联合尺神经束支和臂丛外神经移位治疗臂丛损伤

目的 观察联合尺神经束支和臂丛外神经移位治疗臂丛损伤的临床效果.方法 臂丛损伤6例,其中单纯上干损伤4例;上中干为主,合并下干部分损伤2例.伤后平均2.8个月接受手术.术式包括尺神经部分束支转位至肌皮神经肱二头肌肌支,膈神经或者副神经斜方肌支转位至肩胛上神经,桡神经肱三头肌长头肌支转位修复腋神经肌支.用肱二头肌、岗上肌和三角肌肌力,肩外展和上举角度,尺神经功能损失等指标对手术方式和效果进行评估.结果 6例中5例得到随访,平均随访时间18个月,肱二头肌均在术后3～4个月开始恢复肌力.随访时间18个月以上的4例屈肘M_4~+～M_5;随访时间4个月的1例屈肘M_3~+.其中3例行外展功能重建,单用膈神经修复的病例上臂可上举至180°,外展肌力M_4~+;联合副神经和肱三头肌长头肌支修复的病例上肢可外展90°,肌力M_4~-;单用副神经修复的病例上肢可外展80°,肌力M_3~+.3例手部握持力与术前相同,2例增强.4例手部尺神经供区功能无明显影响,1例小指掌侧皮肤感觉减退,第一骨间背侧肌萎缩.结论 尺神经部分束支转位修复肱二头肌支可以有效的恢复臂丛损伤后屈肘功能;用膈神经修复肩胛上神经可能取得更好的肩外展和上举效果;本组臂丛下干部分损伤的病例受伤均在3个月内,采用此术式同样恢复了肱二头肌功能,未加重原有的手功能障碍.     

正中神经、尺神经部分束支移位术重建屈肘功能

目的 观察正中神经、尺神经部分束支移位术的临床疗效及手术前后供体神经功能的变化,分析影响手术疗效的因素。方法 应用正中神经、尺神经部分束支移接给肱二头肌肌支治疗臂丛神经上千型根性撕脱伤,重建屈肘功能。对施行手术的36例患者进行6个月至5年多的随访,根据肱二头肌肌力和肘关节主动活动范围,将患者术后恢复情况分为三级：优：肱二头肌肌力达4级以上,肘关节屈曲达90度以上;可：肱二头肌肌力达3级,肘关节屈曲达60～90度;差：肱二头肌肌力2级以下,肘关节屈曲60度以下。分析影响疗效的几种因素。结果 手术疗效显著,有效率(肱二头肌肌力3级以上)达94．4％,优良率(肱二头肌肌力4级以上)达63．9％。手术前后供体神经功能没有明显变化。影响手术疗效的主要因素有：损伤类型、损伤原因、手术距损伤的间隔时间、患者年龄、供体神经的选择及术后功能锻炼。准确判断患者的损伤类型,严格掌握手术适应证是手术成功的关键。结论 正中神经、尺神经部分束支移位术是治疗臂丛神经上千型根性撕脱伤的一种安全、可靠、有效的手术方法。     

神经束支移位重建屈肘功能80例随访分析

目的 评价用神经束支移位恢复屈肘功能的手术结果和影响疗效的因素。方法 臂丛神经上干根性损伤或上干根性损伤合并中、下干不全损伤的病例，应用正中神经束支或尺神经束支移位与肌皮神经肱二头肌支相吻合，恢复屈肘功能，临床治疗80例。结果术后经过8～108个月随访，肱二头肌力达M4者50例，肌力达M3者16例，M3以下者14例；手术有效率为(肱二头肌力M3以上)82．5％，优良率(肱二头肌肌力M4以上，为62．5％。结论对于臂丛神经上干或上、中干根性的损伤应首选尺神经或正中神经束支移位修复，重建恢复屈肘功能。     

神经束移位重建屈肘功能

目的评价用神经束移位恢复屈肘功能的手术方法与临床疗效.方法对臂丛损伤,分别应用正中神经、尺神经、胸背神经及健侧C7部分神经束移位与肌皮神经肱二头肌支缝合恢复屈肘功能.结果临床应用52例中有26例肱二头肌力达M4级,屈曲肘关节达90°以上,供体神经无明显的损害.结论利用神经束移位可以提供足够的神经纤维,恢复肱二头肌的神经支配.     

正中神经束支移位重建屈肘功能

目的 探讨正中神经束支移位重建屈肘功能的临床疗效,观察供体神经的变化.方法 在臂丛神经上干损伤屈肘功能障碍时,应用正中神经部分束支移位与肌皮神经肱二头肌支吻合重建屈肘功能14例,并进行10～36个月的随访.根据肱二头肌肌力和肘关节活动范围评定术后疗效.结果 本组优9例,可3例,差2例.影响手术疗效的因素有年龄、损伤距手术时间、臂丛神经损伤的程度、神经吻合的质量,以及功能锻炼的方式方法.手术前后供体神经功能没有明显变化.结论 正中神经部分束支移位重建屈肘功能是治疗臂丛神经上干损伤的一种简便、安全、疗效可靠的治疗方法.     

多组神经束支部移位治疗臂丛神经上干损伤的近期疗效

目的 通过在各受区神经近入肌点处同时进行多组神经束支部移位,恢复臂丛神经上干损伤后丧失的肩肘功能.方法 2007年2月-9月,收治4例单纯臂丛神经上干损伤男性患者.年龄21～39岁.均为车祸伤.左侧1例,右侧3例.患侧肩关节外展、外旋、上举及屈肘不能;耸肩、伸肘、屈伸腕指肌力≥4级.肌电图检查:副神经、尺神经及肱三头肌长头肌支功能好;正中神经功能轻度受损.患者于伤后3～11个月入院.于全麻下行后路副神经到肩胛上神经、肱三头肌肌支到腋神经、尺神经部分束支到肱二头肌肌支和/或正中神经部分束支到肱肌肌支移位术.结果 术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,其中1例术后出现手部尺侧麻木症状,经对症处理后症状消失.余患者未出现与供区神经相关的运动、感觉功能受损症状.4例均获随访,随访时间7～12个月.术后3～4个月患侧均出现肩外展、屈肘动作.肌电图显示3组受区肌肉均可记录到新生电位.术后6～7个月,患者肩外展30～65°,屈肘90～120°,肌力3～4级.1例随访12个月患者肩外展、上举、外旋及届肘主动活动度基本正常,三角肌、肱二头肌外形轮廓接近正常.结论 应用功能相近的供体神经进行多组神经束支部移位具有供区损失小、恢复时间快、功能恢复佳等优点.尤其适合因伤后时间长延误治疗及锁骨上探查有风险的臂丛神经上干损伤患者.     

尺神经部分神经束移接肱二头肌运动支术中肌电和疗效观察

目的研究利用尺神经部分神经束移位，治疗臂丛上干根性撕脱伤的临床效果，以及术中应用诱发电位检测供区神经束的经验。方法１９９６年７月～１２月，对６例臂丛上干根性撕脱伤行部分尺神经神经束移接于肌皮神经外侧支手术。术中对尺神经保留部分和切取部分的神经束进行电生理检测。结果尺神经保留部分和切取部分神经束诱发电位的潜伏期和波幅，两者结果均无明显差异。４例术后随访３～７．５个月，肱二头肌肌力恢复到２～３级，供区神经支配区无功能障碍。肌电图检查：神经束移位后的肱二头肌均有新生电位出现。结论采用部分尺神经束移位，治疗臂丛上干根性撕脱伤以恢复屈肘功能，是一个可行的有效的手术方法     

背阔肌移位重建屈肘功能

1974年6月～1995年10月,我科对21例晚期臂丛神经损伤重建了屈肘功能。获随访的15例中,术后肘关节屈曲小于60度者仅2例,疗效较为满意。 一、资料与方法 1.一般资料:本组21例,男17例,女4例,年龄11～58岁。全臂丛根性撕脱伤4例,早期曾行多组神经移位术,术后随访1～2年,背阔肌肌力恢复至4级以上,肱二头肌肌力在2级以下。单纯臂丛神经上干损伤17例,11例作神经移位术,5例术后1～2年肱二头肌肌力在2级以下;6例在早期手术时,因发现肱二头肌已纤维化而直接行背阔肌移位术。     

臂丛根性撕裂合并脊膜袖损伤一例

患者男,21岁。酒后驾驶摩托车摔伤左上肢3个月入院。临床表现:左上肢三角肌、肱二头肌、肱肌、肱三头肌、冈上肌、冈下肌、肱桡肌、旋前圆肌、旋后肌、桡侧腕屈肌等瘫痪,肩关节不能外展或上举,肘关节不能屈曲或伸展,腕关节屈曲力量减弱,手指活动可;肢体皮肤感觉功能可,Horner 征阴性。诊断:左臂丛神经上中干损伤。入院1周后行臂丛神经探查术,取锁骨上“V”     

背阔肌肌皮瓣移位重建晚期臂丛神经上干损伤屈肘功能的疗效评价

目的评价背阔肌肌皮瓣移位重建晚期臂丛神经上干损伤屈肘功能的疗效。方法自2008-01—2013-12采用背阔肌肌皮瓣单极移位法重建9例晚期臂丛神经上干损伤屈肘功能,其中5例将背阔肌远端分别固定于肱桡肌及肱二头肌腱和4例采用传统方法。结果背阔肌肌皮瓣全部存活,伤口愈合良好,无感染等并发症发生。9例获得随访12~36个月,平均28个月。7例术后肌力恢复到M4,2例肌力恢复到M3,屈肘角度50°~110°,平均91°。患者术前、术后肌力比较,差异有统计学意义(t=9.34,P0.05)。根据远端固定2种方式,采用多元T统计分析2组肌力、屈肘力量、角度恢复程度,两者差异无统计学意义(F=1.18,P0.05)。结论采用背阔肌肌皮瓣移位重建晚期臂丛神经上干损伤屈肘功能的疗效满意。     

Transfer of fascicles from the ulnar nerve to the nerve to the biceps in the treatment of upper brachial plexus palsy

BACKGROUND: The transfer of one or more ulnar nerve fascicles to the nerve to the biceps can restore elbow flexion in patients with upper brachial plexus palsy. The purposes of the present retrospective study were to evaluate the results of this procedure, to measure the delay in reinnervation of the biceps muscle, and to define the indications for a secondary Steindler flexorplasty. METHODS: Thirty-two patients with an upper nerve-root brachial plexus injury were reviewed at an average of thirty-one months after the nerve fascicle transfer. The average age of the patients was twenty-eight years. The average time between the injury and the operation was nine months. Patients were evaluated with regard to reinnervation of the biceps, ulnar nerve function, elbow flexion strength, and grip strength. RESULTS: The average time required for reinnervation of the biceps after nerve fascicle transfer was five months. No motor or sensory deficits related to the ulnar nerve were noted clinically. The average grip strength at the time of the last follow-up was 25 kg (an improvement of 9 kg compared with the preoperative value). After the nerve transfer, twenty-four patients achieved grade-3 elbow flexion strength or better according to the grading system of the Medical Research Council. A Steindler flexorplasty was performed as a secondary procedure in ten patients with persistent grade-3 flexor strength or worse. In eight of these cases, elbow flexion strength improved after nerve transfer and flexorplasty. Overall, thirty of the thirty-two patients achieved a good result (grade-4 strength) or a fair result (grade-3 strength). CONCLUSIONS: We recommend this procedure for brachial plexus injuries involving the C5-C6 or C5-C6-C7 nerve roots. This procedure spares the C5 nerve root and other nerves for grafting or transfer elsewhere. A secondary Steindler flexorplasty is indicated for patients who have persistent grade-3 elbow flexion strength or worse for at least twelve months after nerve fascicle transfer.     

正中神经、尺神经部分束支移位术重建屈肘功能的远期疗效分析

目的 观察正中神经、尺神经部分束支移位重建屈肘功能的远期疗效,总结其手术适应证的影响疗效的因素。方法 对36例患者进行平均为29．2个月的长期随访,按结果评定手术疗效并分析影响疗效的主要因素。结果 手术有效率达94．4％,优良率达63．9％。影响手术疗效的6个主要因素为：损伤类型、受伤原因、手术距受伤时间、患者年龄、供体神经的选择及术后功能锻炼。准确判断患者的损伤类型,严格掌握手术适应证是手术成功的关键。结论 正中神经、尺神经部分束支移位术是治疗臂丛神经上干型根性撕脱伤的一种安全、可靠而有效的手术方法。     

Results of reinnervation of the biceps and brachialis muscles with a double fascicular transfer for elbow flexion

PURPOSE: To report the results of a surgical technique of nerve transfer to reinnervate the brachialis muscle and the biceps muscle to restore elbow flexion after brachial plexus injury. METHODS: Retrospective review was performed on 6 patients who had direct nerve transfer of a single expendable motor fascicle from both the ulnar and median nerves directly to the biceps and brachialis branches of the musculocutaneous nerve. Assessment included degree of recovery of elbow flexion and ulnar and median nerve function including pinch and grip strengths. RESULTS: Clinical evidence of reinnervation was noted at a mean of 5.5 months (SD, 1 mo; range, 3.5-7 mo) after surgery and the mean follow-up period was 20.5 months (SD, 11.2 mo, range, 13-43 mo). Mean recovery of elbow flexion was Medical Research Council grade 4+. Postoperative pinch and grip strengths were unchanged or better in all patients. No motor or sensory deficits related to the ulnar or median nerves were noted and all patients maintained good hand function. No patients required additional procedures to further improve elbow flexion strength. CONCLUSIONS: Transfer of expendable motor fascicles from the ulnar and median nerves successfully can reinnervate the biceps and brachialis muscles for strong elbow flexion. The reinnervation of the brachialis muscle, the primary elbow flexor, as well as the biceps muscle provides an additional biomechanical advantage that accounts for the excellent elbow flexion strength obtained using this technique. Direct coaptation of the nerve fascicles was performed without the need for nerve grafts and there was no functional or sensory donor morbidity.     

Nerve transfers to the biceps and brachialis branches to improve elbow flexion strength after brachial plexus injuries

OBJECT: In this study the authors evaluated the outcome in patients with brachial plexus injuries who underwent nerve transfers to the biceps and the brachialis branches of the musculocutaneous nerve. METHODS: The charts of eight patients who underwent an ulnar nerve fascicle transfer to the biceps branch of the musculocutaneous nerve and a separate transfer to the brachialis branch were retrospectively reviewed. Outcome was assessed using the Medical Research Council (MRC) grade to classify elbow flexion strength in conjunction with electromyography (EMG). The mean patient age was 26.4 years (range 16-45 years) and the mean time from injury to surgery was 3.8 months (range 2.5-7.5 months). Recovery of elbow flexion was MRC Grade 4 in five patients, and Grade 4+ in three. Reinnervation of both the biceps and brachialis muscles was confirmed on EMG studies. Ulnar nerve function was not downgraded in any patient. CONCLUSIONS: The use of nerve transfers to reinnervate the biceps and brachialis muscle provides excellent elbow flexion strength in patients with brachial plexus nerve injuries.     

Transfer of a single fascicle from the ulnar nerve to the biceps muscle after avulsions of upper roots of the brachial plexus

Thirty-six patients with avulsions of upper roots of the brachial plexus underwent transfer of a single fascicle from the ulnar nerve to the proximal motor branch of the biceps muscle to restore elbow flexion. The mean period of follow-up was 22 months. The average reinnervation time for the biceps muscle was 3.3 months. Thirty-four patients achieved biceps strength of Medical Research Council grade 3 or better. The operative results in the patients with C5, C6 avulsions were better than those with C5, C6, C7 avulsions. At the last follow-up examination, grip strength, pinch strength, moving two-point discrimination and the strength of flexion of the wrist on the affected side was not worse than before surgery in any patient.     

Transfer of one fascicle of ulnar nerve to functioning free gracilis muscle transplantation for elbow flexion

Background: In brachial plexus injury, elbow flexion is the first priority in reconstruction. Neglected cases need functioning free muscle transplantation that requires the donor nerve to supply the transplanted muscle. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects and results of transferring one fascicle of the ulnar nerve to the transplanted gracilis muscle. Methods: One woman and two men with neglected avulsions of the C5,C6 roots of the brachial plexus underwent free gracilis muscle transfer for elbow flexion. One fascicle of the ulnar nerve was used as the donor nerve. Results: The mean period of follow‐up was 33.3 months. The average reinnervation time of gracilis muscle was 3.7 months. At the final examination, the mean strength of elbow flexion was 4.3 kgf. The grip strength, moving two‐point discrimination and the strength of the wrist volar flexion on the affected side was not worse than before surgery in any patient at the last follow‐up examination. Conclusions: A fascicle of the ulnar nerve can be one of the most effective options for functioning free muscle transplantation for elbow flexion.