耐药性癫癎患者术后脑组织中Tau蛋白的表达

目的研究Tau蛋白在耐药性癫癎患者脑组织中的表达,探讨其在耐药性癫癎发病机制中的作用。方法采用免疫组化法检测48例耐药性癫癎患者海马及颞叶皮层中Tau蛋白的表达,同步观察海马苔藓纤维芽生,并与对照组进行比较。结果耐药性癫癎组和对照组脑组织中总Tau蛋白表达无明显差异,而磷酸化Tau蛋白在耐药性癫癎患者海马CA3区(0·0450±0·0115)及齿状回内分子层(0·0463±0·0120)表达增多,同步伴有海马苔藓纤维芽生(耐药性癫癎组:3·18±0·35,对照组:0·61±0·19)。结论磷酸化Tau蛋白表达增强可能是耐药性癫癎患者海马突触重建的重要机制,改变磷酸化Tau蛋白的表达有可能改善耐药性癫癎患者的预后。     

磷酸化肌球蛋白轻链及其激酶在耐药颞叶癫(癎)患者脑组织中的表达

目的探讨耐药性癫癎颞叶和海马脑组织中磷酸化肌球蛋白轻链(phosphorylation of myosin light chain,P-MLC)及其激酶(myosin light chain kinase,MLCK)的表达在癫癎芽生形成中的作用。方法免疫组化检测32例耐药性颞叶癫癎中P-MLC及其激酶MLCK的蛋白质表达水平,并与对照组比较。结果P-MLC免疫组化结果显示,耐药性颞叶癫癎组颞叶光密度值(0.35±0.13)高于对照组(0.19±0.027,P<0.05);耐药组海马光密度值(0.41±0.02)高于对照组(0.10±0.06,P<0.05)。免疫组化结果显示耐药组的MLCK表达水平在颞叶组织和海马组织中较对照组无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论P-MLC及其激酶MLCK的功能与苔藓纤维芽生关系密切,P-MLC蛋白质产物在耐药性癫中明显升高,但其磷酸化激酶MLCK的表达并不升高,提示MLCK和去磷酸化酶间动态平衡被打破是P-MLC升高的原因,而P-MLC的升高可能在苔藓纤维芽生的形成中发挥重要作用。     

颞叶癫痫主穹窿蛋白表达及其作用研究

目的 探讨主穹窿蛋白(major vault protein,MVP)在颞叶癫痫大鼠模型脑组织的表达及其与难治性癫癎耐药是否相关.方法 用氯化锂-匹鲁卡品制作颞叶癫癎模型,并将它分为药物有效组和耐药组;用免疫组化和Western blot法检测MVP表达.结果 MVP主要表达在海马和皮质区的小胶质细胞,血管内皮细胞,血管周围的星形胶质细胞也有表达,神经元中少见表达;耐药组MVP表达较药物有效组和对照组明显增高,具有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 耐药大鼠模型中MVP过量表达,提示MVP可能与难治性癫癎的耐药性有关.     

颞叶癫大鼠海马轴突导向分子Sema3F及其受体Np2表达的变化

目的 研究颞叶癫(癎)大鼠海马轴突导向分子Sema3F及其受体Np2表达的变化.方法 给SD大鼠腹腔注射匹罗卡品、氯化锂制作颞叶癫(癎)模型.用免疫组化法和原位杂交技术对致(癎)后不同时间点大鼠海马CA1区、CA3区、齿状回的Sema3F mRNA、Np2 mRNA和蛋白表达进行检测,并与正常对照组比较.结果 颞叶癫(癎)大鼠致(癎)后7 d、15 d,海马CA1区、CA3区Sema3F mRNA、Np2 mRNA和蛋白的表达明显低于正常对照组(P＜0.05～0.01), 致(癎)后30 d、60 d表达与正常对照组差异无统计学意义;而齿状回Sema3F mRNA、Np2 mRNA和蛋白的表达与正常对照组的差异无统计学意义.结论 颞叶癫(癎)大鼠海马CA1区、CA3区Sema3F、Np2表达在致(癎)后早期明显下调,而在慢性期恢复正常.     

γ-氨基丁酸B受体亚单位在人类难治性颞叶癫癎患者中的表达

目的探讨γ-氨基丁酸B受体亚单位(GABAB1R)在人类难治性颞叶癫癎病理机制中的作用.方法采集难治性颞叶癫癎患者手术切除海马标本,利用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和蛋白免疫印迹分析(Western-blot)方法检测患者GABAB1R的mRNA和蛋白表达水平,并与非癫癎者进行对照.结果与对照组标本相比,难治性癫癎患者手术标本中GABAB1R mRNA(0.366±0.023)和蛋白(145.56±3.55)的表达均有上调(P＜0.05).结论GABAB1R可能参与了人类难治性癫癎的病理生理机制.     

耐药性癫痫患者脑脊液HSPBAP1和EML5表达变化的临床研究

目的观察热休克蛋白27相关蛋白1(HSPBAP1)和棘皮动物微管结合蛋白类似蛋白5(EML5)在耐药性癫癎患者脑脊液中的表达变化,探讨其用于耐药性癫癎早期诊断的临床价值。方法根据纳入标准共选择39例耐药性癫癎患者和性别、年龄与之相匹配的健康志愿者40例入组,经腰椎穿刺术采集脑脊液标本,双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法检测HSPBAP1和EML5。结果耐药性癫癎组患者脑脊液HSPBAP1和EML5表达水平分别为(0.17±0.03)和(0.13±0.02),正常对照组为(0.10±0.03)和(0.08±0.02),低于耐药性癫癎组且差异具有统计学意义(t=3.239.3.294;均P=0.002)。结论耐药性癫癎患者脑脊液HSPBAP1和EML5表达水平明显升高,可为耐药性癫癎的诊断提供新的途径,有助于耐药性癫癎的早期诊断。     

耐药性癫患者脑组织线粒体mMDHNDUFC_2基因表达异常

目的研究耐药性癫患者脑细胞线粒体mMDH、NDUFC2表达,探讨其在耐药性癫癎形成中的作用。方法分别提取48例耐药性癫癎患者、8例非耐药性癫患者及8例对照组脑组织标本的总RNA后,用基因芯片对其进行扫描,随后用荧光定量PCR技术进行验证。结果发现与线粒体功能有关的基因mMDH、NDUFC2在耐药性癫癎中显著下调,荧光定量RT—PCR验证结果与基因芯片一致。结论脑细胞线粒体基因mMDH、NDUFC2表达异常可能通过能量代谢及神经元坏死参与了耐药性癫癎的形成。     

耐药性癫癎患者脑组织线粒体mMDH NDUFC2基因表达异常

目的研究耐药性癫癎患者脑细胞线粒体mMDH、NDUFC2表达,探讨其在耐药性癫癎形成中的作用.方法分别提取48例耐药性癫癎患者、8例非耐药性癫癎患者及8例对照组脑组织标本的总RNA后,用基因芯片对其进行扫描,随后用荧光定量PCR技术进行验证.结果发现与线粒体功能有关的基因mMDH、NDUFC2在耐药性癫癎中显著下调,荧光定量RT-PCR验证结果与基因芯片一致.结论脑细胞线粒体基因mMDH、NDUFC2表达异常可能通过能量代谢及神经元坏死参与了耐药性癫癎的形成.     

难治性颞叶癫(癎)的相关基因表达谱

目的 筛选难治性颞叶癫(癎)相关基因表达谱,并通过对表达谱筛选所发现的差异基因进行验证,从分子水平探讨颞叶癫(癎)可能的发病机制.方法 在利用基因芯片对难治性颞叶癫(癎)患者手术切除颞叶组织与对照间行基因表达谱分析研究的基础上,扩大样本量,应用RT.PCR方法,验证SH3GL2、BTN2A2、KCNJ4基因的mRNA在颞叶癫(癎)患者脑内的表达差异.结果 芯片研究结果显示,颞叶癫(癎)脑组织标本与对照组相比,表达趋势一致的已知基因包括:免疫相关因子、离子通道相关因子、信号转导相关基因、细胞增殖周期因子、细胞凋亡相关基因等;经RT.PCR证实,颞叶癫(癎)组突触重建调控因子SH3GL2的mRNA表达水平(1.022±0.547)明显高于对照组(0.446±0.171,t=-3.181),免疫调控基因BTN2A2的mRNA表达在颞叶癫(癎)组(0.481±0.196)同样高于对照组(0.243±0.111,t=3.351),而编码内向整流钾通道亚单位基因KCNJ4 mRNA的表达水平在颞叶癫疴组(0.438±0.178)则明显低于对照组(0.795±0.112),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 在颞叶癫(癎)发生发展各个阶段均有基因的参与,是一个复杂的调控过程;芯片试验结果对进一步探讨疾病可能的发病机制以及为探求疾病治疗的新靶点提供了依据.     

胰岛素样生长因子-1在难治性癫(癎)患者颞叶中的表达

目的研究胰岛素样生长因子-1(insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ,IGF-Ⅰ)在难治性癫(癎)患者颞叶中的表达,探讨其对难治性癫(癎)的作用.方法收集难治性癫(癎)患者术后脑组织,按手术时间的先后建立难治性癫(癎)脑组织库,随后在脑库中按随机化原则从中抽取30例(实验组)颞叶,正常对照组为颅脑外伤手术切除的正常颞叶组织12例,采用免疫组化、western blot测定两组的IGF-Ⅰ表达并进行比较.结果免疫组化结果提示IGF-1分布于神经元和胶质细胞膜,在难治性癫(癎)患者颞叶中的表达比对照组明显增加.western blot的结果和免疫组化结果一致.结论IGF-1在难治性癫(癎)患者脑组织的表达升高可能与脑的保护机制有关,这种神经营养因子的存在有利于挽救因癫(癎)发作而损伤的神经元.     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

Origins of the sympathetic innervation of the cervical end of the uterus in the rat

A retrograde neuronal tracer (Fast Blue) was injected in the cervical end of the uterine horn of virgin rats. The majority of the retrogradely labeled post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons were found in the sympathetic chain (74%). The superior mesenteric ganglia, inferior mesenteric ganglia and suprarenal ganglia accounted for 22, 3 and <1%, respectively. The distribution of neurons in the sympathetic chain labeled from the uterus resembles that described for other pelvic organs.     

Sexual pheromones and the evolution of the reward system of the brain: the chemosensory function of the amygdala

The amygdala of all tetrapod vertebrates receives direct projections from the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, and the strong similarities in the organization of these projections suggest that they have undergone a very conservative evolution. However, current ideas about the function of the amygdala do not pay sufficient attention to its chemosensory role, but only view it as the core of the emotional brain. In this study, we propose that both roles of the amygdala are intimately linked since the amygdala is actually involved in mediating emotional responses to chemical signals. The amygdala is the only structure in the brain receiving pheromonal information directly from the accessory olfactory bulbs and we have shown in mice that males emit sexual pheromones that are innately attractive for females. In fact, sexual pheromones can be used as unconditioned stimuli to induce a conditioned attraction to previously neutral odorants as well as a conditioned place preference. Therefore, sexual pheromones should be regarded as natural reinforcers. Behavioural and pharmacological studies (reviewed here) have shown that the females' innate preference for sexual pheromones is not affected by lesions of the dopaminergic cells of the ventral tegmental area, and that the systemic administration of dopamine antagonists do not alter neither the attraction nor the reinforcing effects of these pheromones. Anatomical studies have shown that the vomeronasal amygdala gives rise to important projections to the olfactory tubercle and the islands of Calleja, suggesting that these amygdalo-striatal pathways might be involved in the reinforcing value of sexual pheromones.     

Topographical organization of the motoneuron pools that innervate the muscles of the pinna of the cat

The topographical organization of the 22 motoneuron pools that innervate the pinna muscles of the cat was examined by injecting the B-subunit of cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase into individual muscles. All 22 pools are found in the facial nucleus, organized as rostro-caudally oriented columns, and arranged according to the action of the muscles they innervate. Pools innervating muscles that pull the pinna dorsally are located in the dorsal two thirds of the medio-dorsal subdivision, and those innervating muscles that pull the pinna ventrally are located in the ventral one half of the nucleus. Motoneurons innervating muscles that pull the pinna cranially are located laterally, those that pull the pinna caudally are located medio-ventrally, and those that change the shape of the pinna are located along the entire dorso-ventral extent in the center of the medio-dorsal subdivision. This topographical layout is consistent with the somatotopic organization of the entire facial nucleus as demonstrated in a variety of species. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

药物治疗与合并认知行为治疗对强迫症疗效的比较

目的探讨认知行为心理治疗(CBT)在强迫症(OCD)患者各亚型治疗中的有效性和规律性。方法本研究为临床对照研究。符合入组标准的强迫症患者按患者自愿原则分为两组,治疗观察3、6、12个月。疗效评定分别运用Yale-Brown强迫量表,自拟的自评好转程度量表和临床疗效评定。结果认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗组31例,临床有效率70.9%,其中治愈率1.8%。单纯药物治疗组24例,临床有效率33.3%。Yale-Brown强迫量表和自评量表得分在6个月和12个月两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中强迫症亚型(怕脏型、反复检查型和反复担心型)的疗效比较,怕脏型在治疗3个月末两组间自评量表评分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复担心型在治疗6个月末两组间Yale-Brown强迫量表总分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复检查型两组间无统计学差异。结论认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗强迫症的疗效明显优于单纯药物治疗。强迫症的亚型在治疗中的有效性次序为:反复担心型>怕脏型>反复检查型。     

Histochemical methods for the further characterisation of the tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary

Summary The granular cell tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary possess neuraminic acid containing carbohydrate. After removal of neuraminic acid with neuraminidase and exposure to FITC (Fluorescein isothiocyanate) labelled peanut agglutinin (Arachis hypogaea) (PNA), intracellular receptor structures could be demonstrated. The significance of the findings is discussed.