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??Objective To explore the change of exhaled nitric oxide ??eNO?? in children from community and its importance in asthma management. Methods The study was conducted from October 2011 to December 2011. Totally 133 non-asthmatic children and 94 asthmatic children aged 7~12 years old from elementary schools in Beijing Xicheng District were included in the study. The eNO?? skin prick test ??SPT???? lung function and physical examination were carried out and information of medical history was collected in all children. The eNO level between non-asthmatic children and asthmatic children?? and its association with atopy?? rhinitis?? lung function and asthma control were analyzed. Results eNO levels of non-asthmatic children and asthmatic children were 11.63±1.88 ppb?? and 19.68±2.31 ppb respectively and the difference between them was statistically significant ??P<0.01??. In non-asthmatic children?? the level of eNO in children with rhinitis was significantly higher than in children without rhinitis ???17.49±2.02??×10-9 vs. ??10.42±1.76??×10-9?? P<0.01?? and eNO level in atopic children was higher than non-atopic children ???23.06±2.18??×10-9 vs. ??9.60±1.66??×10-9?? P<0.01??. In asthmatic children?? the difference in eNO level was not significant in children with rhinitis and without rhinitis ???19.58±2.34??×10-9 vs. ??20.09±2.25??×10-9??? but the eNO levels in atopic children ??23.06±2.18??×10-9 was significantly higher than non-atopic children ???8.75±1.86??×10-9?? P<0.01??. The level of eNO of uncontrolled asthmatic children was significantly higher than controlled asthmatic children ???25.09±2.31??×10-9 vs. ??17.21±2.22??×10-9?? P<0.05??. There was no significant difference in eNO level between children who used and those who did not use inhaled corticosteroid. The eNO level was not related to lung function parameters either in non-asthmatic or in asthmatic children. Conclusion The eNO level increases significantly in children with asthma or rhinitis and is associated with asthma control status. Atopy is an important factor on eNO level as well. Measuring eNO level would help improve the diagnosis of asthma and atopy and management of asthma and rhinitis in children from community.     

Daily ambulatory exhaled nitric oxide measurements in asthma

Exhaled NO (FENO) is a non-invasive, validated marker for asthmatic airway inflammation. Recently, a new hand-held NO-analyzer has been developed which makes it possible to monitor FENO at home. We assessed feasibility and analyzed variability of daily FENO home measurements. Twenty-one asthmatics (mean age 14.5 yr; range 8-25 yr) participated. Nineteen used a stable dose of inhaled corticosteroids and all of them were in a stable clinical condition. FENO was measured twice daily for 14 consecutive days. Measurements and symptom scores were recorded on a smart card in the analyzer. Symptom score items included well-being, wheeze, activity, and nocturnal symptoms. Measurements showed a success rate of 93%. We found a significant diurnal variation in FENO with geometric mean morning levels 14% higher than evening levels (95% CI: 4%-25%; p = 0.013). Individual subjects showed marked fluctuation of FENO. The mean intrasubject coefficient of variation of FENO was 40% for morning and 36% for evening values. FENO and cumulative symptom scores did not correlate. Home FENO measurements are feasible, and offer the possibility to asses airway inflammation on a daily basis. Further study is needed to interpret and evaluate possible benefits of FENO home monitoring.     

Spirometry‐adjusted fraction of exhaled nitric oxide increases accuracy for assessment of asthma control in children

Spirometry and exhaled nitric oxide are two important complimentary tools to identify and assess asthma control in children. We aimed to determine the ability of a new suggested spirometry‐adjusted fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (NO) index in doing that. A random sample of 1602 schoolchildren were screened by a health questionnaire, skin prick tests, spirometry with bronchodilation and exhaled NO. A total of 662 children were included with median (IQR) exhaled NO 11(14) ppb. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves using exhaled NO equations from Malmberg, Kovesi and Buchvald, and spirometry‐adjusted fraction of exhaled NO values were applied to identify asthmatic children and uncontrolled asthma. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves failed to identify asthmatic children (all AUC < 0.700). Spirometry‐adjusted fraction of exhaled NO/FEV₁ (AUC = 0.712; P = .010) and NO/FEF_25%‐75% (AUC = 0.735 P = .004) had a fair and increased ability to identify uncontrolled disease compared with exhaled NO (AUC = 0.707; P = .011) or the Malmberg equation (AUC = 0.701; P = .014). Sensitivity and specificity identifying non‐controlled asthma were 59% and 81%, respectively, for the cut‐off value of 9.7 ppb/L for exhaled NO/FEV₁, and 40% and 100% for 15.7 ppb/L/s for exhaled NO/FEF_25%‐75%. Exhaled NO did not allow to identify childhood asthma. Spirometry‐adjusted fraction of exhaled NO performed better‐assessing asthma control in children. Thus, although more validation studies are needed, we suggest its use in epidemiological studies to assess asthma control.     

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目的将呼出气一氧化氮(FeNO)浓度检测与肺功能测定进行比较,评估其对儿童支气管哮喘诊断的临床价值。方法收集广州市儿童医院呼吸科门诊2009年6月至2010年5月反复咳嗽、间伴喘息等疑似支气管哮喘的患儿93例。使用FeNO测定仪(Medisoft HypairFeNo)进行测定,操作严格按照美国胸科协会制定指南进行;同时采用Medisoft hyp`Air型肺功能仪行基础肺功能检查,并进行支气管激发及舒张试验。根据结果并结合临床作为诊断儿童哮喘的标准,并以此作为FeNO诊断价值的参照,评价FeNO对支气管哮喘的鉴别诊断价值。结果 93例中激发试验阳性53例,支气管舒张试验阳性14例,结合临床最后均诊断为支气管哮喘。其余26例为激发试验阴性,诊断为非哮喘。哮喘组FeNO高于非哮喘组[(43.60±38.86)×10-9mol/L对(26.16±17.00)×10-9mol/L,P<0.05]。哮喘患儿FeNO与第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)占预计值百分比(FEV1%)之间无显著相关性(r=0.06,P>0.05)。激发试验阳性者FeNO值与PD20FEV1之间存在线性关系。结论 FeNO测定对支气管哮喘的诊断和鉴别诊断具有重要意义,但与肺功能、支气管激发试验检测相比仍存在一定局限性。     

呼出气一氧化氮检测在幼儿支气管哮喘中的应用分析

目的分析各期支气管哮喘(AS)幼儿的呼出气一氧化氮(FeNO)浓度变化,探讨FeNO浓度与AS分期的相关性。方法选取2014年4~6月初次诊断为AS且处于急性发作期的1~3岁患儿58例为研究对象,依据治疗后病情转归情况分为慢性持续期(n=34)及临床缓解期(n=24),以同龄健康儿童30例为对照,对所有儿童行FeNO浓度、肺功能等检测。分析FeNO浓度与AS分期的相关性。利用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析FeNO诊断AS的最佳诊断截点。结果各期AS患儿FeNO浓度均高于对照组儿童(P0.05)。急性发作期患儿Fe NO浓度高于慢性持续期和临床缓解期,且慢性持续期患儿FeNO浓度高于临床缓解期(均P0.05)。AS患儿FeNO浓度水平与AS分期相关(r=-0.382,P0.05)。ROC曲线分析显示FeNO诊断AS的最佳诊断截点为22.75 ppb,敏感度达0.933,但特异度仅为0.388。结论 AS幼儿FeNO浓度水平与AS分期相关;Fe NO浓度22.75 ppb可作诊断幼儿AS的界值。     

NOS1 polymorphism is associated with atopy but not exhaled nitric oxide levels in healthy children

Exhaled nitric oxide (FE_NO) is raised in atopy. The mechanism for this is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the number of AAT repeats in intron 20 of the NOS1 gene, recently associated with variations in FE_NO in adults with asthma and cystic fibrosis, was associated with the raised FE_NO in healthy atopic children. Eighty-seven healthy children (44 girls, 42 atopic, age range 6–18 years) underwent measurements of FE_NO, spirometry, airway responsiveness and skin prick testing. Genotyping was carried out to determine the number of AAT repeats. There was no association between the number of AAT repeats and FE_NO in either the whole sample of healthy children (n = 87) or in the subsample of healthy atopics (n = 42). However, a greater number of atopic children had two high repeat alleles compared with non-atopic children (33.3% vs. 13.6%, respectively, p = 0.03). This suggests that variations in the NOS1 gene may contribute to atopy without this relationship being reflected by FE_NO.     

口鼻呼出气一氧化氮检测在儿童支气管哮喘控制评估及过敏性鼻炎诊断中的应用

目的 探讨口呼出气一氧化氮(fractional exhaled nitric oxide,FeNO)与鼻呼出气一氧化氮(nasal nitric oxide,nNO)检测值和儿童支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)控制水平的关系,以及对过敏性鼻炎的诊断价值.方法 以上海市儿童医院呼吸科门诊就诊的5～12岁哮喘和/或过敏性鼻炎患儿,...     

特异质与慢性持续期哮喘儿童呼出气一氧化氮相关性研究

目的评估特异质对慢性持续期哮喘儿童呼出气一氧化氮(FeNO)水平的影响。方法选取同时完成皮肤点刺试验和FeNO检测的慢性持续期哮喘患儿52例,按皮肤点刺试验结果分为非特异质组和特异质组,按有无合并过敏性鼻炎分为鼻炎组和无鼻炎组;另选择78例健康儿童作为对照组,比较各组FeNO水平;并比较32例予吸入型糖皮质激素治疗3个月患儿的FeNO水平变化。结果 40例特异质组、12例非特异质组和对照组的FeNO水平差异有统计学意义(H=33.29,P=0.000);特异质组FeNO水平高于对照组和非特异质组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。11例无鼻炎组、41例鼻炎组和对照组的FeNO水平差异有统计学意义(H=30.63,P=0.000);鼻炎组FeNO水平高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);鼻炎组与无鼻炎组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。特异质组患儿FeNO水平与屋尘螨、粉尘螨皮肤点刺致敏风团直径无相关性(r=2.05、1.58,P均0.05)。32例患儿经吸入糖皮质激素治疗3个月后FeNO水平显著下降,与其治疗前第一次检测结果比较,差异有统计学意义(Z=2.05,P=0.041)。结论特异质对慢性持续期哮喘儿童FeNO水平有重要影响,吸入糖皮质激素可显著降低致敏哮喘儿童FeNO水平。     

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目的评价呼出气一氧化氮(FeNO)监测在哮喘控制治疗中的评估指导作用。方法收集深圳市儿童医院哮喘专科门诊的41例患儿,根据抽签分组,20例进入FeNO组,21例进入对照组。控制治疗中,对照组根据儿童哮喘控制水平分级进行调整;FeNO组在此基础上结合FeNO检测结果进行调整。在10个月治疗后,观察两组之间哮喘症状、短效β受体激动剂使用情况、肺功能结果,吸入激素使用量,从而判断FeNO检测在哮喘控制治疗中的作用。结果 FeNO组使用短效β受体激动剂平均天数为(4.3±3)d,对照组为(3.7±2.8)d;FeNO组总发作次数9次,对照组为11次;第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)占预计值%在FeNO组为100.96±7.69,对照组为90.37±12.95;达50%用力肺活量时最大呼气流速(MEF50)占预计值%在FeNO组为95.77±9.32,对照组为87.01±13.84。以上指标比较均为P>0.05,差异无统计学意义。FeNO组平均吸入糖皮质激素量为(290±75)μg,对照组为(225±50)μg(P<0.01)。结论在哮喘控制治疗评估中,加入FeNO浓度检测,对吸入糖皮质激素(ICS)有指导作用,但未能显...     

哮喘患儿呼出气一氧化氮与其他无创性检查的相关性研究进展

对于哮喘患儿呼吸道炎症过程的监测,呼出气一氧化氮(FeNO)水平现在被公认为是一个可靠的提示嗜酸性粒细胞性气道炎症的标志物,且其作为一个完全无创性的检测方法,简便易行.该文综述FeNO检测在儿童哮喘中的应用以及在哮喘的评估、诊断中,FeNO水平与其他无创性检查的相关性.     

肺功能检查及呼出气一氧化氮在儿童支气管哮喘规范化管理中的应用

目的探讨肺功能与呼出气一氧化氮(FeNO)在儿童支气管哮喘规范化治疗过程中的变化及意义。方法选取254例初诊、急性发作期的支气管哮喘患儿作为研究对象,按照有无合并过敏性鼻炎分为合并鼻炎组与未合并鼻炎组,并以62例健康儿童作为对照组。哮喘患儿均给予规范化治疗,于治疗初始以及治疗3、6、9、12个月复查肺功能及FeNO水平;对照组测定一次肺功能和FeNO。结果规范治疗1年中第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、最高呼气流速(PEF)、最大呼气中段流量(MMEF),以及最大呼气25%、50%及75%肺活量的瞬间流速(MEF25、MEF50、MEF75)均逐渐升高,FeNO水平逐渐降低(P0.05)。治疗6个月后PEF、FEV1等大气道功能指标基本恢复;9个月后MMEF、MEF25、MEF50、MEF75等小气道功能指标基本恢复;1年后大小气道功能指标与对照组的差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),而FeNO水平仍高于对照组(P0.05)。治疗初始及3个月时,合并鼻炎组的哮喘患儿FeNO均高于未合并鼻炎组(P0.05)。治疗初始FeNO水平与肺功能各项指标均存在负相关(P0.05)。结论哮喘儿童的规范化治疗过程中,肺功能参数逐渐升高,FeNO水平逐渐下降,大气道功能的恢复早于小气道功能,另外也要注意鼻炎对气道反应性的影响。     

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目的通过对哮喘儿童呼出气一氧化氮(FENO)水平的监测,为哮喘的临床诊断治疗及病情评估提供帮助。方法选择2007年10月至2009年8月于首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院门诊确诊的哮喘患儿共358例,根据其哮喘发作与治疗情况分为哮喘发作组与非发作组、治疗组与未治疗组。设计临床观察表记录各组患儿治疗、发作、肺部喘鸣音情况,并进行FENO及1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、用力肺活量(FVC)及最大用力呼气中段流量(MMEF)等肺功能指标的测定。结果 358例哮喘患儿的FENO值为28.5(15.5～55.0)×10-9,其中男性为29.0(15.0～49.8.0)×10-9,女性为28.0(16.0～58.6)×10-9,男女相比差别无统计学意义(Z=-1.006,P>0.05)。111例11岁以上哮喘儿童FENO为36.0(20.0～65.0)×10-9,其中男性为30.0(26.0～63.0)×10-9,女性为40.5(17.7～73.8)×10-9,与395例正常儿童相比FENO明显增高,差异具有统计学意义(Z=-11.352,P<0.001)。358例哮喘患儿FENO与年龄呈正相关(r=0.206,P<0.01)...     

Additive effect of eosinophilia and atopy on exhaled nitric oxide levels in children with or without a history of respiratory symptoms

Although atopy and blood eosinophilia both influence exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) measurements, no study has quantified their single or combined effect. We assessed the combined effect of atopy and blood eosinophilia on eNO in unselected schoolchildren. In 356 schoolchildren (boys/girls: 168/188) aged 9.0-11.5 yr, we determined eNO, total serum IgE, blood eosinophil counts and did skin prick tests (SPT) and spirometry. Parents completed a questionnaire on their children's current or past respiratory symptoms. Atopy was defined by a SPT >3 mm and eosinophilia by a blood cell count above the 80th percentile (>310 cells/ml). eNO levels were about twofold higher in atopic-eosinophilic subjects than in atopic subjects with low blood eosinophils [24.3 p.p.b. (parts per billion) vs. 14.1 p.p.b.] and than non-atopic subjects with high or low blood eosinophils (24.3 p.p.b. vs. 12.2 p.p.b. and 10.9 p.p.b.) (p <0.001 for both comparisons). The additive effect of atopy and high eosinophil count on eNO levels remained unchanged when subjects were analyzed separately by sex or by a positive history of wheeze (n=60), respiratory symptoms other than wheeze (n=107) or without respiratory symptoms (n=189). The frequency of sensitization to Dermatophagoides (Dpt or Dpf) was similar in atopic children with and without eosinophilia (66.2% and 67.4%, respectively); eosinophilia significantly increased eNO levels in Dp-sensitized children as well in children sensitized to other allergens. In a multiple linear regression analysis, eNO levels were mainly explained by the sum of positive SPT wheals and a high blood eosinophil count (t=4.8 and 4.3, p=0.000), but also by the presence of respiratory symptoms (especially wheeze) and male sex (t=2.6 and 2.0, p=0.009 and 0.045, respectively). Measuring eNO could be a simple, non-invasive method for identifying subjects at risk of asthma in unselected school populations.     

FeNO与儿童哮喘关系的研究进展

支气管哮喘是一种异质性疾病,以气道高反应性、气道慢性炎症为特征,常伴有可逆性气流受限。目前儿童哮喘诊断的实验室检测方法主要以肺通气功能检测为主,由于儿童的不配合性,学龄前儿童肺通气功能检测具有挑战性。肺功能检测是瞬时指标,受患儿理解能力、精神因素等影响。肺功能检测不能评估气道炎症的严重程度。近年来一种无创、简单、客观评价气道炎症指标呼出气一氧化氮 （FeNO）逐渐在儿童中应用增多。该综述就FeNO的产生、实验参考值界定及其在不同年龄哮喘儿童的诊断、治疗、预测评估中的作用研究进展进行阐述。     

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??Abstract?? Objective To find out the fractional exhaled nitric oxide?? FENO?? in different control level and the relationship of FENO with childhood asthma control test ??C-ACT?? and bronchial provocation test??BPT??. Methods Totally 48 asthmatic children who underwent routine checkups since March 2011 through September 2011 were enrolled in the study. The patients completed the detection of FENO?? they also underwent pulmonary function test??PFT???? bronchial provocation test ??BPT??and C-ACT. Those indexes and relationships were analyzed in different control groups. Results The geometrical mean FENO of asthmatic children was ??22.5 ± 2.0?? × 10-9 mol/L. Uncontrolled group had higher FENO than controlled group and partly controlled group?? and FENO was slightly related to FEV1% Pred??so did PC20??but no relevance had been found between FENO?? C-ACT or PC20. Conclusion FENO can be an useful tool in managing asthma when used together with C-ACT??PFT and BPT.     

Measurement of exhaled nitric oxide in young children during tidal breathing through a facemask

Measurement of exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) offers a non-invasive means for assessment of airway inflammation. The currently available methods are difficult to apply in preschool children. We evaluated four methods potentially applicable for eNO measurement during tidal breathing in young children. eNO was assessed during tidal breathing in 24 children, 2-7 yr old, using a facemask which separated nasal and oral airflow. Facemasks with and without a one-way valve allowing exhalation through the nose were used. Expiratory flow control was not attempted. Measurements of eNO were performed both on-line and off-line. In 11 children, 8-12 yr old, measurements were compared with the standard single breath on-line method. eNO was significantly lower applying the one-way valve in on-line and off-line measurements in comparison with measurements without the valve [4.6 and 3.9 parts per billion (ppb) vs. 6.9 ppb and 6.5 ppb]. The mean within subject coefficient of variation (CV) was significantly lower in on-line measurements with the one-way valve (9.6%) compared with the other three methods (18.8, 27.7 and 29.3% respectively). Measurements with a facemask fitted with a one-way valve yielded similar eNO levels as the standard single breath method (7.0 ppb vs. 6.9 ppb) and reproducibility (9.8% vs. 7.1%). In conclusion, reproducible measurements of eNO can be obtained without control of expiration flow using a facemask fitted with a one-way valve on the nasal compartment. The likely explanation to this is that the one-way valve reduces the admixture of nasal NO, thereby improving the reliability of eNO measurements.     

Environmental exposures and exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relation of environmental factors with exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) concentrations among asthmatic children. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of 170 tobacco smoke-exposed children, ages 6 to 12 years, who have doctor-diagnosed asthma using measures of FENO, medication use, and exposures to settled indoor allergens and tobacco smoke. RESULTS: In multivariable analysis, child's age, uncarpeted flooring, not owning a cat, higher income, dust mite exposure, and being sensitized to any allergens were associated with higher FENO concentrations. Children who were sensitized to indoor allergens had an adjusted geometric mean FENO of 15.4 ppb (95% CI, 13.1, 18.2) compared with 10 ppb (95% CI, 8.2, 12.2) for unsensitized children. There was no statistically significant association of serum cotinine, hair cotinine, or reported corticosteroid therapy with FENO. CONCLUSIONS: FENO is higher among children who are sensitized to indoor allergens and exposed to dust mites. The results hold promise for the use of FENO as a tool to manage childhood asthma by using both pharmacologic and environmental treatments.