新生儿社区和院内获得性肺炎的病原学特点及药敏分析

目的探讨新生儿社区获得性肺炎(CAP)和院内获得性肺炎(HAP)的病原分布和药敏情况。方法回顾性分析2010年1月—2014年12月因新生儿肺炎住院且痰培养阳性新生儿的临床资料。结果在3 564例CAP新生儿中共检出病原微生物4 383株,其中细菌3 584株、病毒771、真菌7株及非典型病原体21株。细菌以革兰阴性菌为主,3 045株(85.0%),细菌中排名前三的为肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌及金黄色葡萄球菌;病毒以呼吸道合胞病毒为主,693株(89.9%)。在344例HAP新生儿中共检出病原微生物424株,其中细菌402株,真菌17株,呼吸道合胞病毒5株。细菌均为革兰阴性菌,未发现革兰阳性菌,排名前三的为肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌及鲍曼不动杆菌。CAP与HAP新生儿中革兰阴性菌产ESBLs菌分别为26.9%、46.8%,差异有统计学意义(P?0.05)。CAP、HAP的肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌均对阿米卡星、碳青霉烯类高度敏感。HAP的肺炎克雷伯菌对常用抗菌药物(除阿米卡星、喹诺酮类外)的敏感性普遍低于CAP,差异有统计学意义(P?0.05);HAP的大肠埃希菌对常用抗菌药物(除阿米卡星、喹诺酮类及碳青霉烯类外)的敏感性普遍低于CAP,差异有统计学意义(P?0.05)。此外,还发现耐碳青霉烯类的肠杆菌。结论新生儿肺炎病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,其中CAP以肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌及金黄色葡萄球菌为主,HAP以肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌及鲍曼不动杆菌为主。HAP致病菌的产酶率和耐药性均普遍高于CAP,且有多重耐药趋势。     

Nosocomial transmission of community‐acquired methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a well‐infant nursery of a teaching hospital

Background: Infection due to community‐acquired strains of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA‐MRSA) has been reported with increasing frequency. Herein is described the nosocomial transmission of CA‐MRSA involving 13 neonates and two mothers in a well‐infant nursery in a teaching hospital in Saudi Arabia. Methods: From October to November 2009, temporally related cases of CA‐MRSA skin and soft‐tissue infection occurred in newborns shortly after discharge from a well‐infant nursery. An outbreak investigation including case identification, review of medical records, staff screening, environmental cultures, pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis, and a case–control study were conducted. Controls were selected from among asymptomatic neonates admitted to the same nursery and matched for the day of admission. Results: Fifteen subjects were found to be CA‐MRSA positive: 13 neonates and two mothers. The crude attack rate among neonates was 5.5% during the outbreak period. All 13 neonates presented with skin and soft‐tissue infection; one of the mothers had mastitis and a breast abscess. The source of the outbreak was not evident. Pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis showed that all of the tested isolates from one strain except one, all contained the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type IV. Conclusion: MRSA strains that initially emerged in the community are now causing disease in health‐care settings. Adherence to standard infection control practices, including consistent hand hygiene, in newborn nurseries is important to prevent transmission in such settings.     

儿童重症监护病房获得性肺炎病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 回顾性分析儿童重症监护病房(PICU)获得性肺炎(HAP)病原菌分布及耐药情况,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据.方法 采用VITEK-32微生物全自动鉴定系统鉴定细菌到种,以纸片扩散法进行药敏试验.结果 共诊断HAP 147例,分离出病原菌274株,革兰阴性(G-)杆菌占78.47%,真菌占12.04%,革兰阳性(G+)球菌占9.49%.鲍曼不动杆菌居首位,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)检出率分别为57.69%和59.18%.耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌检出率为72.73%.药敏结果显示,G-杆菌均存在不同程度耐药,其中鲍曼不动杆菌和嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌对碳青霉烯类耐药率分别高达74.29%和100%;G+球菌对青霉素类耐药率达81.82%以上;真菌普遍敏感.结论 HAP优势病原菌为G-杆菌.各类细菌对常用抗菌药物表现为严重耐药和多重耐药.不同病原菌对抗生素的敏感性和耐药性差异较大,临床应依据细菌病原学及耐药性资料,合理选择抗菌药物.     

Risk factors and pathogen profile of ventilator‐associated pneumonia in a neonatal intensive care unit in China

Background: The aim of the present study was to explore the incidence and risk factors of, and summarize the involved pathogens in, neonates with ventilator‐associated pneumonia (VAP) in the authors' neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) to determine the effective strategies for prevention. Methods: A retrospective case–control study including 117 VAP patients and 232 controls was conducted from January 2002 to July 2008. The antibiotics sensitivity spectrum was determined on quantitative microbiological evaluation. Multiple logistic regression and Cox model analysis were performed to determine independent and accumulative risk factors for VAP. Results: Multivariate analysis showed that birthweight, mechanical ventilation (MV), parenteral alimentation, dexamethasone and other respiratory disease were associated with the development of VAP. The cumulative risk for developing VAP increased over the duration of stay in the NICU. The most common isolated bacteria of the pathogen spectrum in VAP were Klebsiella spp. (33/146), Acinetobacter baumannii (26/146), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18/146) and Staphylococcus aureus(13/146). Meanwhile, we found that previous use of antibiotics before VAP diagnosis was not associated with the onset of VAP. Conclusions: The daily risk for VAP increases with duration of stay in the NICU after ventilation. Drug‐resistant bacteria are common pathogens for neonatal VAP in the authors' NICU.     

新生儿社区和医院感染性肺炎的病原学特点和细菌药敏分析

目的 探讨引起新生儿社区感染性肺炎(CAP)和医院感染性肺炎(HAP)的病原分布,并对细菌耐药性进行分析,以指导临床防治.方法 对2006年1月-2007年12月收治的新生儿社区和医院感染性肺炎患儿痰标本进行病原检测,用KB法测定病原菌耐药性.结果 117例CAP共检出138株病原微生物,其中细菌89株(64.5%),病毒42株(30.4%).细蔺以金黄色葡萄球菌(22株,55.0%)、大肠埃希菌(18株,36.7%)为主,前者对p内酰胺类抗生素敏感率较高,对青霉素、红霉素耐药率高,后者对第三代头孢菌素的耐药率较高,对环丙沙星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、阿莫西林/克拉维酸钾、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南等敏感性较高.CAP中病毒感染以呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)为主(34株,81.0%),起病时间集中于12月至次年4月.58例HAP中47例为呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP),HAP共检出54株病原微生物,其中细菌主要为鲍氏不动杆菌(18株,46.1%)及肺炎克霄伯菌(9株,23.1%),两者均有较明显的耐药及多重耐药现象.HAP共分离病毒8株,均为RSV,起病时间集中于11月至次年3月.HAP及CAP中G-杆菌产ESBLs菌分别占31.58%及38.64%.结论 新生儿肺炎的临床治疗及选用抗生素,应考虑到医院内及社区感染的敛病菌谱差别及其耐约情况.住院患儿应注意预防、积极治疗VAP.RSV为冬春季节HAP的主要病原体之一,对RSV感染患儿应采取有效隔离,避免引起院内流行.     

Recurrence of pelvic abscess from Panton–Valentine leukocidin‐positive community‐acquired ST30 methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus

A 17‐year‐old female patient (a basketball player) suffered from recurrent pelvic abscesses from methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The first episode, from strain NN12, occurred in October 2004. Her cutaneous abscesses complicated into systemic progression to osteomyelitis and multifocal pelvic abscesses, adjacent to the sacroiliac joint. The second episode, abscesses at tissues adjacent to the sacroiliac joint from strain NN31A, occurred late in February 2005. The third episode, from strain NN31B, occurred on July 30, 2005, repeating the second episode. Three MRSA strains were identical in terms of genotypes (belonging to Panton‐Valentine leukocidin [PVL]‐positive ST30 community‐acquired MRSA, CA‐MRSA), pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis patterns, and peptide cytolysin gene (psmα) expression levels. The three MRSA strains exhibited superior THP‐1 cell invasion ability over hospital‐acquired MRSA (New York/Japan clone). The data suggest that PVL‐positive ST30 CA‐MRSA, with high levels of cell invasion and peptide cytolysins, causes recurrence of pelvic abscesses in a healthy adolescent.     

儿童社区获得性肺炎病原微生物分布研究

了解本院儿童社区获得性肺炎(CAP)病原微生物分布规律。方法：对入选的1 167例年龄在28 d至8岁间的CAP患儿,于入院4 h内分别采集呼吸道分泌物和静脉血进行多病原联合检测。呼吸道分泌物用于细菌培养,并用实时聚合酶链反应法（RT-PCR）检测肺炎支原体和沙眼衣原体;静脉血用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测呼吸道合胞病毒和腺病毒。结果：在1 167例CAP患儿中,呼吸道分泌物培养出细菌308株,其中革兰阳性菌占53.6%,革兰阴性菌占46.4%。前5位细菌分别为：肺炎链球菌(35.1%),大肠埃希菌(11.7%),金黄色葡萄球菌（8.8%）,肺炎克雷伯菌（6.5%）,卡他莫拉菌（5.8%）。产酶菌株在前5位细菌中占30.1%。非细菌病原体检出率为24.1%（281/1 167）,其中呼吸道合胞病毒的感染率最高,为19.3%（225/1 167）。呼吸道合胞病毒与肺炎链球菌的混合感染率最常见（35.2%）。多数病原微生物在1岁以下患儿中的感染率高于1岁以上患儿。结论：肺炎链球菌与呼吸道合胞病毒为本院儿童CAP的主要病原体;多数病原微生物在1岁以下患儿中的感染率高于1岁以上患儿。［中国当代儿科杂志,2010,12（3）：184-187］     

儿童社区获得性肺炎口服与非口服抗生素疗效比较的Meta分析

目的 采用Meta分析对口服和非口服抗生素在儿童社区获得性肺炎治疗中的疗效进行定量评价.方法 检索MEDLINE、EMBASE数据库和Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials(CEN-TRAL),检索时间均从建库至2016年9月,获得口服和非口服抗生素治疗儿童社区获得性肺炎相关的临床随机对照试验(randomized controlled trial,RCT),按照纳入、排除标准进行文献筛选,采用Review Man-ager 5.3对纳入的RCT文献进行Meta分析.结果 共检索到4582篇,最终7篇(n=5030)纳入本研究.口服与非口服抗生素患儿的总体治疗失败率没有显著性差异(OR=0.82,95%CI=0.63-1.08,P<0.01);小于1岁患儿的口服治疗失败率显著高于非口服患儿(OR=2.25,95%CI=1.61-3.14,P<0.01);在纳入研究前1周有抗生素使用史的患儿的治疗失败率显著高于无抗生素使用史的患儿(OR=1.94,95%CI=1.50-2.50,P<0.01);口服抗生素患儿病死率显著低于非口服抗生素患儿(OR=0.31,95%CI=0.11-0.85,P=0.02);两种用药方式治疗的复发率(OR=1.28,95%CI=0.34-4.82)、失访率(OR=1.08,95%CI=0.77-1.51)差异均无统计学意义.结论 社区获得性肺炎患儿口服抗生素与非口服抗生素治疗疗效相似,口服抗生素治疗患儿病死率低于非口服患儿.     

儿童铜绿假单胞菌医院获得性肺炎临床特点及危险因素分析

目的 探讨儿童铜绿假单胞菌医院获得性肺炎(HAP)临床特点及危险因素.方法 回顾性分析重庆医科大学附属儿童医院15例铜绿假单胞菌HAP患儿临床资料.结果 铜绿假单胞菌HAP发病时间距入院 6 ～ 38 d,平均(15.07 ± 9.63)d;临床均以发热起病,热程长短不一,平均(15.13 ± 11.51)d,病程中易出现呼吸衰竭,常累及其他系统(以消化系统为首位,其次为循环系统).先天性心脏病根治术为铜绿假单胞菌HAP首位原发疾病(46.67%).铜绿假单胞菌HAP危险因素有侵入性操作(100%),ICU停留时间＞ 4 d(80%),广谱抗生素使用＞ 1周(53.33%),手术创伤(66.67%)等;侵入操作以气管插管及安置胃管常见,分别占86.67%、80%.15例患儿中痊愈7例(46.67%),好转出院5例(33.33%),死亡2例(13.33%).结论 儿童铜绿假单胞菌HAP易发展为重症,先天性心脏病根治术为其首位原发疾病,侵入操作、ICU停留时间＞ 4 d、广谱抗菌素的使用＞ 1周、手术创伤等为其常见危险因素.