视网膜脱离术后黄斑前膜的手术治疗

目的 探讨玻璃体切割手术治疗视网膜脱离术后并发黄斑前膜的效果。方法 25例25眼孔源性视网膜脱离巩膜术后并发黄斑前膜有明显视物变形和视力下降病例接受玻璃体切割黄斑前膜剥除。观察术后视功能改善情况和并发症。结果 术后视物变形改善率为80％、76％病例视力提高至0．1以上（术前只有28％病例视力在0．1以上）。并发症有：视网膜表面出血、黄斑前膜残留、视网膜脱离复发、核性白内障发展。结论 玻璃体切割黄斑前膜剥除是治疗视网膜脱离术后并发黄斑前膜的有效方法,并发症较少。     

内界膜剥除术在复杂视网膜脱离手术中的应用

目的 观察玻璃体手术中应用内界膜剥除术治疗视网膜脱离合并增生性玻璃体视网膜病变的效果.方法 回顾性分析视网膜脱离合并严重增生性玻璃体视网膜病变行玻璃体视网膜手术40例（40只眼）的临床资料.以术中是否联合内界膜剥除分为两组：剥膜组19例,未剥膜者为对照组21例.术毕均填充硅油.于玻璃体手术后3个月及硅油取出术后3个月应用OCT观察两组黄斑区视网膜水肿及视网膜前膜情况,并记录最终随访视力.结果 随访6 ～ 12个月.玻璃体切除术后3个月,OCT见黄斑视网膜前膜形成者剥膜组0眼,对照组6眼（28.57％）（Fisher确切概率法,P=0.021）;出现黄斑水肿者,剥膜组1眼（5.26％）,对照组5眼（23.81％） （x2=1.433,P =0.231）.硅油填充下视网膜复位率剥膜组为89.47％,对照组为90.48％ （x2 =0.011,P=0.916）.硅油取出术后3个月,两组病例均未再发生新的视网膜前膜;出现黄斑水肿者,剥膜组为5.3％,对照组为14.30％（x2=0.178,P=0.673）.最终随访视网膜均复位.两组患者术后视力均较术前视力明显提高,且两组间差异无统计学意义.结论 在玻璃体切除术中应用内界膜剥除术治疗视网膜脱离合并增生性玻璃体视网膜病变,可以降低术后黄斑前膜的发生率,对术后视力、黄斑水肿情况及视网膜复位成功率无明显影响.     

玻璃体切除治疗老年性黄斑变性玻璃体积血的临床分析

且的：探讨老年性黄斑病变相关性玻璃体积血患者的临床特点、手术治疗效果及手术时机。方法：对31例老年性黄斑病变玻璃体积血患者，采用玻切治疗。并根据患者情况采取黄斑部剥膜3例、视网膜切开1例。结果：术后患者视力均有不同程度的提高；病程在12个月以上者，黄斑区形成黄斑前膜和固定皱折，术后视力提高较少，均低于0.01；视网膜切开行黄斑下积血冲洗1例术后并发新生血管青光眼；27例发生完全玻璃体后脱离并且玻璃体腔为降解的血块。手术无并发症发生。结论：玻璃体切除术对老年性黄斑变性玻璃体积血有一定疗效，但手术最好在出血后半年内进行；视网膜切开冲洗易出现并发症，效果不好；对老年性黄斑病变玻璃体积血的手术因玻璃体后脱离及血块的降解使得手术操作较容易，不易出现并发症。     

特发性黄斑部前膜不同玻璃体视网膜手术疗效分析

目的 观察人工玻璃体后脱离（PVD）、黄斑前膜剥除术、内境界膜剥除术三种玻璃体视网膜手术治疗特发性黄斑部前膜（IMEM）疗效.方法 特发性黄斑前膜41例（43只眼）,视力从0.1～0.8不等,35只眼低于0.3 所有患者均行标准三切口玻璃体切除,视玻璃体视网膜界面情况（浅、中、深层）分别采用人工玻璃体后脱离、黄斑前膜撕除、内界膜剥除三种手术方法,平均随访10.2个月.结果 随访3个月后40只眼视力提高,39只眼视物变形消失,以视力≥3行为界,人工PVD、黄斑前膜撕除术明显高于内境界膜剥除术,二者对比均有显著性差异（P＜0.05）.术后OCT及眼底彩照显示所有患者的前膜均已消除,黄斑水肿逐渐减轻,视网膜平复.结论 特发性黄斑前膜据病变部位浅、中、深可以分别采用人工PVD、黄斑前膜撕除术、内境界膜剥离术三种手术方法.随诊视力前二者提高幅度较大,在黄斑前膜位置较浅未对黄斑部视网膜造成严重牵拉的情况下尽早的将其剥除,可使视功能得到良好恢复,提示玻璃体后脱离发展过程与黄斑前膜关系密切.     

非增生型较复杂裂孔性视网膜脱离单纯玻璃体手术后黄斑前膜形成的多因素分析

目的探讨孔源性视网膜脱离单纯玻璃体手术后黄斑前膜形成的相关因素。方法92例（92只眼）不伴有增生的复杂裂孔性视网膜脱离采用玻璃体手术治疗,观察其术后3个月和12个月后黄斑前膜的发生率,分析其与术前视力、屈光状态、病程、年龄、性别、黄斑脱离与否、气体选择等7项因素的关系。结果术后黄斑前膜的发生率3个月为8.7%,12个月为13%,黄斑前膜的发生在3个月和12个月时与术前病程、年龄、黄斑脱离与否有关。结论不伴有增生的复杂裂孔性视网膜脱离首次采用玻璃体手术,术后黄斑前膜的发生率并不低于传统巩膜扣带手术,黄斑前膜的形成与术前年龄、病程和黄斑脱离与否关系密切。     

黄斑前膜剥除术联合视网膜下注液对黄斑皱褶并发中心凹内层视网膜增厚的疗效评估

黄斑皱褶是黄斑区视网膜前膜增厚和收缩引起的一种黄斑疾病,以前膜形成、黄斑内层视网膜增厚、视力下降为特点,其引起视力下降的主要原因是黄斑前膜遮挡中心凹、黄斑区视网膜变形和黄斑水肿[1]。因此,剥除黄斑前膜以恢复黄斑区解剖结构是临床治疗的主要目标,黄斑前膜剥除术或联合内界膜剥除术是目前治疗黄斑皱褶的主要手术方式[2]。     

黄斑孔性视网膜脱离的手术效果观察

目的探讨黄斑孔性视网膜脱离不同手术方法的效果。方法回顾分析59例（59眼）黄斑孔性视网膜脱离的手术效果。分为3组，第1组，无明显的黄斑前膜或增生性病变者行巩膜缩短联合玻璃体腔注气（C3F8或消毒空气）；第2组，有黄斑前膜或伴有增生性病变者行玻璃体切除联合C3F8填充术；第3组，黄斑孔为“白孔”者行玻璃体切除联合硅油填充术。结果第1组，巩膜缩短联合玻璃体腔注气28例中，15例黄斑孔闭合，视网膜复位，最高视力0．2；13例随访中黄斑孔再开，其中11例再行玻璃体切除联合C3F8填充或硅油填充。第2组，玻璃体切除联合C3F8填充术23例中，20例视网膜复位，最高视力0．3；2例再次手术后成功。第3组，玻璃体切除联合硅油填充术8例，在术后4～6月行硅油取出术，视网膜均复位，最高视力0．2。59例中最终手术成功56例（94．92％）。结论不同的术式对黄斑孔性视网膜脱离疗效不同。术前根据黄斑前膜形成与否及其程度，结合设备和技术条件选择合适的手术方法，可以取得较高的手术成功率。     

玻璃体切除联合超声乳化术治疗复杂性玻璃体视网膜疾病的远期疗效

目的：评价玻璃体切除联合白内障手术治疗复杂性视网膜脱离的疗效和安全性。 方法：回顾性病例系列研究。复杂性玻璃体视网膜疾病患者143例162眼接受玻璃体切除联合白内障手术治疗。主要结果包括术后视力和并发症。 结果：术后随访时间平均26.2 mo。主要病因包括视网膜脱离、增生性糖尿病视网膜病变、黄斑疾病等。术后1,6,12,18,24mo 与术前比较视力提高≥2行分别为86眼（53.1%）、89眼（54.9%）、87眼（53.7%）、93眼（57.2%）和101眼（62.3%）。 结论：玻璃体切除联合白内障手术治疗复杂性玻璃体视网膜疾病是一种有效、安全的手术。     

视网膜内界膜剥除在继发性黄斑前膜的应用

目的:描述视网膜内界膜剥离在继发性黄斑前膜手术中的应用、临床特点及效果。方法:回顾我院2000/2006年因继发性黄斑前膜需行玻璃体视网膜手术患者32例32眼,其中男24例,女8例;年龄13～69(平均41±28)岁;病程3～69(平均21±19)mo,有6眼病程在1a以上。术前视力:CF～0.4。原发病:常规视网膜脱离复位术后13眼(男/女:13/0)、玻璃体切除术后8眼(男/女:7/1)、视网膜血管病变6眼(男/女:4/2)、平坦部炎5眼(男/女:0/5),其中经平坦部后部玻璃体手术中发现黄斑部有铁锈和炎性物质附着共5眼5例。所有患者行标准的经睫状体平坦部的三通道玻璃体切除,术中先剥除前膜后再剥除视网膜内界膜,部分患者结合TA标记,眼内空气充填1wk左右。追踪观察6～38mo。结果:术后视力0.05～0.7,其术前与术后差视力差异有显著性(采用fisher确切概率法P<0.05)。术后黄斑中心凹厚度与术前相比差异具有显著性(采用Friedmantest,P<0.05)。尚未发现由视网膜内界膜剥离所致的严重并发症。结论:视网膜内界膜剥离在继发行黄斑前膜手术中的应用不但可以达到整理松解黄斑区处视网膜皱褶,解除对黄斑中心凹的牵引,还可以清除紧密附着在黄斑前视网膜表面的炎性物质,改善黄斑区局部的代谢,有利于黄斑功能的恢复。     

玻璃体切割术中联合内界膜剥除治疗糖尿病性黄斑水肿

目的探讨增生性糖尿病性视网膜病变（PDR）伴有黄斑水肿患者行玻璃体切割联合内界膜剥除术的疗效。方法选择19例（21只眼）严重PDR伴黄斑水肿患者行常规玻璃体切割联合黄斑区内界膜剥除术。结果本组19例（21只眼）均未发生手术并发症,视力提高15只眼,视力不变4只眼,下降2只眼。结论严重PDR伴黄斑水肿患者施行常规玻璃体切割术中联合内界膜剥除,有利于改善黄斑水肿,提高视力,疗效满意。     

Vitrectomy for diabetic macular edema: the role of posterior vitreous detachment and epimacular membrane

PURPOSE: To evaluate the surgical efficacy of pars plana vitrectomy on eyes with diabetic macular edema in the presence or absence of a complete posterior vitreous detachment and with or without an epimacular membrane. METHODS: Pars plana vitrectomy was performed on 30 eyes of 29 cases with diabetic macular edema. Visual acuity was measured, and retinal thickness was determined by optical coherence tomography before and after vitrectomy. To evaluate the relationship between the effects of vitrectomy and the presence or absence of posterior vitreous detachment and/or epimacular membrane, all eyes were placed into one of four groups: group A, eyes with posterior vitreous detachment and epimacular membrane; B, eyes with posterior vitreous detachment and without epimacular membrane; C, eyes without posterior vitreous detachment and with epimacular membrane; and D, eyes without posterior vitreous detachment and without epimacular membrane. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-6 was investigated immunohistochemically in epimacular membrane specimens obtained from seven eyes with diffuse diabetic macular edema. RESULTS: The postoperative mean visual acuity (0.653 +/- 0.350: mean +/- SD logarithm of minimal angle of resolution [logMAR]) was significantly better than the mean preoperative visual acuity (0.891 +/- 0.319 logMAR; Wilcoxon signed-rank test, P =.0007). The postoperative foveal thickness (264.5 +/- 118.6 microm) was significantly thinner than the preoperative foveal thickness (477.8 +/- 147.7 microm; Wilcoxon signed-rank test, P <.0001). There were no significant differences in the improvement of visual acuity and decrease of foveal thickness between the four groups (Kruskal-Wallis test, P =.13, P =.65, respectively). All of the epimacular membranes obtained at surgery expressed vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-6. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrated that vitrectomy with removal of epimacular membrane is generally an effective procedure in reducing diabetic macular edema, and the outcome does not depend on the presence absence of posterior vitreous detachment and epimacular membrane.     

视网膜脱离手术后黄斑皱褶及其手术治疗

目的：探讨视网膜脱离复位手术后黄斑皱褶的发生原因、手术治疗和预防措施。方法：分析总结了３１例网脱复位术后发生黄斑皱褶的特点,并进行玻璃手术治疗。应用视网膜钩、铲、眼内镊子、笛形针等器械将黄斑前膜剥离,使皱褶松开。结果：黄斑皱褶产生的主要因素包括：大的马蹄形裂孔、冷凝过度、术中眼内出血、术后裂孔后缘皱襞和不恰当的眼底激光治疗等。通过玻璃体手术,３１例黄斑皱褶被被完全松解并恢复正常黄斑形态,未见严重并     

Acute macular pucker

PURPOSE: To describe the presenting features, histopathology, and surgical outcome in a group of patients with rapidly progressive macular pucker. DESIGN: Retrospective interventional noncomparative case series. PARTICIPANTS: Five patients. METHODS: Review of case notes and the existing literature. RESULTS: All five patients had rapidly progressive visual loss and metamorphopsia over 2 weeks to 3 months, secondary to macular pucker after retinal tears or detachment. Vitrectomy and epiretinal membrane removal was performed within 1 month of diagnosis. In the absence of complications, there was rapid recovery of the visual acuity with resolution of metamorphopsia within 6 weeks to 3 months. Surgical complications limited the visual outcome in two cases. Histopathologic examination of epiretinal membrane removed from two of the cases suggests that these tend to form tubuloacinar structures and contain more retinal pigment epithelium-derived cells than tissue excised from cases with idiopathic macular pucker. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with acute macular pucker have precipitous visual loss caused by epiretinal membrane formation after retinal tear or detachment. Early surgery in these patients results in rapid recovery of visual acuity and resolution of metamorphopsia. The clinical features and comparative immunohistochemistry suggest that acute macular pucker is a distinct clinicopathologic entity.     

Surgery of idiopathic epimacular membranes. Prognostic factors]

Seventy consecutive cases of idiopathic epimacular membrane removal were reviewed in order to evaluate the prognosis factors of this surgery. The characteristics analyzed where the duration of the symptoms, pre and postoperative visual acuity and the macular changes on fluorescein angiography. The mean follow-up after surgery was 9 months. Mean preoperative visual acuity was 0.17 and the mean best postoperative visual acuity 0.43. Visual acuity improved by 2 lines or more in 81% of the cases and the mean improvement was 3.5 lines. The complications of epimacular membrane surgery included nuclear cataract (10 eyes underwent cataract surgery), peripheral retinal breaks (3%), and retinal detachment (3%) successfully operated. Three of the main preoperative data were related to better postoperative visual outcome: preoperative visual acuity: eyes with visual acuity of 0.16 or more tended to have better postoperative vision than eyes with poorer preoperative vision (mean postoperative visual acuity 0.5 and 0.34 respectively; p < or = 0.05); duration of visual impairment before surgery: eyes with a visual impairment of less than 2 years had better postoperative vision than the others (mean postoperative visual acuity, 0.5 and 0.3 respectively; p < or = 0.05); the absence of preoperative angiographic macular edema: eyes without preoperative macular edema had better postoperative vision than the others (mean postoperative visual acuity: 0.5 and 0.4 respectively; p < or = 0.05). The normal postoperative pattern of macular vessels and foveolar shape was also a statistically significant factor of good vision recovery.     

玻璃体切除联合内界膜剥离预防复杂性视网膜脱离术后黄斑前膜形成

目的 观察一组复杂性视网膜脱离患者在玻璃体切除手术时联合黄斑部内界膜剥离而预防术后黄斑前膜形成的临床疗效.方法 取2006年1月至2008年10月42例(42只眼)复杂性视网膜脱离(complicated retinal detachment,CRD)患者接受玻璃体切除术治疗,将其分为两组:玻璃体切除联合内界膜剥离组20例20只眼(Ⅰ组),玻璃体切除未行内界膜剥离组22例22只眼(Ⅱ组),术后随防12～26个月,平均随访时间(18±8)个月.结果 Ⅰ组在硅油取出后随访未发现黄斑前膜形成;Ⅱ组在硅油取出后有6眼经OCT和(或)FFA检查证实有黄斑前膜形成,其中2只眼在硅油未取出前经OCT和(或)FFA检查发现就有黄斑前膜形成.结论 复杂性视网膜脱离患者玻璃体切除手术时联合黄斑部内界膜剥离可以预防术后黄斑前膜的形成.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling at the macular for the prevention of epimacular membrane formation following vitreous surgery for the treatment of complicated retinal detachment. Methods From February 2006 to October 2008, 42 patients with complicated retinal detachment were underwent successful vitrectomy. According to ILM peeling or not during vitrectomy, all patients were divided into two groups: the group Ⅰ (peeling ILM) 20 eyes, the group Ⅱ (not-peeling ILM) 22 eyes, followed up for 12-26 months, mean at 18± 8 months. All of those were examined for visual acuity, fundus photography, ophthalmologic A/B ultrasonic imaging, OCT preoperatively and postoperatively,the parts of those were examined for FFA postoperatively. The epimacular membrane formation was decided by the last chance at one year to two years after removal of silicone. The epimacular membrane formation of two groups was analyzed statistically. Results No epimacular membrane formation was seen in group Ⅰ . The epimacular membrane formation of two eyes was verified by OCT or/and FFA before removal of silicone, and the epimacular membrane formation of four eyes was verified by OCT or/and FFA after removal of silicone.The comparison of epimacular membrane formation between group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ was statistically significant.Conclusion ILM peeling at the macular during vitreous surgery for the treatment of complicated retinal detachment may effectively prevent epimacular membrane formation.     

外伤性视网膜脱离的玻璃体手术治疗

目的:评价外伤性视网膜脱离的玻璃体手术治疗方法及疗效。方法:对24例(24眼)外伤性视网膜脱离患者行常规经平坦部玻璃体切除、膜剥离、松解性视网膜切开、眼内激光、硅油或长效气体眼内填充等治疗,部分病例联合巩膜扣带术;随访3～24mo,观察疗效。结果:24眼术后视网膜均复位,视力均有不同程度的提高,随访期间,19例视网膜保持平复,5例复发视网膜脱离,其中3例经再手术视网膜复位,另2例因眼球萎缩未再手术。结论:外伤性视网膜脱离多伴有浓密的玻璃体积血、视网膜嵌塞及严重的增殖性玻璃体视网膜病变(prolifera-tivevitreoretinopathy,PVR),通过适时的玻璃体手术能获得比较满意的治疗效果。     

玻璃体切割术治疗人工晶状体眼视网膜脱离的结果分析

目的探寻人工晶状体眼裂孔性视网膜脱离(pseu-dophakicretinaldetachment,PRD)玻璃体切割术后视网膜再脱离和视力差的原因。方法106例PRD患者均选择玻璃体切割作为首选手术,其中术前27例未发现裂孔,26例曾行Nd:YAG激光后囊膜切开术。术后随访6~94.8月,平均20.8月。结果术后视网膜首次复位77例,29例视网膜再脱离的原因主要是视网膜新裂孔出现和增生性玻璃体视网膜病变。术后视力>0.3者63例,≤0.3者43例。视力≤0.3的主要原因是术后黄斑功能异常(13例)、黄斑前膜(8例)、黄斑水肿(3例)和视神经萎缩(3例)。结论PRD玻璃体切割术后视网膜再脱离的原因主要是新裂孔出现和增生性玻璃体视网膜病变,而视力差的主要原因是术后黄斑功能异常、黄斑前膜、黄斑水肿和视神经萎缩。     

Surgical management of retinal detachment secondary to acute retinal necrosis: clinical features,surgical techniques,and long-term results

PURPOSE: To describe the clinical features of complicated retinal detachment secondary to acute retinal necrosis (ARN) and to present the long-term results of vitreous surgery in these cases. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on 16 immunocompetent patients (18 eyes). The average follow-up period was 60 months. RESULTS: Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) grade C, with the predominance of anterior PVR, and characteristic changes in the vitreous base area were present in all cases before surgery. All eyes underwent vitrectomy, membrane peeling, endolaser photocoagulation, and intraocular tamponade without scleral buckling. Additional procedures were performed in 13 eyes. Retinal reattachment was achieved in the 18 eyes (100%) in the short term. Variable degrees of reproliferation occurred in all cases after surgery. Other delayed complications included ocular hypotony, macular pucker, peripheral retinal neovascularization, and severe preretinal fibrosis. Improvement of visual acuity occurred in 13 eyes (72.2%). Eleven eyes (61.1%) achieved final ambulatory visual acuity of 5/200 or better. CONCLUSIONS: Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment secondary to ARN has characteristic clinical features. Severe proliferative vitreoretinopathy with the predominance of anterior PVR develops rapidly. Reproliferation is the most important late postvitrectomy complication necessitating multiple surgical procedures in these cases. The visual results remain unfavorable due to the destructive nature of ARN.     

高度近视黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离的玻璃体手术和激光光凝治疗

目的 探讨高度近视黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离患者玻璃体手术联合激光光凝治疗的成功率及并发症。 方法 高度近视黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离患者35例38只眼，11例12只眼单行经睫状体平部的玻璃体手术及惰性气体眼内填充，未作激光光凝治疗；24例26只眼在玻璃体手术术中及术后作黄斑裂孔缘激光光凝。术后均作6个月以上的随访(平均随访时间21．7个月)。 结果 非光凝组5只眼黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离复发，占41．7%，术后0．1以上视力6只眼，占50.0%；光凝组2只眼黄斑裂孔复发，占7.7%，1只眼因周边新裂孔形成而复发视网膜脱离，术后有13只眼视力在0.1以上，占50.0%。统计学检验两组黄斑裂孔复发率概率P=0.024,视网膜脱离复发率概率P=0.0487。两组患者术后视力无显著差异。 结论 玻璃体手术联合黄斑区激光光凝治疗可提高高度近视黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离的手术成功率。 (中华眼底病杂志,1998,14:199-201)