泌尿系结核40例诊断体会

目的总结膀胱黏膜活检诊断泌尿系结核的经验。方法回顾性分析40例泌尿系结核患者膀胱镜检加膀胱黏膜活检的资料,并与同期进行的尿沉渣抗酸杆菌检查和泌尿系影像学检查进行比较。结果 40例中有30例(75%)膀胱黏膜活检诊断为结核性膀胱炎,高于同期尿沉渣抗酸杆菌检查10%(4/40)和泌尿系影像学检查的60%(24/40)。结论膀胱镜检查加膀胱黏膜活检是诊断泌尿系结核的一项敏感、特异和有效的方法。     

泌尿系结核32例诊断分析

目的 总结泌尿系结核的诊断经验。方法 回顾性分析32例泌尿系结核患者的临床资料与膀胱黏膜活检的结果，并与同期进行的尿沉渣抗酸杆菌检查和泌尿系影像学检查进行比较。结果 32例患者中有22例膀胱黏膜活检病理诊断为结核性膀胱炎，诊断阳性率为68．75％，高于同期进行的尿沉渣抗酸杆菌检查的21．8％（7／32）和泌尿系影像学检查的40．6％（13／32）（P均〈0．05）。结论 膀胱黏膜活检是诊断泌尿系结核的一项敏感、特异和有效的方法。     

输尿管镜活检术在不典型泌尿系结核诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨输尿管镜活检术在不典型泌尿系结核诊断中的临床应用价值。方法回顾分析11例泌尿系结核患者的临床资料及其应用输尿管镜活检术诊断的结果,并与同期进行的尿沉渣抗酸杆菌检测和泌尿系影像学检查结果进行比较。结果所有的患者均加行输尿管镜活检术,结果11例中有8例活检病理诊断证实为输尿管结核或结核性膀胱炎,诊断阳性率为72.72%,高于同期的尿沉渣抗酸杆菌检查诊断的4例(36.37%阳性率)和泌尿系影像学检查诊断的6例(54.54%阳性率);11例中还有3例输尿管镜活检术诊断为输尿管黏膜慢性炎症,考虑患肾已无功能,最后均予患肾及部分输尿管切除,术后病理证实为泌尿系结核。所有输尿管镜活检术后的病例均无严重并发症发生。结论输尿管镜活检不失为一种有效、较特异和安全的诊断泌尿系结核的方法之一。     

泌尿系结核35例诊断体会

目的:提高泌尿系结核的诊断水平。方法:回顾性分析了35例泌尿系结核的临床资料。结果:尿路刺激症、血尿和腰痛为常见症状,分别为74%、47%和43%;尿沉渣找抗酸杆菌和尿PCR-TBDNA阳性率分别为25%和36%;I VU逆行造影和CT确诊率分别为36%、30%和54%。35例术后病理均证实为泌尿系结核。结论:提高对泌尿系结核的认识,综合病史、全面体检、病原学、影像学检查可提高诊断率。尿沉渣找抗酸杆菌仍是病原体诊断的主要方法,PCR法应引起临床足够重视;I VU和逆行造影可作为泌尿系结核的首选影像学检查,不能确诊者,可选择CT检查。     

肾结核的诊断要点分析

目的:分析和总结肾结核的临床特点,提高早期诊断水平.方法:收集近5年我院收治的69例存档病例资料,系统采集病史资料及各项辅助检查数据.结果:本研究包括28例男性,41例女性.最常见症状依次为膀胱刺激征46例(66.7%),腰腹痛30例(43.5%),肉眼血尿29例(42.0%).尿常规异常58例(85.5%);尿抗酸杆菌检查27例,阳性3例(11.1%).超声、静脉肾盂造影、逆行肾盂造影、CT、MRI、膀胱镜检 活检的诊断率分别为63.2%(43/68)、46.9 oA(15/32)、85.7%(12/14),64.3%(9/14)、90.9%(10/11)、10%(1/10).结论:当就诊患者长期有不能解释的泌尿系症状时,应考虑结核性疾病可能.综合分析病史,联合应用各种实验室和影像学检查结果,是早期诊断的必要条件.     

近期泌尿系统结核诊治体会(附36例报告)

目的提高泌尿系统结核的诊治水平。方法总结了３６例患者的诊治体会。结果尿路刺激症状和血尿为最常见症状，分别为７８％和３６％。２４小时尿抗酸杆菌和尿结核ＰＣＲ的阳性率分别为２５％和４０％，ＩＶＵ，逆行尿路造影及ＣＴ的诊断符合率分别为３８％，６３％和４４％。３３例患者接受了肾及部分输尿管切除术，肾上盏结核病灶清除术１例，对侧输尿管膀胱吻合术１例及肾穿刺造瘘术１例。１例患者并发血行播散型结核死亡。结论尿沉渣染色查抗酸杆菌仍应作为泌尿系结核诊断的主要方法，ＰＣＲ法在结核诊断的意义尚需较长时间的验证。ＩＶＵ和逆行尿路造影可作为泌尿系结核诊断首选的影像学检查，对两者不能明确诊断的，可选择磁共振水成像和ＣＴ检查。对肾及输尿管结核可不做输尿管全长切除。     

肾结核72例临床分析

目的　提高肾结核的诊治水平。方法　回顾性分析72例肾结核的临床资料,总结其诊治经验。结果　尿沉渣涂片找抗酸杆菌和尿PCR TB DNA阳性率分别为22%和72.2%。72例均接受手术治疗,术后病理均诊断为肾结核。结论　泌尿系结核的临床诊断应综合分析,影像学检查及病原学诊断等多种方法,力求寻找更多证据。X线检查应首选静脉肾盂造影和逆行肾盂造影,对两者未能明确诊断者,可选择CT检查。     

输尿管镜在早期泌尿系结核诊治中的应用

目的:探讨输尿管镜在早期泌尿系结核诊断和治疗的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析21例应用输尿管镜诊断和治疗早期泌尿系结核患者的临床资料。21例输尿管镜表现分别为输尿管狭窄14例、输尿管开口炎性水肿4例、输尿管下段息肉3例。18例通过输尿管镜收集肾盂尿作结核杆菌聚合酶链反应(MTb-PCR)、沉渣找抗酸杆菌(AFB)检查和结核杆菌培养诊断为泌尿系结核,其中16例(88.9%)尿MTb-PCR呈阳性,11例(61.1%)尿沉渣找AFB阳性,7例(38.9%)结核杆菌培养阳性。3例输尿管下段息肉,用输尿管镜摘除息肉作病理检查,2例病理诊断为输尿管结核,1例误诊为输尿管炎性息肉。11例输尿管下段狭窄予行输尿管镜狭窄内切开术,其余10例予行输尿管镜扩张置管术。除误诊为输尿管炎性息肉的1例患者外,20例术后均予抗结核治疗至少6个月。结果:21例平均随访18个月,12例(57.1%)一次手术治愈;8例出现狭窄复发,5例需再次行输尿管镜狭窄内切开术治愈,3例因狭窄多次复发致无功能肾行患肾切除术;误诊为输尿管炎性息肉1例,术后12个月复查发现患侧结核性脓肾及膀胱挛缩,予行患肾切除+乙状结肠膀胱扩大术。结论:早期泌尿系结核可表现为输尿管狭窄、输尿管开口炎性水肿或输尿管下段息肉。输尿管镜技术有助于早期诊断和治疗泌尿系结核。     

泌尿系结核的诊断体会（附36例报告）

目的：提高泌尿系结核的诊断水平,方法：回顾性分析36例泌尿系结核的临床资料,总结其诊断经验,结果：最常见的主诉为尿路刺激征和血尿,分别为64％和47％;尿沉渣涂片找抗酸杆菌和尿PCR－TBDN阳性率分别为22％和30％,IVU,逆行肾盂造影,CT的确诊率分别为33％,29％和68％,36例接受手术治疗,且术后病理检查均证实为泌尿系结核。结论：泌尿系结核的临床诊断应综合病史,尿液分析,影像学检查,病原学诊断等多种方法,力求寻找更多证据,X线检查应首选IVU和逆行肾盂造影,对两者未能明确诊断者,可选择CT检查,对于中,晚期肾结核,CT的诊断价值较逆行肾盂造影更大。     

泌尿系结核16例误诊分析

目的 探讨泌尿系结核的误诊原因.方法 回顾性分析16例泌尿系结核在诊治过程中的误诊原因.16例均曾被误诊为慢性膀胱炎,其中诊断伴有肾积水、肾结石6例,多囊肾1例,附睾炎1例.结果 2例患者经手术治疗,术后病理证实肾结核.14例经药物治疗.通过尿沉渣涂片抗酸染色、PPD试验、B超、静脉尿路造影、CT及膀胱镜检查提示本病.11例患者随访6个月~4年,经手术及药物治疗后病情均未进展.结论 对存在有长期慢性膀胱炎病史的患者需进一步的病因检查,实验室检查及影像学检查具有重要的诊断价值,同时应提高对检查结果正确分析的能力.     

Urinary tuberculosis: a cohort of 79 adult cases

Abstract

We aimed to investigate the demographic, clinical, diagnostic, treatment and outcome features of patients with urinary tuberculosis (UTB). Patients with UTB admitted to seven separate centers across Turkey between 1995 and 2013 were retrospectively evaluated. The diagnosis of UTB was made by the presence of any clinical finding plus positivity of one of the following: (1) acid-fast bacilli (AFB) in urine, (2) isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, (3) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for M. tuberculosis, (4) histopathological evidence for TB. Seventy-nine patients (49.36% male, mean age 50.1?±?17.4 years) were included. Mean time between onset of symptoms and clinical diagnosis was 9.7?±?8.9 months. The most common signs and symptoms were hematuria (79.7%), sterile pyuria (67.1%), dysuria (51.9%), weakness (51.9%), fever (43%) and costovertebral tenderness (38%). Cystoscopy was performed in 59 (74.6%), bladder biopsy in 18 (22.8%), kidney biopsy in 1 (1.26%) and nephrectomy in 12 (15.2%) patients. Histopathological verification of UTB was achieved in 12 (63.1%) patients who undergone biopsy and in 100% of those undergone nephrectomy. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated in the urine of 50 (63.3%) cases. Four-drug standard anti-TB treatment was the preferred regimen for 87.3% of the patients. Mean treatment duration was 10.5?±?2.7 months. Deterioration of renal function occurred in 15 (18.9%) patients two of whom progressed to end-stage renal disease and received hemodialysis. Only one patient died after 74-day medical treatment period. Cases with UTB may present with non-specific clinical features. All diagnostic studies including radiology, cyctoscopy and histopathology are of great importance to exclude UTB and prevent renal failure.     

Nasopharyngeal tuberculosis: manifestations between 1991 and 2000.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To present the clinical manifestation of nasopharyngeal tuberculosis. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical analysis of 23 patients with pathologically confirmed nasopharyngeal tuberculosis was carried out retrospectively. SETTING: Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen University. Thailand. RESULTS: The most common presenting symptom was cervical lymphadenopathy (91.3%). The common locations of nodes were the superior and middle cervical. The abnormalities of the nasopharynx were found in 16 patients. The pathological findings were caseous granuloma with positive acid-fast bacilli (AFB) in 15 cases, caseous granuloma with negative AFB in 3 cases, and chronic granulomatous inflammation with negative AFB in 5 cases. Pulmonary tuberculosis was found in 8 of 18 patients. Sixteen patients who received complete treatment responded well. CONCLUSION: Nasopharyngeal tuberculosis commonly presents with cervical lymphadenopathy. The differential diagnosis of tuberculosis from nasopharyngeal carcinoma is difficult. In the patients who have cervical lymphadenopathy and no other identified causes, biopsy of nasopharynx would give an additive information for diagnosis.     

肾结核326例临床分析

目的 探讨肾结核的早期诊断和治疗.方法 回顾分析326例肾结核患者的临床资料.结果 尿频、尿急、尿痛、腰痛和血尿是最常见的症状,分别为51.8%、37.2%、33.4%、41.0%和48.1%.IVP、B超、CT、膀胱黏膜活检和MRU诊断符合率分别为69.1%、46.6%、89.8%、44.4%和85.6%.96例抗结...     

Rapid diagnosis of genitourinary tuberculosis by polymerase chain reaction and non-radioactive DNA hybridization

OBJECTIVE: To establish a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the rapid detection and identification of mycobacteria in urine, and to assess the value of such assay in routine laboratory diagnosis of genitourinary tuberculosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Urine specimens from 1000 patients with clinical suspicion of urinary tuberculosis were examined. Two assays for the detection and identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) complex and mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT) by non-radioactive DNA hybridization of PCR-product were applied. The first assay used PCR primers and probe derived from M. tuberculosis species-specific DNA insertion sequence, IS6110. The second utilized mycobacterium genus-specific sequence encoding ribosomal ribonucleic acid (16S rRNA). The results obtained by PCR were compared with those obtained by standard microbiological methods, acid-fast bacilli (AFB) stain and culture. RESULTS: Compared with cultures, the sensitivity of AFB staining was 52.07% and the specificity was 96.7%. In comparison to the results of culture, the overall sensitivity and specificity of the IS6110-PCR assay was 95.59% and 98.12% respectively. While the corresponding results for the 16S rRNA gene-PCR were 87.05% and 98. 9%. CONCLUSION: The high sensitivity and specificity in addition to the potential for rapid detection of mycobacteria, makes this test a useful tool in the clinical management of mycobacterial infection in urine. Urine specimens may contain M. tuberculosis and/or other mycobacteria; therefore, there are advantages in using genus-specific primers in parallel with species-specific primers in PCR assay.     

The clinical presentation and outcome of urothelial atypia on biopsy of the bladder

ObjectivesTo examine the presentation and clinical outcome of patients diagnosed with reactive urothelial atypia (RUA) or urothelial atypia of unknown significance (AUS) on tissue biopsy of the bladder.Methods and materialsWe performed a retrospective cohort study of all patients who were diagnosed with either RUA or AUS on biopsy of the bladder at our institution from November 2000 to May 2008. Excluded from the analysis were patients with a history of or a concurrent diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma. A total of 66 patients were available for final analysis.ResultsThe mean patient age at diagnosis was 63 years (range: 18–89 years). There were 46 men (70%) and 20 women (30%). The indication for cystoscopic examination included lower urinary tract symptoms in 29 (44%), gross hematuria in 17 (26%), microscopic hematuria in 12 (18%), urolithiasis in 2 (3%), and hydronephrosis in 6 (9%) patients. On biopsy, 54 (82%) had RUA and 12 (18%) had AUS. The mean follow-up was 36 months (range: 0–271 months). During this period, 37 (56%) patients underwent at least 1 additional cystoscopy with negative result. None of the 66 (0%) patients developed biopsy-proven urothelial carcinoma.ConclusionUrothelial atypia is common in men older than 60 years and often presents with either hematuria or lower urinary tract symptoms. Both RUA and AUS have a similar benign clinical course. Therefore, after diagnosis, further intervention or surveillance is unnecessary.     

Urinary tuberculosis: ten years' experience

In this study of 26 patients, clinical features diagnosed as urinary tuberculosis in our nephrology and urology clinics between 1993 and 2002 were investigated retrospectively. Fifteen patients (52%) were male, and mean age was 43.5 (18-71). Twenty percent of the patients were asymptomatic. Frequency-dysuria (46%), flank pain (33%), and macroscopic hematuria (12%) were presenting symptoms. Physical examination was not diagnostically helpful in most patients. Hematuria and/or pyuria were detected in 80% of the patients. Eleven patients had positive urine cultures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (42%), and 7 patients had positive smears (25%). Definitive diagnosis of urinary tuberculosis was established microbiologically in 15 patients (58%) and histopathologically in 11 patients (42%). Tuberculin skin test was positive in 60% of the patients. Eight patients had an abnormal chest roentgenogram. Hydronephrosis (majority bilateral) in 11 patients (42%), contracted bladder in 9 patients (34.6%), and renal calcification in 6 patients (23%) were detected. Two patients also had genital tuberculosis (epididymoorchitis). Although only medical treatment was applied in 13 patients for 9 months, in the rest of the patients medical therapy plus surgical intervention was carried out. End-stage renal failure developed in one patient who died on hemodialysis. Renal functions had decreased moderately in two other patients. In conclusion, the diagnosis of urinary tuberculosis was able to be established after the obstructive complications and functional losses were developed in a fair number of cases. Surgical treatment was carried out in half the patients. Urinary tuberculosis should be taken into consideration because early diagnosis and treatment is very important for the presenting of irreversible sequelae.     

SCREENING AND MONITORING FOR BLADDER CANCER: REFINING THE USE OF NMP22

PURPOSE: While detecting bladder cancer, bladder tumor markers demonstrate improved sensitivity compared with urinary cytology but the current limitation is the low specificity and positive predictive value, that is high false-positive rate. We examined the clinical categories of the false-positive results, established relative exclusion criteria, and recalculated the specificity and positive predictive value of this assay with these criteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 608 patients considered at risk for bladder cancer presented to a urology clinic and submitted a single urine sample. Of the 608 patients 529 (87%) presented with de novo hematuria or chronic voiding symptoms without a diagnosis of bladder cancer. There were 79 (13.0%) patients being monitored with a known history of bladder cancer. Each urine sample was examined via cytology, urinalysis, culture and NMP22 protein assay. All patients underwent office cystoscopy, and transurethral resection and/or biopsy if a bladder tumor was suspected. RESULTS: Of the 608 patients 226 (37.2%) presented with microscopic hematuria, 143 (23.5%) with gross hematuria and 239 (39.3%) had chronic symptoms of urinary frequency or dysuria. There were 52 (8.6%) patients who had histologically confirmed bladder cancer. Of these 52 cancers NMP22 detected 46 (88.5%), whereas cytology identified only 16 (30.8%). When atypical cytology was considered positive, cytology detected 32 (61.5%) cases. In the 135 patients with increased NMP22 values the 46 identified tumors were accompanied by 89 false-positive values yielding a specificity of 83.9% and a positive predictive value of 34.1%. These false-positive results were divided into 6 clinical categories. Exclusion of these categories improved the specificity and positive predictive value of NMP22 to 99.2% and 92.0%, respectively, yielding results similar to urinary cytology (99.8% and 94.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Awareness and exclusion of the categories of false-positive results can increase the specificity and positive predictive value of NMP22, enhancing the clinical use of this urinary tumor marker.     

Urinary Tuberculosis: Ten Years' Experience

In this study of 26 patients, clinical features diagnosed as urinary tuberculosis in our nephrology and urology clinics between 1993 and 2002 were investigated retrospectively. Fifteen patients (52%) were male, and mean age was 43.5 (18–71). Twenty percent of the patients were asymptomatic. Frequency-dysuria (46%), flank pain (33%), and macroscopic hematuria (12%) were presenting symptoms. Physical examination was not diagnostically helpful in most patients. Hematuria and/or pyuria were detected in 80% of the patients. Eleven patients had positive urine cultures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (42%), and 7 patients had positive smears (25%). Definitive diagnosis of urinary tuberculosis was established microbiologically in 15 patients (58%) and histopathologically in 11 patients (42%). Tuberculin skin test was positive in 60% of the patients. Eight patients had an abnormal chest roentgenogram. Hydronephrosis (majority bilateral) in 11 patients (42%), contracted bladder in 9 patients (34.6%), and renal calcification in 6 patients (23%) were detected. Two patients also had genital tuberculosis (epididymoorchitis). Although only medical treatment was applied in 13 patients for 9 months, in the rest of the patients medical therapy plus surgical intervention was carried out. End-stage renal failure developed in one patient who died on hemodialysis. Renal functions had decreased moderately in two other patients. In conclusion, the diagnosis of urinary tuberculosis was able to be established after the obstructive complications and functional losses were developed in a fair number of cases. Surgical treatment was carried out in half the patients. Urinary tuberculosis should be taken into consideration because early diagnosis and treatment is very important for the presenting of irreversible sequelae.