MRI鉴别乳腺导管原位癌与其他导管内病变的价值

背景与目的：乳腺导管原位癌(ductal carcinoma in situ,DCIS)属于乳腺浸润性癌的前驱病变,是一类非全身性的导管内局部病变,与其他导管内病变在影像上存在相似之处。本研究旨在探讨乳腺MRI鉴别诊断DCIS与其他乳腺导管内病变的价值。方法：回顾性分析2011年7月—2012年2月于复旦大学附属肿瘤医院行乳腺MRI检查并经手术病理证实的DCIS患者24例、DCIS伴微浸润(breast ductal carcinoma in situ with microinvasion,DCIS-MI)9例、乳腺导管内乳头状瘤(breast intraductal papilloma,BIDP)20例临床资料。以DCIS为研究主体,分析3种病变MRI及动态增强表现。结果：DCIS与DCIS-MI的病灶强化形态、强化方式、时间-信号强度曲线(TIC)、病灶伪彩图像间差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05),而DCIS与BIDP的病灶强化形态、强化方式、TIC、病灶伪彩图像间差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。DCIS以导管样(8/24)及段样强化(6/24)为主、病灶伪彩图像为红色(22/24)、TIC以Ⅲ型(12/24)为主要特征性表现;BIDP以乳头后局灶性强化为主(13/20)、病灶伪彩图像为非红色(14/20)、TIC以Ⅱ型(11/20)为主要特征性表现。结论：MRI较难鉴别DCIS与DCIS-MI,但具有鉴别诊断DCIS与BIDP的价值。     

Nipple aspirate fluid cytology in breast carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) cytology is a simple noninvasive method to study cells exfoliated into the ductal system of the breast. In the current study, the significance of cytologic findings in NAF was determined by correlating them with histopathologic findings from corresponding breast tissue. Cytologic-histologic correlations of NAF were performed in only a few studies. METHODS: Nipple aspirate fluid was collected by breast massaging and by using a breast aspiration device from 74 women with biopsy confirmed intraductal or invasive carcinoma with or without a history of preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Cytospin preparations were Pap stained. The number of epithelial cells was quantitated and foamy macrophages were semiquantitatively scored. Cytologic findings were categorized as insufficient for diagnosis (less than 10 epithelial cells), benign, mild atypia, marked atypia or suspicious, and malignant. Finally, they were correlated with tissue findings. RESULTS: Nipple aspirate fluid was obtained from 74 women, including 24 who had received preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The median age of patients was 54 years. A mean volume of 57 microL NAF and a mean of 149 epithelial cells were obtained. Foamy macrophages were present in 51 (70%) of the specimens. There was a significant correlation between the presence of epithelial cells and foamy macrophages (P < 0.001). Patients treated with chemotherapy had fewer epithelial cells in their NAF compared with patients who were not treated with chemotherapy. Thirty specimens (41%) were inadequate for diagnosis, 34 were (46%) benign, 5 (7%) were mildly atypical, 1 (1%) was markedly atypical, and 4 (5%) were malignant. Of the five cases with mildly atypical cytology, three were intraductal papilloma, one was low-grade papillary intraductal carcinoma, and one was low-grade intracystic papillary carcinoma with invasion in the corresponding tissue specimen. The single case with markedly atypical NAF cytology had extensive ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Of the four cases with malignant NAF cytology, two were extensive DCIS and two had invasive carcinoma with extensive DCIS in the breast specimen. Overall, 3 (27%) of 11 cases of DCIS were detected in NAF and only 2 (4%) of 52 invasive carcinomas including the only two cases with extensive DCIS were detected in NAF. CONCLUSION: The probability of detecting malignant cells in NAF is dependent on the extent of DCIS and nipple involvement by DCIS. Nipple aspirate fluid is not a sensitive test for detecting invasive carcinoma of the breast. Atypical cytology in NAF is associated with papillary lesions in the underlying breast.     

Computer-assisted complete three-dimensional reconstruction of the mammary ductal/lobular systems: implications of ductal anastomoses for breast-conserving surgery.

BACKGROUND: The intraductal spread of breast carcinoma can occur along the mammary ductal/lobular systems (MDLS) with no invasion of tissues. Because ductal anastomoses in the MDLS are considered to be a possible risk factor for extensive intraductal spread of breast carcinoma, the architecture of the MDLS has important therapeutic implications for patients treated with breast-conserving surgery. METHODS: An entire breast resected by subcutaneous mastectomy from a 69-year-old woman with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) was examined in submacroscopic sections by stereomicroscopic and histologic techniques. Serial 2-mm sections underwent computer-assisted complete three-dimensional reconstruction of all MDLS. RESULTS: The entire breast that was studied contained 16 MDLS that were arranged radially, with the nipple at the center. Of these 16 MDLS, 4 (25.0%) had ductal anastomoses whereas the remaining 12 MDLS had no ductal anastomoses and completely independent regional anatomy. Ductal anastomoses were observed at 11 sites in the 4 MDLS. The 2 of 11 ductal anastomoses that connected different MDLS (18.2%) were situated > 4 cm from the nipple. The remaining nine ductal anastomoses connected ducts within the same MDLS; their location varied from near the nipple to the peripheral region. In the specimen examined, DCIS extended only within a single MDLS and did not spread between different MDLS via ductal anastomoses. CONCLUSIONS: To the authors' knowledge, the current study is the first time the complete architecture of all MDLS in an entire breast has been studied three-dimensionally. The risk of promoting the intraductal spread of disease during surgery may be greater when intraductal lesions extend more peripherally than centrally. The features of ductal anastomoses may provide a significant anatomic clue regarding negative surgical margins in breast-conserving surgery.     

Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of ductal carcinoma in situ

Before 2000, breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was considered a relatively poor imaging tool for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), as a high percentage of false-negative magnetic resonance examinations were cases of DCIS. Three specific shifts in breast MRI occurred, which changed this assessment: 1) a shift from high temporal to high spatial imaging, revealing specific morphological features on MRI suspicious for DCIS; 2) a shift from diagnostic studies of patients with cancers identified on mammography to screening studies of high-risk patients, allowing more accurate comparisons of mammography vs MRI in detecting the full spectrum of breast cancers regardless of appearance on mammography; and 3) a shift from emphasis on masses to improved understanding of features of non-mass-like malignant lesions, distinct from benign background parenchymal enhancement patterns. Over the last decade, research has confirmed that of all imaging tools, MRI has the highest sensitivity in detection of DCIS (compared with mammography and ultrasound). Future studies are needed to clarify how best to use this tool for improved patient outcomes.     

A case of intracystic papillary carcinoma accompanying widespread ductal carcinomain situ

A 39-year-old Japanese woman noticed a right breast tumor in July 2004. Mammography (MMG) demonstrated an oval tumor without calcification. Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging (D-MRI) demonstrated a high-intensity mass on T2-weighted images, showing mild enhancement during the arterial phase and persistent enhancement during the arterial late phase. Core needle biopsy revealed papillary carcinoma suggestive of Intracystic Papillary Carcinoma (IPC). Auchincloss operation was performed following a partial mastectomy, as the surgical margin after partial mastectomy was positive for carcinoma. Histopathologic mapping of her right breast revealed wide and extensive intraductal spread of DCIS around the IPC. IPC was originally reported to be a localized non-invasive mammary carcinoma. But approximately, half of IPC cases are associated with invasive carcinoma or DCIS beyond the tumor. Careful selection of operative procedure is needed after localized non-invasive IPC or IPC associated with DCIS around the main tumor or invasive carcinoma is diagnosed.     

Does intraductal breast cancer spread in a segmental distribution? An analysis of residual tumour burden following segmental mastectomy using tumour bed biopsies.

INTRODUCTION: Breast-conserving surgery for early breast cancer is now routinely used as an alternative to mastectomy. Despite post-operative radiotherapy, early local recurrence of tumour remains a concern. It has been reported that invasive and in-situ ductal carcinoma spread locally through the ductal tree in a segmental distribution, however, there is no consensus as to the best surgical method to maximize tumour clearance whilst leaving a good cosmetic result. AIM: We aimed to measure the effectiveness of segmental mastectomy (excision of tumour plus associated segmental ductal tissue) in the clearance of different tumour types. Bed biopsy of the excision cavity was employed to assess the rate of incomplete excision or the multifocality of certain breast cancers. METHODS: One hundred and one patients with breast cancers underwent segmental mastectomy and cavity bed biopsies. Specimens were assessed for tumour type and completeness of excision. An excision of the cancer was considered incomplete if the margins were involved or if any of the bed biopsies showed residual or multifocal tumour. RESULTS: A total of 24 patients had incomplete tumour excision. Invasive ductal carcinoma was more likely to be completely excised by segmental mastectomy than invasive lobular carcinoma (P<0.05). Incomplete excision was associated with multifocality and the presence of extensive DCIS. The report of clear pathological margins was significantly more likely to be accurate, as measured by negative bed biopsies, in invasive ductal carcinoma when compared to invasive lobular carcinoma (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: These results support the concept that ductal carcinomas spread locally in a segmental fashion. Patients with invasive ductal carcinomas are more likely to benefit from breast conserving surgery that is tailored to include the associated ductal tissue, in a segmental fashioned excision. Copyright Harcourt Publishers Limited.     

Diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and intraductal papilloma using fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH) analysis

BACKGROUND: It is often difficult to pre-operatively diagnose ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)or intraductal papilloma (IDP). Current reports show that breast cancer frequently has numerical aberrations of chromosomes 1, 11 and 17. We investigated whether fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis using three centromere-specific probes for chromosomes 1, 11 and 17 was feasible for diagnosing intraductal breast lesions. METHODS: Fine-needle aspiration specimens from 102 breast lesions including DCIS (10), invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) (78), IDP (7), fibroadenoma (6) and mastopathy (1) were examined for numerical aberrations on chromosomes 1, 11, 17 using FISH. If over 15% of all cells showed one signal, the sample was judged monosomic. If over 20% of cells showed three or more signals, it was considered polysomic. If the specimen had an aberration of at least one chromosome, it was judged positive. RESULTS: Nine of 10 DCISs showed numerical aberrations of at least one chromosome whereas 65 of 78 IDCs and 2 of 14 benign lesions (containing 7 IDPs of which one case was positive) showed numerical aberrations on these chromosomes. The proportion of positive results was highest with DCIS. Moreover 6 out of 7 DCISs showed an aberration of all three chromosomes simultaneously and one case showed an aberration of two chromosomes. All aberrations in case of DCIS were polysomic while two benign lesions and 15 IDCs showed a monosomic pattern. CONCLUSION: FISH may enable more accurate diagnosis of intraductal breast lesions.     

乳腺癌磁共振成像误诊和漏诊病例的临床、影像和病理学特点

目的 探讨乳腺癌磁共振成像（MRI）漏诊和误诊病例的临床、影像和病理学改变可能的原因.方法 回顾总结术前行乳腺MRI、超声和X线检查患者121例临床资料,经穿刺或手术病理证实为乳腺良、恶性病变共241个,采用BL-RADS分类,分析其影像学表现,并进行最终评估.由外科、影像科和病理科医生共同分析MRI误诊和漏诊病例的可能原因、病理学基础.结果 241个乳腺病变中恶性120个、良性121个.MRI漏诊4个,分别为导管内乳头状瘤病2个、纤维腺瘤2个,均为良性.MRI误诊23个,其中高估16个,高估的病变包括慢性乳腺炎3个、硬化性腺病各3个,纤维腺瘤、结节腺病伴重度非典型增生、导管内乳头状瘤、乳腺腺病各2个,乳腺癌胸肌侵犯、乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移各1个;低估7个,包括浸润性导管癌2个、黏液癌1个、乳腺原位癌2个、盲管腺病伴重度非典型增生局灶恶变1个、炎性乳腺癌化疗后1个. MRI诊断乳腺癌的敏感度为95.83％（115/120）,特异度为72.73％（88/121）,诊断准确率为84.23％（203/241）.乳腺MRI发现病变与乳腺超声或X线形态或临床检查的符合率为75.10％（181/241）.结论 MRI误诊和漏诊常发生于乳腺病灶较小、形态学和血流动力学恶性表现不典型者,特别是导管内病变.应结合体检、乳腺X线和超声检查以提高诊断准确度、减少漏诊.     

Ductal carcinoma in situ in core biopsies containing invasive breast cancer: correlation with extensive intraductal component and lumpectomy margins

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The diagnosis of invasive breast cancer is most commonly made on image-guided core biopsy (CB). The presence of extensive intraductal component (EIC), as identified on subsequent lumpectomy, is associated with an increased risk of positive margins and need for further surgery. CBs demonstrating invasive breast cancer may also contain ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), although the significance of this finding is unclear. The objective of this study was to examine the implications of DCIS found in the original CB, specifically related to the risk of EIC and/or positive lumpectomy margins. METHODS: All patients at a single academic institution who underwent initial breast conserving surgery for invasive breast cancer diagnosed on image-guided CB between 05/00 and 04/02 were included in the study. A systematic, blinded review of all CB and lumpectomy specimens was performed using standardized criteria for DCIS, EIC, and margins. RESULTS: A total of 95 patients were included in the study, with a mean of 5 (median 5) CB/patient. Of these, 43 (45%) patients had DCIS identified in their CB; in 34 (79%) of these patients, the DCIS was mixed with the invasive cancer. No differences in tumor size or lumpectomy volume were identified between patients with or without DCIS on CB. However, patients with DCIS were noted to be significantly younger. Overall, EIC was identified in 13 (14%) patients; the risk of EIC was significantly higher in patients with DCIS identified in CB than in those with invasive carcinoma alone (30% vs. 0%, respectively; P < 0.0001). Expectedly, the incidence of positive margins on lumpectomy was higher in patients with EIC (38% vs. 16%; P = 0.05). A trend, although not statistically significant, towards positive margins was also noted in patients with DCIS on CB compared to those with invasive carcinoma alone (24% vs. 15%, P = 0.3). CONCLUSIONS: The identification of DCIS in conjunction with invasive cancer on CB appears important; the absence of DCIS in a CB sample excludes the possibility of eventually identifying EIC. Knowledge of DCIS in CBs with invasive carcinoma may be helpful for surgeons in planning gross resection margins at lumpectomy.     

Breast-conservation treatment for patients with ductal carcinoma in situ

Fourteen cases with symptomatic ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) were treated with breast-conservation treatment intensified with endocrine therapy. Nine of 14 patients with palpable mass had tumor detected on mammography. CT, ultrasonography, and MRI were able to detect linear and/or spotty lesion or enhancement suggesting DCIS. Whereas these findings were not particular to DCIS, the combination of these modalities would be useful in deciding the extent of resection for DCIS. There was no patient selection for breast-conservation treatment in our department. All patients received tangential and boost radiation, and were treated with endocrine therapy using anti-estrogen drugs. The reason that nine cases had close margins (<5 mm) might be on account of the treatment including lumpectomy with 1 cm of surgical margin. In spite of their margin status, no local or systemic failure was experienced, and the cosmetic results of most patients were rated as excellent or good. Therefore, our breast-conservation treatment intensified with systemic therapy is thought to be adequate for patients with symptomatic DCIS. Six of eight cases who received preoperative treatment containing endocrine therapy with or without CAF chemotherapy showed a decrease in tumor size. Preoperative treatment may effect the microinvasion and/or breast tissue surrounding a DCIS tumor.     

What is the malignant nature of human ductal carcinoma in situ?

Invasive, genetically abnormal carcinoma progenitor cells have been propagated from human and mouse breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) lesions, providing new insights into breast cancer progression. The survival of DCIS cells in the hypoxic, nutrient-deprived intraductal niche could promote genetic instability and the derepression of the invasive phenotype. Understanding potential survival mechanisms, such as autophagy, that might be functioning in DCIS lesions provides strategies for arresting invasion at the pre-malignant stage. A new, open trial of neoadjuvant therapy for patients with DCIS constitutes a model for testing investigational agents that target malignant progenitor cells in the intraductal niche.     

Histological subtypes of ductal carcinoma<Emphasis Type="Italic">in situ</Emphasis> of the breast

BACKGROUND: It has become common to divide ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast into two main groups, comedo or noncomedo by tumor morphology. But noncomedo DCIS can be further stratified into several morphological patterns that exhibit several different growth patterns and most DCIS lesions have more than one pattern. In this study, DCIS elements were classified by morphological pattern and the association between predominant or recessive elements of DCIS lesions and clinicopathological findings was evaluated. METHODS: DCIS lesions from 46 patients were studied regarding the histological architectural patterns: comedo, cribriform, papillary, solid and micropapillary. The predominant architectural pattern which comprised more than 50% of the cells of the cancerous lesion was defined as the major element of the tumor and minor elements consisted of less than 50% but more than 25% of cells comprising the tumor. RESULTS: Of 24 tumors containing a comedo pattern as the major or minor element, 9 (38%) had microscopic intraductal spread over 2 cm and 11 (46%) had involvement of lobules, which was significantly higher than that observed in other types. Of 20 tumors containing a cribriform pattern as the major or minor element, 8 (40%) had microscopic intraductal spread over 2 cm and 9 (45%) had involvement of lobules, which was significantly higher than that seen in other types. Of 10 tumors containing a papillary type as the major or minor element, 5 (50%) had discrete multicentric lesions in the ipsilateral or contralateral breast, which was significantly higher than that seen in other types. CONCLUSIONS: DCIS lesions containing a comedo or cribriform element are more likely to have microscopic spread and involvement of lobules and DCIS lesions containing a papillary element are likely to be multicentric, whether the pattern are predominant in the tumor or not.     

Reducing delay in the diagnosis of pregnancy-associated breast cancer: how imaging can help us

Introduction: The evaluation of breast symptoms during pregnancy or lactation can be challenging but prompt, appropriate assessment of symptoms may lead to earlier cancer detection. Methods: A review of breast imaging from 22 women with breast cancer during or within 1 year of pregnancy was undertaken as part of a large population‐based study of gestational breast cancer. Consensus findings of three reads using the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System lexicon were recorded. Results: The commonest presenting symptom was a lump. Diagnosis by percutaneous biopsy was made correctly in 21 of 23 lesions. Lesions were predominantly invasive ductal carcinoma (91%). One third had extensive associated ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Ultrasound (US) was abnormal in all symptomatic patients. The most common sonographic finding was a solitary hypoechoic mass with irregular margins. ‘Expanded stroma’ with prominent ducts and architectural distortion was noted in three cases; all had extensive high‐grade DCIS. In three women, bilateral breast US detected cancer in the asymptomatic breast. Mammography (performed in 86% of women) was abnormal in 74%, despite the presence of dense breast tissue in 47%. Widespread calcifications were visible in 26%, with detection of asymptomatic contra‐lateral disease in one patient. MRI was performed in six patients. Background parenchymal enhancement did not impair lesion detection; however, overestimation of lesion size can occur. Conclusions: Ultrasonography is recommended for the initial diagnosis of breast symptoms during pregnancy and lactation. A negative study should not delay direct fine needle aspiration of a palpable lesion. Mammography is indicated where initial assessment suggests malignancy. MRI may have a role in selected cases.     

Gene amplification in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast

Multiple different biologically and clinically relevant genes are often amplified in invasive breast cancer, including HER2, ESR1, CCND1, and MYC. So far, little is known about their role in tumor progression. To investigate their significance for tumor invasion, we compared pure ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and DCIS associated with invasive cancer with regard to the amplification of these genes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed on a tissue microarray containing samples from 130 pure DCIS and 159 DCIS associated with invasive breast cancer. Of the latter patients, we analyzed the intraductal and invasive components separately. In addition, lymph node metastases of 23 patients with invasive carcinoma were included. Amplification rates of pure DCIS and DCIS associated with invasive cancer did not differ significantly (pure DCIS vs. DCIS associated with invasive cancer: HER2 22.7 vs. 24.2%, ESR1 19.0 vs. 24.1%, CCND1 10.0 vs. 14.8%, MYC 11.8 vs. 6.5%; P > 0.05). Furthermore, we observed a high concordance of the amplification status for all genes if in situ and invasive carcinoma of individual patients were compared. This applied also to the corresponding lymph node metastases. Our results indicate no significant differences between the gene amplification status of DCIS and invasive breast cancer concerning HER2, ESR1, CCND1, and MYC. Therefore, our data suggest an early role of all analyzed gene amplifications in breast cancer development but not in the initiation of invasive tumor growth.     

Intraductal spread of invasive breast carcinoma has a positive correlation with c-erb B-2 overexpression and vascular invasion.

BACKGROUND: Studies of the histologic characteristics and biologic behavior of the intraductal spread of breast carcinoma are critically important in that they may lead to the identification of a unique spread pattern rather than a noninvasive lesion. METHODS: Paraffin embedded specimens of 187 primary invasive breast carcinomas and 4 noninvasive ductal carcinomas, obtained by wide excision, quadrantectomy, total glandectomy, or mastectomy, were studied immunohistochemically. The overexpression of c-erb B-2, p53, bcl-2, and MIB-1, as well as the histologic characteristics of intraductal spread (such as histologic features and histologic grade), were assessed. Chi-square and Fisher exact tests were conducted to evaluate significant differences; the Macintosh for Expert StatView 4.0 system was used to conduct these tests. RESULTS: The histologic characteristics of intraductal spread were similar to those of noninvasive ductal carcinoma. However, the expressions of c-erb B-2, p53, and other biologic markers of intraductal spread were similar to those of the main invasive tumor. The overexpression of c-erb B-2 protein was found more often in the group that was positive for intraductal spread than in the group that was negative (P < 0.01). Intraductal spread was found more often in the group that was positive for lymphatic and venous invasion than in the group that was negative (P < 0.005). Subnipple margin positive status was related closely to intraductal spread (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The positive correlation between intraductal spread and c-erb B-2 overexpression as well as lymphatic, venous invasion was recognized, and it was determined that intraductal spread of invasive breast carcinoma possesses an invasive and metastatic potential that is distinct from noninvasive ductal carcinoma.     

Pathological complete response and residual DCIS following neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast carcinoma

Patients who have no residual invasive cancer following neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast carcinoma have a better overall survival than those with residual disease. Many classification systems assessing pathological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy include residual ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) only in the definition of pathological complete response. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether patients with residual DCIS only have the same prognosis as those with no residual invasive or in situ disease. A retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database identified 435 patients, who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy for operable breast cancer between February 1985 and February 2003. Of these, 30 (7%; 95% CI 5-9%) had no residual invasive disease or DCIS and 20 (5%; CI 3-7%) had residual DCIS only. With a median follow-up of 61 months, there was no statistical difference in disease-free survival, 80% (95% CI 60-90%) in those with no residual invasive or in situ disease and 61% (95% CI 35-80%) in those with DCIS only (P=0.4). No significant difference in 5-year overall survival was observed, 93% (95% CI 75-98%) in those with no residual invasive or in situ disease and 82% (95% CI 52-94%) in those with DCIS only (P=0.3). Due to the small number of patients and limited number of events in each group, it is not possible to draw definitive conclusions from this study. Further analyses of other databases are required to confirm our finding of no difference in disease-free and overall survival between patients with residual DCIS and those with no invasive or in situ disease following neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer.     

乳腺导管内癌保留乳房术后全乳腺大分割放疗研究进展

目的 大分割放疗在早期浸润乳腺癌保留乳房手术(breast conserving surgery,BCS)后放疗已逐渐得到认可.本研究对大分割放疗方案在乳腺导管内癌(ductal carcinoma in situ,DCIS) BCS后的研究现状进行综述.方法 应用PubMed、中国知网和中国生物医学文献数据库检索系统,以“乳腺导管内癌或导管原位癌(carcinoma,ductal,breast;carcinoma,intraductal,noninfiltrating;ductal carcinoma in situ)、保留乳房术(breast-conserving surgery;mastectomy,segmental)、放射治疗(radiotherapy)、剂量分割(dose fractionation)、大分割或低分割(hypofraetionation)”为主题词或关键词,检索1979-01-01 2016-3-11发表的文章,共检索到中文文献0篇,英文40篇.纳入标准:乳腺导管内癌保留乳房术后全乳腺大分割放疗的临床研究,根据纳入标准,纳入12篇.剔除标准:(1)部分乳腺放疗;(2)单纯剂量学研究.根据剔除标准,剔除3篇.最终纳入分析文献19篇.结果 乳腺导管内癌保留乳房术后全乳腺大分割放疗局部控制、晚期放疗副反应与常规放疗相当,但最佳剂量分割方式仍不是很清楚.结论 对DCIS BCS后患者而言,大分割放疗治疗周期短,且花费低,可望成为DCIS BCS后的标准治疗方案,但仍需要进一步研究.     

乳腺包被性乳头状癌的临床病理分析

目的 探讨乳腺包被性乳头状癌（encapsulated papillary carcinoma, EPC）的临床病理学特征、诊断、治疗及预后。方法 回顾性分析新疆医科大学附属肿瘤医院病理科2010年1月-2013年12月间,诊断为囊内乳头状癌或包被性/包裹性乳头状癌35例及48例对照组导管内乳头状癌的临床病理资料及免疫表型。结果 EPC患者均为女性,年龄29~83岁,平均61岁,肿块大小平均2.4 cm (范围0.6~4 cm)。35例EPC中,22例为单纯性EPC、7例伴导管原位癌、4例伴微小浸润癌、2例伴非特殊类型浸润癌。35例EPC与48例导管内乳头状癌病变内部均未见肌上皮细胞,CK5/6及p63肌上皮染色结果显示,EPC病变周围肌上皮数量较导管内乳头状癌导管壁肌上皮数量明显减少,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;35例EPC中80%激素受体阳性,5.71%HER2表达阳性。8例（22.86%）EPC患者行肿块切除,27例（77.14%）患者行乳房切除术,3例（8.57%）发生淋巴结转移。术后经随访2~48月,患者均存活。结论 乳腺包被性乳头状癌是一种好发于老年女性的恶性肿瘤,病变周缘肌上皮明显减少甚至缺如,单纯性EPC也可发生淋巴结转移,被认为是一种惰性的浸润癌,生物学行为介于原位癌与浸润癌之间。若单独发生或伴随原位癌及微小浸润癌时,应参照原位癌治疗, EPC伴随浸润癌时,应参照浸润癌的治疗标准进行。     

乳腺导管内增生病变中p53表达与外显子突变的研究

目的：肿瘤抑制基因p53异常是浸润性乳腺癌发生发展中常见事件,而其与包括普通型增生（usualductal hyperplasia,UDH）、不典型增生（atypical ductal hyperplasia,ADH）及导管内原位癌（ductal carcinoma insitu,DCIS）的乳腺导管内增生性病变关系不明。本研究旨在探讨乳腺导管内增生性病变中p53外显子突变及突变型p53蛋白表达情况,以期了解p53突变及蛋白表达在乳腺癌发生发展中的作用。方法：用高分辨率熔解曲线（high-resolution melting,HRM）结合测序研究140例乳腺导管内增生性病变中p53外显子5-8的突变情况。用免疫组化研究240例乳腺导管内增生性病变中突变型p53蛋白表达情况。结果：经过HRM分析,共17例患者DNA熔解曲线与野生型标准品熔解曲线大于阈值结合测序分析结果发现,其中16例出现p53外显子突变。p53在UDH、ADH及DCIS中的突变率为0.0%（0/40）,12.7%（8/63）和21.6%（8/37）,三者间差异显著（P〈0.05）。40例UDH中未出现突变型p53蛋白阳性表达,在14.6%（19/130）的ADH出现阳性表达,在31.4%（22/70）的DCIS中出现阳性表达,三者间差异显著（P〈0.05）。Spearman相关性分析示突变型p53蛋白表达与p53外显子突变呈正相关（r=0.792,P〈0.01）。结论：p53外显子突变及突变型p53蛋白表达发生于乳腺导管内增生性病变中的ADH与DCIS,其可能为乳腺癌发生发展中的早期事件。     

Intraductal approach to the detection of intraductal lesions of the breast

Bloody nipple discharge is a clue in the detection of ductal carcinoma of the breast that do not display a mass. Since sensitivity of discharge cytology is not sufficiently high and mammary ductendoscopy (MS) contributes to the diagnosis of intraductal lesions. We set out to determine whether the intraductal approach is effective for detection of ductal carcinoma. We performed 445 MS procedure in 323 patients who had nipple discharge but no overt mass. The diagnostic accuracy rates of discharge cytology and intraductal breast biopsy (IDBB) were studied in detecting malignancy. The therapeutic value of IDBB for intraductal papillomas was studied in 73 patients. Out of 323 patients, 80 had breast cancer and 155 had intraductal papilloma. MS detected intraductal tumors in 47 cases (58.8%). IDBB was performed in 35 of these 47 cases. The sensitivity was 37.1% by touch cytology, 68.6% by IDBB, and 82.8% by directed ductal lavage cytology. Of the 73 intraductal papilloma patients who were followed for more than 3 years, the therapeutic effectiveness of IDBB was recognized in 57 (78.1%). Directed ductal lavage cytology was the most sensitive method in detecting malignancy. MS and IDBB were benefit in the treatment of intraductal papilloma.