第7版与第6版胃癌TNM分期的比较

目的 比较第7版与第6版胃癌TNM分期方案.方法 对卫生部中日友好医院2003年1月至2005年12月收治并可随访的76例胃癌术后病例分别用第7版和第6版胃癌分期方法重新进行TNM分期,对两种分期结果分别进行成组卡方检验、配对卡方检验和Kappa检验,并比较二者对预后判断的效果.结果 第7版胃癌分期法与第6版比较,在T分期、N分期和TNM组合分期的结果一致性中等,Kappa值<0.75;其结果差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);第6版分期的生存曲线在Ⅲ、Ⅳ期生存曲线有多处交叉,而第7版各期生存曲线没有交叉.结论 第7版AJCC胃癌分期法优于第6版.     

Lymph node metastases in gastric cancer: correlation between new and old UICC TNM classification

The 5th edition of TNM classification (1997) grades lymph node involvement in gastric cancer by the number of metastatic lymph nodes. Their prognostic significance as defined by the new (5th edn., 1997) and old (4th edn., 1987) TNM classification was evaluated and survival in pN categories between both versions was compared. It was demonstrated in our analysis that comparison of old and new TNM systems is possible. Categories pN1 and pN2 contain patients selected by different criteria in both versions of TNM classification but with similar survival probabilities. Anatomic location of lymph nodes as described in the 4th edn. and number of involved nodes in the 5th edn. of TNM classification have about the same prognostic value in categories pN1 and pN2. The advantage of the 5th edn. is the identification of a group of patients (pN3, >15 involved lymph nodes) with significantly poor prognosis, which, in our series, includes 15% of R0 resected patients with lymph node metastases.     

甲状腺癌UICC分期第五版与第六版的差异及其对预后评估的准确性比较

目的：比较分化型甲状腺癌UICC分期第五版与第六版的差异及其对预后评估的准确性。方法：列表比较两个版本的异同，并将其标准分别应用于同一组（25例）甲状腺癌复发病人，根据病人按第五版、第六版标准及所得预后的不同来比较两者对预后评估的准确性。结果：两个版本对Ⅰ和Ⅱ期无明显差异，主要差异在于中晚期（Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期）上，第六版更为精细化：25例中，根据第五版，Ⅰ期15例、Ⅱ期3例、Ⅲ期7例和Ⅳ期0例：而根据第六版．Ⅰ期15例、Ⅱ期4例、Ⅲ期3例和Ⅳ期3例。25例平均随访96．6（19．372）个月，死亡3例，均死于原发病。该3例病人按第五版属于Ⅲ期，第六版则属于Ⅳ期。结论：第六版将肿瘤侵出甲状腺外的程度进行区分，并将肿瘤明显侵犯甲状腺周围组织或器官作为晚期的指标之一，更符合甲状腺癌的特点，对晚期病人预后的评估更为准确。     

TNM classification for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma: comparison between 5th and 6th editions of the AJCC/UICC staging system

Background A few investigators have evaluated the TNM classification for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. The new sixth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)/Internal Union Against Cancer (UICC) staging system focuses on vascular invasion and regional lymph node metastasis.Methods For 166 patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma undergoing R0 resection, survival curves stratified according to TNM classifications were compared between fifth and sixth editions.Results The previous T3 now is divided into T3 and T4. Most new pT4 patients had invasion of the portal bifurcation; their survival was poorer than that for new pT3 patients. The 5-, 10-, and 15-year survival rates were worse in the previous stage III than in the previous stage IVA, although the difference fell short of significance. The previous stage IVA (T3AnyNM0) is divided into new stages: IIA (T3N0M0), IIB (T1-3N1M0), and III (T4AnyNM0). All patients in stage III had invasion of the portal bifurcation. Survival was similar between stages IA, IB, and IIA, while patients with T4N0M0 tumors survived longer than those with T4N1M0 tumors and similarly to those with stage IIB tumors.Conclusions The sixth edition provided improved prediction of survival in patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma; for still better prediction, cancer invasion of the portal bifurcation and regional lymph node metastasis should be weighted equally.     

第8版国际抗癌联盟和美国癌症联合委员会胃癌TNM分期系统简介及解读

目前胃癌的TNM分期已经成为临床胃癌诊疗的首选参考依据。在国际抗癌联盟(UICC)、国际胃癌协会(IGCA)和美国癌症联合委员会(AJCC)的共同协作推动下,通过对全世界范围内胃癌大数据的收集与分析,于2016年10月颁布了第8版胃癌TNM分期系统。第8版TNM分期系统对食管-胃结合部及贲门癌分期标准的选择做出了明确的定义;同时还在单一分期系统的基础上新增了临床TNM分期(cTNM)和新辅助治疗后分期(ypTNM)。此外,新版的分期系统将N3的两个亚组N3a和N3b作为独立组别纳入到分期系统,还对组织学分级进行了一些调整。总的来说,相比第7版胃癌TNM分期系统,新版的分期系统可以指导临床医生更加合理地制定治疗方案,更加科学地评价治疗效果,更加准确地评估预后。然而,随着临床广泛应用和进一步验证,以及新的预测因子的发现,必将会有新的分期系统替代和完善旧的分期系统。     

Minimum number of lymph nodes that should be examined for the International Union Against Cancer/American Joint Committee on Cancer TNM classification of gastric carcinoma

Abstract The classification of lymph node metastasis based on the number of positive nodes has been adopted in the International Union Against Cancer/American Joint Committee on Cancer (UICC/AJCC) TNM classification of gastric carcinoma. However, the N classification (for condition of the regional lymph nodes) would be underestimated when the number of examined nodes were too small. To determine the minimum number of lymph nodes to examine for a correct classification, we analyzed 926 patients undergoing curative resection for gastric carcinoma. The number of metastatic lymph nodes correlated significantly with the number of examined lymph nodes. The pN0 patients with 10 to 14 examined nodes showed a significantly higher survival rate than did those with 5 to 9 examined nodes, and they had as good a prognosis as those with 15 or more examined nodes. In the pN1 and pN2 categories, patients with 29 or fewer examined nodes tended toward lower survival rates than did patients with 30 or more examined nodes. Among the patients who were classified as stage IA, the survival rate for those with 5 to 9 examined nodes was significantly lower than that for patients with 30 or more examined nodes. Among the patients classified as stage III, those with 10 to 19 examined nodes and those with 20 to 29 examined nodes had lower survival rates than did patients with 30 or more examined nodes. In conclusion, the minimum number of lymph nodes examined for a correct pN0 classification can be reduced from 15 to 10. For pN1–3 classifications, 20 or more nodes should be examined, and examining 30 or more lymph nodes may be desirable. Electronic Publication     

Comparison of old and new TNM systems for nodal staging in adenocarcinoma of the gastro-oesophageal junction

BACKGROUND: Adenocarcinoma of the gastro-oesophageal junction is considered a distinct clinical entity, although the current pathological tumour node metastasis (pTNM) classification does not consider this tumour specifically. A prospective study was undertaken to determine the prognostic importance of lymph node involvement in adenocarcinoma of the gastro-oesophageal junction, analysing both a number- and site-based classification, in order to develop a clinically useful nodal staging system. METHODS: Two classification systems were analysed in 116 patients who underwent resection for adenocarcinoma of the gastro-oesophageal junction from January 1988 to August 2001. The Cox regression model was used to evaluate the prognostic significance of the site and number of positive nodes. RESULTS: The number- and site-based staging systems coincided only in 42 (56 per cent) of 75 patients; in particular, the old pN1 classification was upstaged in 13 of 41 patients and the old pN2 was downstaged in 13 of 34 patients. Lymph node involvement was the most important prognostic factor in both classifications (P < 0.001). The risk of death was significantly influenced by the site of nodal metastasis among patients with a similar number of involved nodes (relative risk with respect to pN0: 2.18 for pN1 with one to six nodes; 6.53 for pN2 with one to six nodes; 7.53 for pN1 with more than six nodes; 39.13 for pN2 with more than six nodes). CONCLUSION: Adenocarcinoma of the gastro-oesophageal junction requires a specific lymph node classification which should take into account both the number and site of nodal metastases.     

The number of metastatic lymph nodes: a promising prognostic determinant for gastric carcinoma in the latest edition of the TNM classification

Background: The number of metastatic regional lymph nodes determines the new pN categories in the 5th edition of the TNM classification.

Study Design: Our retrospective study was conducted to compare the new method of defining lymph node status with the conventional classification, consisting of the anatomic extent of lymph node metastases, a well-established prognostic factor. The study was based on clinical data for 493 patients with gastric carcinomas who underwent potentially curative operations and had histologically confirmed nodal metastases. These patients were stratified into 1) n categories according to the Japanese Classification of Gastric Carcinoma, 2) the new pN categories, and 3) the pN categories determined by the number of metastatic perigastric nodes resected by standard D1 gastrectomy. Survival data were analyzed for each group.

Results: The number of metastatic nodes after D2 lymphadenectomy reflected prognosis well and was shown by multivariate analysis to be a strong independent prognostic factor. When the classification was performed limited to the metastatic perigastric nodes, stage migration was evident, but the variable remained competent as a prognostic indicator.

Conclusions: The number of metastatic nodes is a promising determinant in the new international stage classification.     

Comparison of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group recursive partitioning classification and Union Internationale Contre le Cancer TNM classification for patients with head and neck carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Prognostic models need to be tested in external validation studies to assess generalizability. Recursive partitioning analysis (RPA), a prognostic system based on the creation of a classification tree, has been proposed as a classification method in patients with head and neck carcinoma. The aim of this study was to compare the RPA and Union Internationale Contre le Cancer (UICC) TNM classification systems in patients with head and neck carcinoma treated consecutively in a single center. METHODS: A total of 2166 patients with carcinomas of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx was classified according to both the RPA and the TNM classification systems, and the results were compared. The endpoints considered were observed survival and survival free of locoregional tumor. The two methods of classification were evaluated objectively by use of measures of intrastage homogeneity (hazard consistency), interstage heterogeneity (hazard discrimination), predictive power (outcome prediction), and patient distribution between stages (balance). RESULTS: When the endpoint considered was observed survival, there were no clinically relevant differences between the two classifications. However, when the endpoint was locoregional control, the RPA system was sensitive to the type of treatment used, and it was not generalizable. CONCLUSIONS: To evaluate generalizability, new classification proposals need external validation studies that objectively measure the quality of the model. The performance of the RPA system was not reproducible in our cohort of patients when the endpoint evaluated was locoregional control.     

Appraisal of compliance with the UICC/AJCC staging system in the staging of gastric cancer. Union Internacional Contra la Cancrum/American Joint Committee on Cancer

BACKGROUND: In the surgical management of gastric carcinoma, regional lymphatic spread is of prognostic importance. The fifth edition of the Union Internacional Contra la Cancrum classification has been shown to be reproducible, practical and of significant prognostic use. The tumour node metastasis (TNM) system requires at least 15 lymph nodes to be acquired and examined for staging to be accurate. This has raised concern over the consistency with which the requisite numbers of nodes would be acquired. This study was performed to assess how consistently surgically managed cases of gastric cancer in the West Midlands fulfilled this requirement to allow accurate staging. METHODS: Data from the West Midlands Cancer Intelligence Unit on all cases of gastric cancer registered from 1998 to 1999 were obtained and the number of lymph nodes documented for each surgically managed case was assessed. RESULTS: Overall, only 31.0 per cent of surgically resected cases could be assessed accurately according to the TNM system. The proportion staged accurately varied widely across hospitals from 10.9 to 76.0 per cent. CONCLUSION: These results reflect the need for improved N staging across the region to aid the appropriate multimodal treatment of patients.     

TNM-7th edition 2009 (UICC/AJCC) and Japanese Classification 2010 in Gastric Cancer. Towards simplicity and standardisation in the management of gastric cancer

The 7th edition of the UICC/AJCC TNM, and a new revision of the Japanese Classification for Gastric Cancer and Treatment Guidelines (Japanese Gastric Cancer Association) have been available since the beginning of 2010. One of the most important changes consists on the redefining and simplification of type D1/D2 lymphadenectomy depending on the type of gastrectomy performed (previously it depended on the location of the primary tumour), and the adoption of numeric criteria of TNM-7th Edition to evaluate the level of lymph node involvement (before, according to the anatomical location of the groups as regards the primary tumour). These changes attempt to make therapeutic management easier and a more uniform comparison of results between countries. The importance of these modifications in both systems justifies this exhaustive analysis and update of the new concepts for a correct management of gastric cancer.     

Stage migration with the new American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system (8th edition) for differentiated thyroid cancer

Background

Tumor, node, and metastasis staging in thyroid carcinoma is important for assessing prognosis. However, patients with stage III or IV disease have an overall survival rate of 90%. The change to 55 years of age as the cutoff will create stage migration and many patients will be downstaged.

国际肺癌研究协会(IASLC)第八版肺癌TNM分期解读

准确的TNM分期是肺癌诊断、治疗以及判断预后的重要因素。目前临床上所使用的非小细胞肺癌分期是国际抗癌联盟(UICC)于2009年颁布的第七版分期。随着肺癌治疗模式的发展、新的诊断技术以及治疗手段的涌现,肺癌的疗效及其预后也有了明显改善,旧的分期标准亟待更新。2015年9月国际肺癌研究协会(IASLC)公布了新修订的肺癌TNM分期系统,并计划于2017年1月正式颁布实施。新分期标准采纳了来自16个国家的35个数据库,包含了自1999年至2010年间新发病的94 708例肺癌病例。该文就IASLC近期发布的第八版肺癌TNM分期进行初步解读。