A Prospective study of septic complications of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Abstract Prophylactic antibiotics are used in an attempt to avoid the septic complications of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). We prospectively performed blood cultures and surveyed patients for complications. The aims were first, to determine the incidence of bacteraemia associated with ERCP, second, to assess the incidence of clinical sepsis following the procedure and third, to evaluate the effectiveness of our antibiotic prophylaxis.
One hundred and fifty successive patients underwent 179 ERCP. Bacteraemia related to the procedure or the underlying pathology was found in nine procedures (5.2%). Bacteraemias were more likely to complicate therapeutic procedures ( P = 0.015), biliary obstruction ( P = 0.045) or underlying pathology ( P = 0.022).
Although 61% of ERCP received antibiotics, 22 septic events occurred. Five bacteraemic patients were septic despite antibiotics. Septic complications were associated with the same factors as bacteraemia.
It was concluded that patients with biliary obstruction and undergoing therapeutic endoscopic procedures are at greatest risk of bacteraemia. Single dose prophylactic antibiotics may not prevent sepsis in these patients and longer-acting drugs or repeated dosing may be necessary.     

YouTube as a source of information on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) carries a higher risk of adverse events than standard endoscopy. Internet media platforms such as YouTube has emerged as a medical information source. Therefore, study aimed to identify whether YouTube videos provide appropriate information on ERCP to the general population. The YouTube search was performed using the terms “endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography” and “ERCP”. The top 50 results of both searches, sorted by relevance and view count, were collected. After filtering according to a set of inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 26 videos were eligible for the final analysis. For quality assessment, we created a scoring system called ERCP Data Quality score (E-DQS), based on a colonoscopy education video available on the American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy website. Healthcare professionals uploaded 14 (53.8%) videos, and 10 (38.6%) uploaded by medical websites. Only one video was uploaded by a layperson and one by a TV channel. The overall median E-DQS score for enrolled videos was 6.5 out of 20. The majority of videos did not describe the unique features of ERCP. Only 50% of videos informed viewers that patients would be irradiated and only six videos described at least one adverse event related to ERCP. ERCP videos on YouTube provide inadequate information regarding ERCP. Considering the unique characteristics of this procedure, professionals and academic societies need to be vigilant and proactive in producing and promoting high-quality videos.     

Efficacy of peppermint oil as an antispasmodic during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

BACKGROUND: During endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), hyoscine-N-butylbromide (Buscopan) or glucagon is used to inhibit duodenal motility. However, they may cause adverse effects. Peppermint oil has an antispasmodic effect and is used as a less hazardous antispasmodic during colonoscopy and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. The purpose of the present paper was therefore to investigate peppermint as an antispasmodic for ERCP. METHODS: Forty patients were enrolled prospectively. They were assigned to four groups according to the peppermint oil concentration and site of administration: group 1, 20 mL of 1.6% solution around duodenal papilla; group 2, 20 mL of 1.6% solution both to the antrum of the stomach and around the duodenal papilla; group 3, 20 mL of 3.2% solution around the duodenal papilla; and group 4, 3.2% solution both to the antrum and around the duodenal papilla. Glucagon or hyoscine-N-butylbromide was added when duodenal peristalsis was not adequately diminished. Sixteen patients undergoing ERCP with glucagon were employed as historical controls. RESULTS: The ERCP was attempted in all except one patient in group 2 who had bleeding from invaded tumor to the duodenum. Peppermint administration equally reduced duodenal motility in the groups. Duodenal movement was none or mild in 69.2% of patients. The ERCP was successfully performed with peppermint alone in 91.4% of patients (37/39). Glucagon or hyoscine-N-butylbromide was needed in one patient each in groups 1 and 4. Serious complications related to peppermint oil did not occur. Inhibitory effect of peppermint appears to be identical to that of glucagon. CONCLUSION: Duodenal relaxation was obtained with 20 mL of 1.6% peppermint oil solution in the duodenum, but additional administration may be required. Peppermint oil is useful as an antispasmodic agent for ERCP.     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后胰腺炎预防策略研究进展

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP）已成为诊治胆胰系统疾病的主要手段。在ERCP介入治疗越来越多的趋势下,术后不良事件发生率也呈上升趋势。其中,ERCP术后胰腺炎（post-ERCP pancreatitis,PEP）是最常见的术后并发症,严重时甚至会威胁患者生命,并使得ERCP广泛开展受到一定困扰。如何有效预防和降低该并发症发生是目前临床研究的热点和难点。本文对PEP的定义、发病机制、危险因素和预防措施的研究现状进行综述,并对其优化的预防策略进行概括和总结。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者的自主神经功能的评估

目的采用24h动态心电图心率变异性分析,研究阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的自主神经功能状态变化。方法入选我院诊断的OSAHS患者50例,并将其分为轻中度组和重度组2组。对照组为年龄相匹配的正常男性26名,所有受试者均在睡眠监测的同时进行24h动态心电图检查,并进行心率变异性分析。结果时域指标:轻中度组和重度组SDNN和pNN50明显低于对照组;重度组SDNNi和RMSSD明显降低。频域分析:重度组低频功率谱明显高于对照组,轻中度组和重度组的高频功率谱明显减低而低频功率谱/高频功率谱明显增高。结论OSAHS男性患者24h的自主神经功能状态发生了异常改变,并且与其病情的严重程度相关。     

高龄患者行治疗性内镜逆行胰胆管造影的安全性和有效性探讨

[目的]探讨治疗性内镜逆行胰胆管造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)在高龄患者中应用的有效性和安全性。[方法]将行治疗性ERCP操作的患者169例,按年龄分组,其中≥70岁83例(高龄组),70岁86例(非高龄组);记录2组患者ASA分级、基础疾病、ERCP操作以及并发症情况,对结果进行统计分析、比较2组患者治疗性ERCP的应用情况,[结果]169例患者进行了181次治疗性ERCP操作。2组间例数、性别比例均差异无统计学意义(P0.05),高龄组患者ASA分级、胆道系统结石及胰腺或胆道恶性肿瘤发生率均显著高于非高龄组(P0.05);治疗性ERCP后2组操作成功率、并发症发生率均差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]高龄组进行治疗性ERCP操作的疗效与非高龄组一致,治疗性ERCP在高龄患者中的应用是安全、有效的。     

Prospective study of diagnostic value of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography versus endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in cholangiopancreatic diseases

OBJECTIVE: To compare the diagnostic value of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) versus endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreato­graphy (ERCP) in the detection of cholangiopan­creatic diseases via a prospective study. METHODS: Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography was performed in 63 patients with suspected cholangiopancreatic diseases and followed by ERCP within 24 h. The MRCP and ERCP images were analyzed and compared. RESULTS: Of the 63 patients studied, 56 (88.9%) were correctly diagnosed by using ERCP and seven (11.1%) by using percutaneous transhepatic cholangio­graphy (PTC); however, all these patients were successfully diagnosed by using MRCP. Cholangio­pancreatic diseases were diagnosed by MRCP with a sensitivity of 98.2%, a specificity of 83.3%, a misdiagnostic rate of 16.7% and a missed diagnostic rate of 1.8%. The total concordance rate of MRCP, ERCP and PTC was 85.7%. For specific conditions, the concordance rates were as follows: biliary calculi 100%; tumors of the bile duct 92.9%; papillary lesions 70.6%; hepatic distomiasis 66.7%; chronic pancreatitis 100%. The complications associated with ERCP were five cases of acute pancreatitis and one case of perinephric abscess. The patient with perinephric abscess had previously had a B‐II operation. The complication rate associated with ERCP was 9.5% (6/63), but no complications were associated with MRCP. CONCLUSION: We conclude that MRCP is as effective as ERCP for the diagnosis of bile duct lesions, such as biliary calculi and tumors, but not for papillary lesions and liver fluke infections. Although MRCP can be used in patients who can’t tolerate ERCP or when there are contraindications to using ERCP, it should not be used for therapeutic purposes.     

Management of perforation after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): a population-based review

Background. Perforation related to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a rare complication associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This study evaluated the management and outcomes of these perforations. Patients and methods. Between July 1996 and December 2002, a total of 6620 ERCPs were performed at our regional endoscopy unit serving the 1.5 million population of Southern Alberta. Thirty perforations (0.45%) were identified and retrospectively reviewed. Results. Seven of these 30 patients were found to have guidewire perforations of the bile duct, 11 perforations were peri-ampullary, 3 duodenal, 1 esophageal, and 1 patient had a perforation of an afferent limb of a Billroth II anastomosis. In seven patients the location of the perforation could not be determined (unknown). All patients with guidewire perforations were recognized during ERCP, and all were managed medically. Of the 11 peri-ampullary perforations, 7 of these patients had a pre-cut sphincterotomy, 5 underwent surgery and 4 patients died. Delay in diagnosis occurred in all patients that died. Of the three duodenal perforations, all required operation and one patient died. Of the seven ‘unknown’ retroperitoneal perforations, two patients required surgery and there was no mortality. The patients with esophageal and afferent limb perforations both recovered uneventfully after surgery. Most patients who required surgery had retroperitoneal fluid seen on CT scanning. Conclusions. We found that most guidewire perforations can be managed medically with little morbidity. Pre-cut sphincterotomy is a risk factor for perforation. Peri-ampullary and duodenal perforations have a high morbidity and mortality rate. In particular, retroperitoneal fluid collections on CT scans, delay in diagnosis and failure of medical therapy requiring salvage surgery are associated with poor outcomes. Early aggressive surgery may improve patient care.     

Application of needle-knife in difficult biliary cannulation for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Introduction Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of biliary disorders. Getting directly into the common bile duct (CBD) is the most important step for successful therapeutic endoscopy. The cannulation success rate depends on patient selection, the utilization of specialized catheters, and the skill and experience of the endoscopist. This improved significantly when the clever-cut knife with guidewire was introduced. However, i…     

Current status of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with surgically altered anatomy

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)in patients with surgically altered anatomy must be performed by a highly experienced endoscopist.The challenges are accessing the afferent limb in different types of reconstruction,cannulating a papilla with a reverse orientation,and performing therapeutic interventions with uncommon endoscopic accessories.The development of endoscopic techniques has led to higher success rates in this group of patients.Device-assisted ERCP is the endoscopic procedure of choice for high success rates in short-limb reconstruction;however,these success rate is lower in long-limb reconstruction.ERCP assisted by endoscopic ultrasonography is now popular because it can be performed independent of the limb length;however,it must be performed by a highly experienced and skilled endoscopist.Stent deployment and small stone removal can be performed immediately after ERCP assisted by endoscopic ultrasonography,but the second session is needed for other difficult procedures such as cholangioscopy-guided electrohydraulic lithotripsy.Laparoscopic-assisted ERCP has an almost 100%success rate in longlimb reconstruction because of the use of a conventional side-view duodenoscope,which is compatible with standard accessories.This requires cooperation between the surgeon and endoscopist and is suitable in urgent situations requiring concomitant cholecystectomy.This review focuses on the advantages,disadvantages,and outcomes of various procedures that are suitable in different situations and reconstruction types.Emerging new techniques and their outcomes are also discussed.     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术的若干进展

作为一项成熟应用于胆胰疾病的高级内镜诊疗技术,经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)近几年来在治疗理念和技术方面有了一些新的发展。对ERCP的若干进展进行了阐述,主要包括:运用胰管支架、非甾体抗炎类药物及大量水化预防术后胰腺炎,覆膜金属支架用于治疗良性胆管狭窄,恶性胆管狭窄的腔内射频消融治疗,体外冲击波碎石术和覆膜金属支架治疗慢性胰腺炎,经口胆道镜应用于胆管狭窄定性诊断和巨大难治性结石,困难插管的定义和预切开技术的时机以及胃肠道重建术后ERCP。     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后迟发性胆道出血的原因和应对措施

目的探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）术后迟发性胆道出血的原因和应对措施。方法回顾性分析1007例行ERCP的术后并发症,7例为迟发性胆道出血,对出血时间、疾病谱、出血量和治疗过程进行分析。结果出血患者均存在胆管炎症,出血时间在术后24 h至2周,出血量为少量至中等量（≤1000 ml）,内科保守治疗效果良好。结论ERCP术后迟发性胆道出血临床罕见,内科保守治疗预后良好。     

Impact of introduction of wire-guided cannulation in therapeutic biliary endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Background and Aim: Wire‐guided cannulation (WGC) might increase the biliary cannulation rate and decrease the risk of post‐endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis (PEP). We assessed the learning curve for WGC in therapeutic biliary ERCP (study 1) and compared WGC and conventional contrast‐assisted cannulation (CC) by a matched case‐control study (study 2). Methods: Prospectively collected data of 500 therapeutic biliary ERCP cases (250 consecutive cases of WGC and 250 matched controls of CC) were retrospectively studied. Rate and time of biliary cannulation, total procedure time, PEP, and hyperamylasemia were analyzed. Results: In study 1, biliary cannulation by WGC was successful in 96% of the first 50 cases, with a median time to cannulation of 3 min. Rates of hyperamylasemia were within 10% after 100 WGC. In study 2, there were no significant differences in the overall cannulation rate and PEP between WGC and CC, but the total procedure time was shorter in WGC (30 vs 35 min, P = 0.059). Rates of hyperamylasemia and the change in serum amylase levels was lower (9% vs 14%, P = 0.069, and + 62.8 U/L vs+ 169.5 U/L, P = 0.043) in WGC, which was more prominent in experienced endoscopists (9% vs 17%, P = 0.025, and + 68.9 U/L vs+ 229.3 U/L, P = 0.014). Conclusions: The introduction of WGC was effective in the first 50 cases and did not increase the rate of PEP in biliary therapeutic ERCP.     

胆总管结石高龄患者行内镜逆行胰胆管造影治疗的安全性和有效性探讨

目的通过比较不同年龄段患者内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)的应用情况,分析和探讨ERCP在高龄患者中应用的有效性和安全性。方法选取2012年1月至2015年1月,石河子大学医学院第一附属医院进行胆总管结石ERCP患者360例,按年龄分组,其中≥75岁患者120例,60~75岁患者123例,≤60岁患者117例。记录患者ERCP操作及并发症情况,对结果进行统计分析。结果 360例患者进行了377次ERCP,操作成功率及并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05);结论胆总管结石高龄组患者进行ERCP操作能够取得和非高龄组一样的疗效,ERCP在各年龄段的操作是安全有效的。     

Late biliary tract complications after orthotopic liver transplantation: diagnostic and therapeutic role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

BACKGROUND: Biliary tract complications are frequent after orthotopic liver transplantation. Late biliary tract complications occurring after T-tube removal mostly include stones and strictures which may be associated with sepsis and worsening of the liver function. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has a role in the diagnosis and therapy of these complications. The aim of our study was to report our experience of endoscopic diagnosis and treatment of late biliary tract complications in liver-transplanted patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-six adult liver-transplanted patients have been followed since 1988. Seventeen patients (12.5%) needed a total of 30 ERCP because of evidence of clinical and/or biochemical cholestasis: eight with biliary stricture; six with biliary stones; one with both stricture and stones; and two with normal ERCP findings. Interventional endoscopic procedures included 14 sphincterotomies, six stone removals, seven biliary balloon dilatations, seven biliary stent placements, 11 biliary stent replacements, seven nasobiliary catheter placements and one mechanical lithotripsy. No complications were seen. In all cases, ERCP was able to identify the location, entity and dimension of the late biliary tract complication, thus allowing a therapeutic strategy to be used. Two patients had medical cholestasis. Forty-seven per cent of patients with late biliary tract complications could definitely be cured by ERCP alone. The ERCP improved the patients' condition to allow subsequent surgery in five patients (33%). CONCLUSIONS: These results confirms that ERCP is a valuable diagnostic tool and should be considered as the first step in the non-surgical management of late biliary tract complications after orthotopic liver transplantation.     

Myocardial ischemia during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: An overlooked issue with significant clinical impact

Background and Aim: The occurrence of peri‐procedural myocardial ischemia with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has been documented, but its significance remains controversial. This study aimed to investigate the incidence and risk factors of myocardial ischemia during ERCP procedures and to analyze the potential association between myocardial ischemia and post‐ERCP complications. Methods: Ambulatory 24‐h ST‐segment monitoring from 30 min prior to 24 h after ERCP was obtained on 71 patients from September 2006 to August 2007. Changes in vital signs during ERCP, post‐ERCP complications, and their outcomes were recorded and analyzed. Results: Cardiac ischemia occurred in 13 patients (18.3%) during ERCP and one patient developed myocardial infarction. More patients in the ischemic group (38.5%) than in the non‐ischemic group (5.2%) had ST‐T changes in pre‐ERCP resting electrocardiography (P < 0.01). Hypotension during ERCP was found only in the ischemic group (15.4% vs 0%; P = 0.03). Patients with cardiac ischemia during ERCP had a significantly higher rate of elevated serum amylase and lipase levels (53.8% vs 15.5%; P < 0.01) and post‐ERCP pancreatitis (30.8% vs 6.9%; P = 0.03). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that cardiac ischemia during ERCP (OR: 5.21, P = 0.050) and pancreatic duct cannulation (OR: 5.7, P = 0.036) were independent predictors for post‐ERCP pancreatitis. Conclusions: ST‐T changes on resting electrocardiography and intra‐procedural hypotension are risk factors of myocardial ischemia during ERCP. Post‐ERCP hyperamylasemia, hyperlipasemia, and pancreatitis were associated with myocardial ischemia during ERCP.     

治疗性内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术后急性胰腺炎高危因素分析

[目的]探索治疗性内镜下逆行胰胆管造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)术后急性胰腺炎(PEP)的高危因素与防治策略。[方法]运用单因素分析方法分析592例治疗性ERCP术后患者并发PEP的原因及防治措施。[结果]592例患者中,35例(5.9%)并发PEP,其中33例均为轻型胰腺炎,均经内科综合治疗后痊愈;2例为重症胰腺炎,1例治愈出院,1例死亡。与诱发PEP相关的高危因素有:女性,插管困难,既往有胰腺炎或胰腺癌,胰腺管显影或导丝插入胰管。[结论]治疗性ERCP发生PEP的因素不仅与患者自身临床因素有关,且与医师的操作技术有很大关系,改善患者身体条件、提高医师操作水平可减少PEP的发生。     

Risk factors for postoperative pancreatitis associated with diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

OBJECTIVE : To investigate the risk factors for postoperative pancreatitis following endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC), endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP), endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) and endoscopic biliary stenting. METHODS : Four hundred and twelve patients referred to the endoscopy unit were divided into seven groups: (i) double ducts (pancreatic duct and biliary duct) contrast media filling group (ERCP group); (ii) biliary duct contrast media filling group (ERC group); (iii) pancreatic duct contrast media filling group (ERP group); (iv) ERCP plus biliary stenting group (ERCP + stent group); (v) ERC plus stenting group (ERC + stent group); (vi) ERCP plus EST and stone extraction (SE) group (ERCP + EST + SE group); and (vii) ERC plus EST and SE group (ERC + EST + SE group). Differences in postoperative serum amylase at 4 and 24 h, as well as clinical symptoms, were compared among the different groups. RESULTS : The incidence of postoperative hyperamylasemia at 4 and 24 h was 17.7 and 4.4%, respectively. The overall incidence of postoperative acute pancreatitis was 3.9% and the ERP group had the highest incidence of postoperative acute pancreatitis among the seven groups. CONCLUSIONS : Repeated pancreatic duct contrast filling during ERCP manipulation is the main risk factor for postoperative pancreatitis and therapeutic ERCP, such as EST, stenting and SE, does not increase the incidence of postoperative pancreatitis.     

Role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the diagnosis and treatment of biliary tract complications after orthotopic liver transplantation

BACKGROUND: Biliary complications are a major drawback of liver transplantation. AIM: To analyse, in a single centre, experience in endoscopic diagnosis and management of biliary complications after liver transplantation. PATIENTS: A total of 147 consecutive liver transplantations performed on 132 patients over a 5-year period. METHODS: Evaluation of the incidence and type of biliary-related complications and analysis of their diagnosis and endoscopic treatment by cholangiopancreatography in terms of success of the endoscopic approach, conversion to surgery and long-term patient and graft survival. RESULTS: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was performed on 30 patients (23%). Overall incidence of biliary complications as confirmed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was 17% (25 cases). Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was negative in 5 cases (16%). Biliary complications were successfully treated by endoscopy in 84% of cases (21 out of 25 patients); 4 cases (16%) required a surgical approach (2 choledochojejunostomy, 2 retransplantation) due to failure to correct the problem endoscopically. Stenoses and biliary sludge associated with retained internal stent were almost always successfully managed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, while anastomotic leakage more frequently required a surgical approach. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is a safe and effective approach for diagnosis and treatment of biliary-related complications after liver transplantation thereby reducing morbidity and mortality related to re-operation which is, however, required in selected cases.     

Dose requirement and complications of diluted and undiluted propofol for deep sedation in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

BACKGROUND:In general,the dose requirement and complications of propofol are lower when used in the diluted form than in the undiluted form.The aim of this study was to determine the dose requirement and complications of diluted and undiluted propofol for deep sedation in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.METHODS:Eighty-six patients were randomly assigned to either group D (diluted propofol) or U (undiluted propofol).All patients were sedated with 0.02-0.03 mg/kg midazolam (total dose ≤2 mg for...