and consideration of distal bypass are frequently indicated in the diabetic patients in whom ischemic necrosis is present. Limb salvage may be feasible even in those diabetic patients in whom popliteal artery is not patent on preoperative arteriogram by bypasses to anterior tibial, posterior tibial, or peroneal artery.     

Salvage of extremities with ischemic necrosis in diabetic patients by infrapopliteal arterial bypass

Initial and long-term limb salvage can be achieved by infrapopliteal bypass in diabetic patients with ischemic necrosis of the distal extremity. Mortality is low in all groups, and mortality of subsequent amputation apparently is not affected by the previous bypass. An adequate arteriogram and consideration of distal bypass are frequently indicated in the diabetic patients in whom ischemic necrosis is present. Limb salvage may be feasible even in those diabetic patients in whom popliteal artery is not patient on preoperative arteriogram by bypasses to anterior tibial, posterior tibial, or peroneal artery.     

四肢血管损伤后自体和人造血管移植44例资料回顾

背景：四肢血管损伤常伴血管缺损，常用血管移植进行修复，但存在移植后感染及血管闭塞等缺点。 目的：分析44例四肢血管损伤患者应用血管移植后的血管重建效果。 设计：回顾性病例分析。单位：金华职业技术学院附属医院血管外科、骨科。 对象：选择1994—04／2003—10在金华职业技术学院附属医院血管外科、骨科行自体和人造血管移植的四肢血管损伤患者44例，损伤类型为开放性损伤29例，闭合性损伤15例。 方法：44例患者共移植血管52条，其中采用自体静脉移植42条，包括大隐静脉移植端端吻合术35条，小隐静脉移植端端吻合5条，股浅-腘静脉段2条；人造血管与修整后的血管行端端间断吻合移植10条。 主要观察指标：自体和人造血管移植效果。结果：44例患者中截肢3例；肢体缺血性肌挛缩6例；神经功能恢复不完全7例；2例人工血管移植物感染行股浅-腘静脉股原位置换。其余移植血管均通畅，远端肢体血循环良好。 结论：血管移植治疗血管损伤应尽量采用自体静脉移植，必要时可使用人造血管；移植后需积极防治血管感染等并发症的发生。     

下肢股浅静脉瓣膜环缩术治疗原发性深静脉瓣膜功能不全187例效果分析

目的评估应用股浅静脉瓣膜环缩术治疗原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的效果。方法回顾性总结2004年1月至2011年6月，我院187例（196条肢体）原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全患者采用股浅静脉第一对瓣膜环缩加曲张浅静脉剥脱术治疗的临床资料。结果176例（183条肢体）术后随访7个月～8年，中位随访时间63．5个月，随访率94．1％（176／187）；临床症状明显缓解，疗效良好160条，占随访肢体87．4％（160／183）；术后出现浅静脉曲张复发4条，占2．2％（4／183）；轻度肿胀17条，占9．3％（17／183）；溃疡复发2条，占8％（2／25）。结论股浅静脉瓣膜环缩术是治疗原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的有效方法。     

关于严重下肢创伤截肢问题的探讨

目的：探讨截肢术在严重下肢创伤治疗中的作用及影响因素。方法：对３６例严重下肢创伤后行截肢手术患者资料作回顾性分析。结果：１例死于多器官衰竭，存活３５例中有２２例伤口一期愈合，１３例二期愈合。结论：截肢手术是治疗严重下肢创伤的一项重要措施，当受伤肢体无法进行功能性重建时应行截肢手术。     

Utility of lower-extremity duplex sonography in patients with venous thromboembolism.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the utility of venous duplex ultrasonography (VDUS) of the lower extremities in patients with pulmonary embolism (PE) and studied the distribution of venous thrombi in deep vein thrombosis (DVT) patients with and without PE. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed medical records of all inpatients with a final diagnosis of PE or DVT between 1989 and 2000. RESULTS: Venous thrombosis was detected by VDUS in 229 patients (191 without PE and 38 with PE). The left leg only was involved in 50% of patients (p < 0.05), the right leg only in 33%, and both legs in 17%. The overall distribution of veins affected by DVT was: popliteal vein, 77%; superficial femoral vein, 76%; common femoral vein, 65%; posterior tibial vein, 23%; external iliac vein, 21%; common iliac vein, 9%; great saphenous vein, 7%; and inferior vena cava, 2%. A single venous site was involved in 22% of patients. External iliac vein thrombosis was more frequent in patients with DVT only (24%) than with PE and DVT (5%) (p < 0.05). The venous obstruction was partial in 14% of patients. VDUS of the asymptomatic leg was positive in 14% of patients with unilateral symptoms of DVT, all of whom also had DVT in the symptomatic leg. VDUS was positive for DVT in 90% of patients with PE and concomitant pain or edema of the leg, compared to only 20% of PE patients with no symptoms of DVT. CONCLUSIONS: Sonography should be the first diagnostic test for patients suspected of having PE with any sign or symptom related to DVT. VDUS of the asymptomatic leg is unnecessary in the diagnosis and management of DVT. Omitting the superficial femoral vein examination would lead to some decrease in the sensitivity of VDUS.     

探讨二维超声血流显像技术在下肢深静脉 倒流性疾病中的价值

目的　探讨二维超声血流 (B Flow)显像技术在评判下肢深静脉倒流性疾病中的价值。方法　对 5 0例下肢静脉病患者的股浅静脉第一瓣及大隐静脉瓣膜处 ,用黑白二维、B Flow技术、彩色多普勒 (CDFI)技术进行术前超声血流动力学检测 ,将检测结果与临床症状、术中探查的静脉瓣膜反流程度相比较。结果　B Flow能显示血流状态下的股浅静脉第一瓣活动情况 ;术前测得股浅静脉第一瓣处内径与术中探查深静脉反流程度相关有高度统计学意义 (P =0 .0 0 4) ;术前测得股浅静脉第一瓣膜反流指数与术中探查深静脉反流程度相关有高度统计学意义 (P =0 .0 0 0 ) ,但反流时间与术中探查深静脉反流程度相关性无统计学意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　B Flow技术在评判下肢深静脉倒流性疾病中有实用价值。     

原发性下肢深静脉功能不全反流程度的彩色多普勒超声研究

目的　研究彩色多普勒超声检测股浅静脉内血流反流距离在评判下肢深静脉功能不全反流程度中的价值。方法　对 45例(46条下肢)经X线逆行血管造影确诊的不同程度的原发性下肢深静脉功能不全的患者和同期无年龄差异的自愿者 20例(40条下肢)进行彩色多普勒超声检查,对两组的超声检查结果进行对比分析。对患病组的X线逆行血管造影结果和超声测量的反流距离进行等级相关性分析。结果　超声测得股浅静脉内径与X线检查的深静脉反流程度高度相关 (r=0. 771, P<0. 05)。超声测得股浅静脉反流时间与X线检查的深静脉反流程度无相关性 (r=0. 247, P>0. 05 ),但反流距离与X线检查的反流程度高度相关 (r=0. 910,P<0. 05)。结论　利用彩色多普勒超声测量股浅静脉内血流的反流距离在评判下肢深静脉功能不全和反流程度中有重要价值。     

The use of structural autograft for massive bone defects in primary total knee replacement

Background. Large osseous defects are occasionally present at the site of a primary total knee arthroplasty. Such defects may be treated with the augments and wedges that constitute an integral part of modern knee systems, replacing deficient bone. The use of structural bone grafts is a viable alternative for the treatment of massive bone loss. Material and methods. In 2004 in our department we treated 6 patients with severe gonarthrosis (grade V according to Ahlb?ck), with large bone defects involving one-third of the medial tibial condyle. In 4 patients (3 women) we performed unilateral primary arthroplasty, and in 2 patients (1 woman), bilateral. In all 8 cases we implanted a posterior stabilized, cemented, total knee prosthesis. To achieve axial implantation of the prosthesis and stable fixation of the components, we performed osseous reconstruction of the medial tibial condyle using autologous structural bone grafts. Grafts originating from the femoral condyles and lateral tibial condyle were fixed with cancellous screws. Results. In clinical examination we observed an average 70-point postoperative increase in knee function according to the Hospital for Special Surgery system. None of the patients have clinical or radiological signs of implant loosening. Subjective evaluation of the outcome of TKA revealed good and excellent results. Conclusions. Structural autologous bone grafts can be successfully used for reconstruction of large osseous defects in selected cases of severe gonarthrosis.     

Perioperative use of eicosapentaenoic acid and patency of infrainguinal vein bypass: A retrospective chart review

Abstract

Background:

A significant proportion of autogenous vein grafts fail in the long term. Currently, there is no treatment to improve graft patency.

Objective:

This study was designed to assess the effectiveness of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) to prevent late failure of an autogenous vein graft and other perioperative risk factors affecting long-term patency.

Methods:

A retrospective chart review was performed on grafts of patients who underwent infrainguinal bypass surgery using autogenous vein grafts for peripheral arterial disease in a lower limb. Patients were stratified by the perioperative use of EPA. The EPA group was those patients who administered EPA ≥1 time within 3 months of surgery. The non-EPA group was made up of those patients who did not administer EPA within 3 months of surgery. Primary, assisted primary, and secondary patency rates of the grafts in each group were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by the log-rank test. To evaluate the effect of other perioperative risk factors, a Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed.

Results:

One hundred sixty-one grafts were analyzed from 159 patients who underwent surgery between July 1991 and July 2005. The primary patency rates of the EPA and non-EPA groups were 93% and 86%, 89% and 74%, and 83% and 68% at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively. In terms of primary patency, the EPA group was significantly better than the non-EPA group (P=0.042). There was no significant difference between the groups in either assisted primary or secondary patency. A Cox proportional hazard analysis found that the minimum graft diameter and perioperative use of EPA were significant factors for primary patency (P=0.002 and P=0.004, respectively). Graft diameter was the only significant factor for assisted primary and secondary patency (P=0.021 and P=0.003, respectively).

Conclusion:

Although graft diameter was the most important factor for long-term patency of infrainguinal vein bypass grafts, the perioperative use of EPA significantly improved primary patency among these subjects.Key Words: eicosapentaenoic acid, graftpatency, autogenous vein graft, long-term outcome, perioperative use     

腘静脉穿刺治疗下肢深静脉血栓的护理

目的 探讨经腘静脉穿刺置管治疗下肢深静脉血栓(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)的临床护理方法.方法 回顾性分析2007年6月至2011年4月在兰州军区兰州总医院放射科行超声引导下腘静脉穿刺、患肢顺行静脉造影待腘静脉显影后直接穿刺和经健侧股静脉置导丝于患侧腘静脉后穿刺的36例DVT患者的临床资料.所有患者均在留置导管后溶栓和(或)抽吸血栓.结果 本组患者平均溶通时间为(3.6±1.3)d,总治愈率为92%,无一例患者发生严重并发症.结论 经腘静脉穿刺治疗下肢深静脉血栓疗效显著,做好术前、术后的心理护理,密切观察病情,精心护理和做好适当的康复指导十分重要.     

应用头皮针行新生儿静脉抽血不同穿刺部位的临床研究

目的 探讨头皮针行新生儿静脉抽血最佳穿刺部位,以期提高采血成功率.方法 选择我院新生儿病房采集血标本对象400例.按穿刺部位随机分为4组,包括头皮静脉110例、颈外静脉75例、股静脉120例、四肢浅静脉95例,在留取血标本时对采血成功率、有无并发症发生等方面进行比较,分析使用效果.结果 4组患儿采血成功率的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01),采用头皮静脉针行新生儿股静脉抽血.其采血成功率高达90.8%;而并发症发生率的差异无统计学意义(P=0.958).结论 采用头皮静脉针行新生儿股静脉抽血,其血流丰富、可采血量大,在同等采血量的情况下所需时间短,定位准确,穿刺成功率高;行头皮静脉、四肢浅静脉抽血,多发生采血量不足而影响采血成功率;颈外静脉采血操作难度大,存在一定的危险性,如不慎或操作不当易发生意外.因此,采用头皮静脉针行新生儿静脉抽血首选股静脉.