某市医疗机构消毒监测结果的分析

目的了解各级医疗机构消毒与灭菌工作质量,以便加强和改进消毒管理工作,从而保障医疗服务质量。方法依据GB15982-2012《医院消毒卫生标准》,采用现场随机采样方法,对全市二级以上医疗机构重点科室的消毒效果进行监测。结果 2014年全年共检测样品622份,合格率87.78%。结论医院消毒质量平均合格率较低,存在的问题较多,医务人员手卫生及各类医疗器材的消毒及灭菌等问题应予以重视。     

蚌埠市38家基层医疗机构消毒工作质量分析

目的 了解分析蚌埠市基层医疗机构消毒工作质量情况。方法 随机抽取蚌埠市东中西郊四区个体诊所，社区医疗服务站和区乡医疗机构共38家，监测其消毒效果。结果 消毒后的空气，物体表面，医护人员手及灭菌物品的合格率分别为17．93％，55．10％，50．00％，63．64％，紫外线灯监测合格率27．27％。结论 基层医疗机构消毒工作质量 ，亟待改进。     

某区医疗机构2010～2011年消毒灭菌效果的监测分析

目的分析医疗消毒灭菌效果,为加强医疗机构医源性感染提供科学依据。方法采用现场抽样和检测方法,对医疗机构消毒质量进行检测。结果城阳区2010～2011年区级医疗机物消毒灭菌检测总合率为84.6%;街道级医疗机构总合格率为65.8%;村级医疗机构合格率为51.1%。结论持续加强医疗要机构,尤其是街道、村医疗机构消毒灭菌质量的监测,是预防控制医源性感染的主要手段。应重点加强医务人员手和室内空气消毒的监测。     

长寿医院消毒监测状况分析

医源性感染已成为影响医疗质量的一个重大问题，为了解我区的医疗机构的消毒质量和院内感染管理情况，我们对辖区内的不同级别的93家医疗单位连行了消毒灭菌效果的监测。监测方法参照《消毒技术规范》之规定，评价按照卫生部《医院消毒卫生标准》GB15982—1995；《消毒与灭菌效果的评价方法和标准》GB15981—1995进行。监测结果表明：多数医疗单位不同程度的存在着消毒灭菌效果达不到《消毒技术规范》的要求。其中室内空气合格率仅为12．33％，其次为物体表面监测合格率为63．64％，消毒后的器械监测效果合格率为77．83％，对此我们应加大监督监测力度，使我区医院消毒状况连步改善，确保消毒效果，以保证广大患者就医安全。     

市区个体医疗机构2005至2007年消毒灭菌质量监测报道

目的通过定期检测,掌握辖区个体医疗机构消毒灭菌质量与感染危险因素,促进消毒质量提高,减少医源性感染。方法依据国家《医院消毒卫生标准》及卫生部《医院消毒技术规范》与《医院感染管理规范(试行)》进行情况调查与采样,并选择相应的指标进行检测与评价。结果2005～2007年对个体医疗机构共采样1838份,合格1241份,合格率67.5%。结论辖区内个体医疗机构消毒灭菌质量不同程度存在问题,空气合格率太低的问题尤为突出,需要加强培训、监管,提高其消毒质量。     

2008至2010年某市医疗机构消毒质量监测分析

目的了解大同市医疗机构消毒质量状况,加强医院消毒规范化管理。方法采用现场调查与采样检测方法对大同市不同性质医疗机构消毒效果进行监测。结果连续3年从大同市60所医疗机构中采样5674份,卫生消毒质量总平均合格率为91.7%。压力蒸汽灭菌器及环境消毒质量项目消毒合格率均达到90%以上,以诊疗用品消毒合格率较低,仅为83.6%。不同性质医疗机构消毒质量平均总合格率差别有非常显著意义,以市直医院最高。结论大同市各级医疗机构3年来消毒效果监测合格率稳步提高,需要对诊疗用品、消毒药械等薄弱环节加强管理。     

珲春市2007—2011年医疗机构消毒效果监测分析

目的了解珲春市医疗机构消毒工作质量,加强卫生消毒监测管理,为防止医源性感染、提高医疗质量管理水平提供科学依据。方法按照卫生部《消毒技术规范》和《医院消毒卫生标准》,2007～2011年对全市辖区内各级医疗机构的消毒效果进行现场采样监测。结果共监测各类医疗机构147家,检测样品2593份,合格2037份,总合格率为78.6%。2007～2011年全市各年度消毒检测合格率分别为87.8%、77.9%、71.8%、65.8%、82.7%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。县市级医院与个体诊所和村卫生所的消毒合格率相比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。各检测项目监测结果显示无菌器械浸泡液合格率最高,为94.4%,医院污水合格率最低,为44.6%。结论对预防医源性感染应继续重视并加强监管力度,进一步提高个体诊所和村卫生所的消毒质量,加强对医院污水的消毒处理。     

11所乡镇卫生院消毒质量现状调查及分析

为了解乡镇卫生院消毒质量现状 ,加强医院感染管理 ,控制医院感染 ,保障医疗安全 ,提高医疗质量 ,1 999年 5月至 2 0 0 0年 5月对我市所属的 1 1家乡镇卫生院消毒质量进行了抽样监测。现将结果报告如下。1　对象与方法1 1　对象　 1 1所卫生院的空气、物体表面、使用过程中的消毒液、灭菌注射器及针头。1 2　方法　采样、检验、结果判定均按ＧＢ1 5982 - 1 995要求进行。2　结果2 1　各类监测结果2 1 1　空气监测　空气监测 80份 ,合格 1 9份 ,合格率2 3 7%。其中手术室、分娩室合格率为 2 0 % ;治疗室、注射室合格率为 2 8 8%。在超标…     

五峰县少数民族基层医疗机构消毒效果监测现状

目的为了解五峰县少数民族基层医疗机构消毒工作现状。方法根据卫生部《消毒技术规范》对2009~2013年全县医疗卫生机构消毒灭菌效果进行监测。结果 5年共检样品6668份,平均合格率为86.25%,2009~2013年合格率依次为67.55%,81.10%,87.03%,92.18%,94.34%,经统计学处理,差异有统计学意义(x2=82.88,P0.05);县乡村合格率依次为96.46%,87.93%,80.51%。各类样品消毒效果监测结果为:室内空气合格率为79.49%;已经使用的消毒液合格率为99.02%;物体表面合格率为76.60%;医务人员的手合格率为76.18%;医疗器材灭菌质量合格率为98.08%;压力蒸汽合格率为97.84%;紫外线灯管辐射强度合格率为77.56%。结论结果表明少数民族地区基层医疗机构消毒质量整体水平逐年有所提升,村级医疗机构合格率较低。     

某市2011年医疗机构消毒质量检测结果的分析

目的了解济宁市各级医疗机构消毒灭菌效果,为科学指导医院消毒工作、预防和控制医院感染提供科学依据。方法按照《消毒与灭菌效果的评价方法与标准》(GB15981-1995)、《医院消毒卫生标准》(GB15982-1995)和卫生部《消毒技术规范》(2002年版)检测检验的要求,2011年分别对全市市直医疗机构、部分县直医院、民营医院相关重点科室的室内空气、物体表面、医护人员手和使用中消毒液进行了采样检测。结果 2011年全市各级医疗机构共采样检测979份样品,合格率为74.57%。与2010年比较,两年检测结果总合格率经统计学分析,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);不同级别医疗机构消毒质量检测合格率比较上,市直公立医院采样实验室检测合格率为83.99%,县直公立医院样品检测合格率为75.95%,民营医院检测合格率为61.51%,不同级别医疗机构消毒质量检测合格率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论 2011年消毒质量检测结果总合格率比往年有所提高,不同级别的医疗机构消毒质量检测合格率差别较大。今后在全面做好消毒质量检测工作的同时,应着力加强基层医疗机构和民营医疗机构的消毒灭菌工作。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.