Incidence of diabetic retinopathy in indigenous Australians within Central Australia: the Central Australian Ocular Health Study

Background: To estimate the incidence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) within the indigenous Australian population living in Central Australia. Design: Clinic‐based cohort study. Participants: One thousand eight hundred eighty‐four individuals aged ≥20 years living in one of 30 remote communities within the statistical local area of ‘Central Australia’. Methods: Among those with diabetes mellitus (DM) (n = 1040), 432 (42%) were reviewed between 6 months and 3 years (median 21 months) after the initial examination. DR in participants with DM was graded using the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study classification. Baseline results were compared with those at follow‐up. Main Outcome Measures: The incidence of any DR and vision‐threatening DR (clinically significant macular oedema and/or proliferative DR) in at least one eye. Results: Of those with DM but without DR at baseline, 8.41% (9.42% of those aged 40 years or older) per year developed DR. Meanwhile, 0.7% (0.92% for those aged ≥40 years) of those with no DR at baseline developed vision‐threatening DR per year, increasing to 8.4% per year for those with minimal or mild non‐proliferative DR, and 28.2% per year for those with moderate or severe non‐proliferative DR at baseline. Conclusion: Our study has estimated the annual incidence rates of DR among indigenous Australians living within Central Australia. These rates are similar to those from the non‐indigenous population, and highlight the need for good surveillance and service provision in a population where the prevalence of diabetes is very high and the logistics of screening are complex.     

1型糖尿病患者视网膜病变的危险因素分析

目的：探讨1型糖尿病(T1DM)患者视网膜病变(DR)的危险因素。

方法：回顾性研究。选取2010-01/2020-10在南方医科大学附属南海医院就诊的204例T1DM患者,根据眼底表现将患者分为DR组(71例)和无DR组(133例),其中DR组包括非增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变(NPDR)组(48例)和增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变(PDR)组(23例)。采集其临床资料并检测相关生化指标。通过单因素分析DR/PDR的相关因素,采用多因素Logistic回归分析DR/PDR的危险因素并绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)。

结果：T1DM患者的发病年龄、病程、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c),合并高血压、高脂血症、糖尿病肾病(DN)、糖尿病周围神经病变(DPN)与DR有关(P<0.05)。病程、体质量指数(BMI)、收缩压(SBP),合并高脂血症、DN、DPN与PDR有关。Logistic回归分析结果显示病程(OR=1.130,P<0.001)和HbA1c(OR=2.734,P<0.001)是发生DR的危险因素; 病程(OR=1.144,P=0.005)和合并DN(OR=6.500,P=0.001)是发生PDR的危险因素。ROC曲线分析结果显示,病程和HbA1c预测DR发生的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.720、0.727,截断值分别为15.1a,8.2%,敏感性分别为50.7%、76.1%,特异性分别为86.5%、59.4%。病程预测PDR发生的AUC为0.713,截断值为18.5a,敏感性为73.9%,特异性为60.4%。

结论：T1DM患者视网膜病变与糖尿病发病年龄较晚有关。糖尿病病程和高血糖是DR的主要影响因素。HbA1c与DR的发生相关,DN与PDR的发生相关。     

Review of the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Indigenous Australians

The purpose of this review is to compare the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) between Indigenous and non‐Indigenous Australians with Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Australian DR prevalence data from 6 Indigenous studies (n = 2865) and 5 non‐Indigenous studies (n = 9801) conducted between 1985 and 2013 were included for analysis. Estimated prevalence of any DR among Indigenous Australians with DM was 23.4% compared with 28.9% for non‐Indigenous Australians (χ² = 26.9, P < 0.001). In studies performed after 1990, a significantly higher rate of diabetic macular edema was found in Indigenous compared with non‐Indigenous Australians with DM (7.6% versus 4.9%, χ² = 6.67, P = 0.01). Although there are limitations in comparing these studies, one explanation for the observed data could be a model in which Indigenous Australians are relatively resistant to early stage DR, but with a subset progressing to sight threatening DR due to individual genetic and environmental susceptibility factors coupled with poor glycemic control.     

Diabetic eye disease among adults in Fiji with previously undiagnosed diabetes

Background: To determine the prevalence and severity of diabetic eye disease among adults aged ≥40 years with unrecognized diabetes in Fiji. Design: Population‐based cross‐sectional survey using multistage cluster random sampling. Participants: 1381 (=73.0% participation). Methods: Interview‐based questionnaire; visual acuity measured; dilated ocular examination performed; glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) concentration determined. Main Outcome Measures: Prevalence and grade of diabetic retinopathy/maculopathy. Results: Sample prevalence of diabetes was 44.8% (95%CI 42.2–47.5%), with 63.4% (95%CI 59.5–67.1%) previously undiagnosed (384/606). Predictors of undiagnosed compared with previously diagnosed diabetes were female gender (P = 0.001), rural residence (P = 0.049) and not having a relative with known diabetes (P < 0.001). Twenty‐two retinae of participants with previously undiagnosed diabetes were unexaminable (predominantly cataract). Of the remaining 746 eyes, 3.5% (95%CI 2.4–5.1%) had diabetic retinopathy/maculopathy, 1 (0.1%) had proliferative retinopathy and 4 (0.5%) had active significant maculopathy. Of eyes with diabetic disease, two (7.7%, 95%CI 1.0–25.3%) had diabetes‐related vision impairment (3/60; 6/60). Sixteen previously undiagnosed participants (4.2%, 95%CI 2.5–6.7%) had diabetic disease evident in at least one eye: for four (all Melanesian women aged >50 years), this was vision‐threatening (1.0%; 95%CI 0.3–2.8). Mean HbA1c (10.7 ± 2.6%) of participants undiagnosed and with diabetes eye disease was higher (P < 0.001) than that of those undiagnosed and without. Conclusions: The prevalence of diabetic eye disease was low among this cohort, but where present, severe vision‐threatening retinopathy/maculopathy was relatively common. If diabetic eye disease is to be avoided or ameliorated in Fiji, then community awareness of and access to diabetes diagnostic services must improve, particularly for women and rural dwellers.     

糖尿病性视网膜病变患者VEGF与微血管损伤的相关性

目的：探讨糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy, DR)患者血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)水平与微血管损伤程度的相关性。

方法：回顾性分析本院收治的糖尿病患者71例,根据有无DR及病变程度分为三组：单纯糖尿病组(n=31)、单纯型DR组(n=22)、增殖型DR组(n=18),比较各组微血管病变发生率。同时,取患者空腹肘静脉血,采用ELISA试剂盒测定血清VEGF水平,采用流式细胞仪检测内皮细胞(ECs)、内皮祖细胞(EPCs)、循环祖细胞(CPCs)计数。

结果：各组糖尿病肾病和糖尿病神经病变发生率有明显差异,增殖型DR组高于单纯型DR组和单纯糖尿病组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。各组VEGF水平有明显差异,增殖型DR组高于单纯型DR组和单纯糖尿病组,单纯型DR组高于单纯糖尿病组; 合并糖尿病肾病及糖尿病神经病变者VEGF水平高于非合并者,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。各组之间ECs、EPCs、CPCs水平有明显差异,增殖型DR组ECs高于单纯型DR组和单纯糖尿病组,单纯型DR组高于单纯糖尿病组; 增殖型DR组EPCs、CPCs水平低于单纯型DR组和单纯糖尿病组,单纯型DR组低于单纯糖尿病组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。增殖型DR患者的VEGF水平与ECs水平呈正相关性(P<0.01),与EPCs、CPCs水平呈负相关性(P<0.01)。

结论：VEGF在糖尿病视网膜病变,尤其是增殖型糖尿病视网膜病变的临床诊断和医疗中,有重要意义。     

Five-Year Incidence of Visual Impairment in Middle-Aged Iranians: The Shahroud Eye Cohort Study

Purpose: To study the 5-year incidence of visual impairment and its causes and risk factors, in the middle-aged Iranian sample of the Shahroud Eye Cohort Study (ShECS).

Methods: Data from subjects who had participated in both phases of the ShECS were used to determine age- and sex-specific incidence rates of visual impairment using the World Health Organization (WHO) definitions for bilateral low vision (visual acuity, VA, >0.5 and ≤1.3 LogMAR in the better eye) and blindness (VA worse than 1.3 LogMAR in the better eye). Risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using multivariable log-binomial regression.

Results: Of the 5079 ShECS I survivors, 4737 (93.3%) completed the 5-year follow-up. Their mean age at baseline was 50.9 ± 6.2 years, and 58.9% were female. The incidence of visual impairment was 1.12% (95% CI 0.82–1.42%) by presenting VA and 0.19% (95% CI 0.07–0.32%) by best-corrected VA; leading causes of the former were uncorrected refractive error (81.3%) and diabetic retinopathy (15.1%). In the multivariable model, risk factors for incident visual impairment by presenting VA were older age (RR 1.05, p = 0.044), lower education (RR 0.89, p = 0.002), and diabetes (RR 3.74, p < 0.001).

Conclusion: This is the first incidence study of visual impairment in a middle-aged Iranian population. Since age is a major risk factor, the number of visually impaired is expected to increase as the population ages, and less treatable causes such as diabetic retinopathy begin to surface. Measures for tackling uncorrected refractive error and enhancing diabetes screening and preventive programs are recommended.     

Visual outcomes 12 months after phacoemulsification cataract surgery in patients with diabetes

Purpose: To assess cataract surgery visual outcomes 12 months postoperatively in patients with diabetes, with or without diabetic retinopathy (DR), compared to patients without diabetes. Methods: We followed 1192 cataract surgical patients aged ≥65 for 12 months postoperatively. Standardised pre‐ and postoperative pinhole LogMAR visual acuity (VA) measurements were taken. Mean VA improvement was determined by comparing VA after 12 months to preoperative VA. Results: Of 1192 surgical patients, 324 (27.2%) had diabetes, of whom, 136 (42.0%) had DR. After adjusting for age, gender, diabetes duration and preoperative pinhole VA, the average VA gained 12 months after surgery was 10.8 letters among 868 patients without diabetes, 10.6 letters among 188 patients with diabetes but no DR, 10.0 letters among 95 patients with DR but no past laser treatment, and no letters among 41 patients with DR plus past laser treatment (p < 0.0001, compared to the other three groups). Diabetes duration ≥20 years was associated with mean VA gain of 3 fewer letters than duration <10 years (7 versus 10 letters, p = 0.023), after adjusting for age, gender, DR and preoperative pinhole VA. Conclusion: Cataract surgery improved VA by an average two lines for patients both with and without diabetes, or with DR but no past laser treatment. No significant VA improvement was evident for patients who had preoperative DR and laser therapy.     

Correlation of vascular endothelial growth factor plasma levels and glycemic control in patients with diabetic retinopathy

Purpose: To determine whether glycemic control of patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) due to type 2 diabetes was related to VEGF plasma levels. Methods: The prospective study included 30 patients with DR due to type 2 diabetes. Retinopathy was classified according to the international clinical DR disease severity scale. The concentrations of VEGF in the blood plasma were measured by ELISA. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was assessed all patients. Results were reported as DCCT/NGSP‐HbA1c (%) values. Results: The median plasma level of VEGF was 34.5 (range 15–217) pg/ml. Median HbA1c was 7.5 (range 5.3–10.6). The highest individual plasma VEGF measurements were found in patients with severe non‐proliferative DR. HbA1c levels revealed a significant correlation with plasma VEGF concentrations (r = 0.573, p = 0.001). Age (r = 0.097, p = 0.611), gender (r = ?0.315, p = 0.09) and severity of DR (r = 0.256, p = 0.172) were with no significant relationship to the VEGF measurements. Conclusion: Poor glycemic control is positively correlated with increased levels of plasma VEGF in patients with type 2 diabetes. As normalization of HbA1c is one of the most effective ways to prevent progression of DR and VEGF has been to shown to be clearly implicated in the development of DR, it affirms the importance of glycemic control in patients with DR.     

Four-year incidence of visual impairment: Barbados Incidence Study of Eye Diseases

OBJECTIVE: To describe the 4-year incidence of visual impairment and causes of blindness among black participants of the Barbados Eye Studies. DESIGN: Population-based incidence study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: The Barbados Incidence Study of Eye Diseases (BISED) followed the cohort of the Barbados Eye Study (BES), a prevalence study based on a simple random sample of Barbadians 40 to 84 years of age. BISED included 3193 black participants from the original cohort (85% of those eligible). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Best-corrected visual acuity (Ferris-Bailey chart) at baseline and follow-up was measured according to a modified Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study protocol. By use of World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, low vision and blindness for an individual were defined as visual acuity (VA) <6/18 to 6/120 and <6/120, respectively, in the better eye. By commonly used US criteria, low vision and blindness were defined as VA < or = 20/40 and < or = 20/200, respectively. Vision loss was defined as a doubling of the visual angle (i.e., decrease of 15 letters or more read correctly between baseline and follow-up examinations). Progression was defined as vision loss among those with low vision at baseline. RESULTS: On the basis of WHO criteria, the overall 4-year incidence was 3.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.0%-4.4%) for low vision and 0.6% (95% CI, 0.4%-1.0%) for blindness. Incidence rates were higher using US criteria: 5.3% (95 % CI, 4.5%-6.2%) and 1.5% (95% CI, 1.1%-2.0%), respectively, reaching 21.5% and 7.3% for persons aged 70 years or older at baseline. One tenth of the cohort had vision loss, and 28.6% of those with low vision progressed. About one half of incident blindness was due to age-related cataract. Nearly one fifth was caused by open-angle glaucoma (OAG) alone or combined with cataract, and approximately 10% was caused by diabetic retinopathy (DR). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of visual impairment was high in this Afro-Caribbean population, particularly in older age groups, indicating the public health significance of visual loss for this and similar black populations. Cataract, OAG, and DR were among the leading causes of incident blindness, paralleling their high prevalence in this population.     

Diabetic macular oedema and visual loss: relationship to location,severity and duration

Purpose: To assess the relationship between visual acuity (VA) and diabetic macular oedema (DMO) in relation to the location of retinal thickening and the severity and duration of central macular thickening. Methods: Data from 584 eyes in 340 placebo‐treated patients in the 3‐years‐long Protein Kinase C Diabetic Retinopathy Study (PKC‐DRS2) trial were used to investigate the relationship between VA and DMO. Eligible eyes had moderately severe to very severe non‐proliferative diabetic retinopathy and VA of at least 45 letters on Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) charts (Snellen equivalent = 20/125). Diabetic retinopathy and DMO status were assessed using stereo photographs. Results: Nearly one third of study eyes had foveal centre‐involving DMO at the start of the trial. Sustained moderate visual loss was found in 36 eyes, most commonly associated with DMO at the centre of the fovea in 73% of eyes. There was a strong relationship (p < 0.001) between foveal centre involvement with DMO and mean VA. Mean VA decreased with increasing retinal thickness at the centre (p < 0.001) and increasing duration of centre‐involving DMO (p < 0.001). Conclusion: This study documents the relationship between duration of DMO and progressive vision loss, and the key role of central foveal involvement in patients with diabetic retinopathy. These data will help to develop future strategies to prevent vision loss.     

Early detection of changes in visual function in diabetes mellitus

Psychophysical measurements were performed with a view to providing an assessment of early neural functional integrity in the presence of no or minimal diabetic retinopathy (DR). The investigations were carried out on a normal group and a number of age- and sex-matched non-insulin dependent diabetic groups with different levels of DR. Results were considered in terms of the presence of functional changes relative to the severity of DR and the duration of diabetes. Significant deficits were found for visual acuity (VA), contrast sensitivity (CS) and colour vision. Both CS and colour vision measurements differentiated between non-diabetics and those with diabetes but without DR. However, none of the tests reliably distinguished diabetics without DR from those with early retinal changes although VA and colour vision (especially along a blue-yellow colour axis) were sensitive to more substantial retinal changes. This finding suggests such tests may be useful as screening tests for more advanced levels of background DR.     

Low vision in Nigerians with diabetes mellitus

Objectives: To determine the prevalence and causes of low vision in diabetes mellitus patients in Nigeria. Materials and methods: All consecutive new patients seen at the Diabetic Eye Clinic, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Nnewi Nigeria, between March 1997 and September 1998 were the subjects of the study. Examination methods included interviewer-administered structured questionnaire, visual acuity test, external eye examination, refraction, tonometry, gonioscopy, binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy and slit lamp fundus examination with 78D non-contact lens. Results: Of the 100 new patients examined, 47 (47%) did not know that diabetes could lead to visual loss; 53 (53%) had not been examined by any eye health worker. Eighteen patients (18%) were bilaterally blind and 26 (26%) had monocular blindness; visual impairment was present in the better eyes of 30 patients (30%), with 20 (20%) having bilateral visual impairment. Glaucoma, cataract, diabetic retinopathy, central retinal vein occlusion, age-related macular degeneration, and leukoma were the causes of blindness. Visual impairment was due to diabetic macular edema, ametropia, cataract, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, uveitis and branch retinal vein occlusion. Conclusion: The causes of low vision in the patients are treatable and visual defects from them are thus avoidable. It is recommended that (a) all diabetics be made aware that diabetic complications cause visual loss; (b) laser photocoagulation facilities be provided for treating diabetic retinopathy.     

The prevalence of blindness and low vision in older onset diabetes mellitus and associated factors: a community-based study

PURPOSE: This community-based study was conducted to assess the prevalence and related factors of low vision and legal blindness in older onset diabetic patients (diagnosed at age 30 and older). METHODS: All known diabetic patients who live in the four primary health care center region Abidinpa?a Ankara, Turkey (total population: 96,348) were included in this cross-sectional study. The prevalence of known diabetes mellitus is 2.2%, of which 96.6% are older onset and 3.4% are younger onset. RESULTS: In the older onset diabetes group (1289 cases), 10.8% of the population had low vision and only 2.7% had legal blindness. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) was observed in 23.6% of the patients with low vision (42% proliferative DR) and in 62.9% of the patients with legal blindness (90.1 % proliferative DR). CONCLUSIONS: In older onset diabetic patients with low vision, nonproliferative retinopathy was a more frequent cause of impaired vision than proliferative retinopathy. Low vision and legal blindness caused by retinopathy were significantly associated with sex, age at examination, age at diagnosis, duration of diabetes, type of diabetes treatment, and hypertension in univariate analysis. However, in logistic regression analysis, low vision and legal blindness caused by retinopathy were found to be associated with longer duration of diabetes (> or =15 years), use of insulin, and hypertension.     

Prevalence of Diabetes and Diabetic Retinopathy in a Brazilian Population

Purpose: To evaluate the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in a Brazilian population.

Methods: Population-based, cross-sectional study conducted in 9 cities located in the Midwest region of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, between 2006 and 2007, including 4690 individuals aged ≥30 years. Diabetes was self-reported and DR was assessed by indirect ophthalmoscopy.

Results: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes was 8.68% (95% confidence interval, CI, 7.87–9.48%), and DR was present in 7.62% (95% CI 5.02–10.20%) of participants with self-reported type 2 diabetes. Approximately 35.4% of individuals diagnosed with DR did not know they had diabetes prior to DR diagnosis. Prevalences of low vision and blindness were higher among those with diabetes and DR. Cataract was still a major cause of blindness in this population.

Conclusion: This is the first large population-based study on DR in Brazil. High rates of visual impairment were found in persons with type 2 diabetes, but cataract is still one of the main causes of blindness. Large surveys are necessary for public health policy advocacy in developing countries.     

维生素D受体基因多态性与2型糖尿病患者视网膜病变的相关性分析

目的：探讨维生素D受体基因多态性与2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者视网膜病变的相关性。

方法：筛选2018-02/2019-01我院收治的T2DM患者198例作为研究对象,分为糖尿病性视网膜病变(DR)组(n=108)和非DR组(n=90)。应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性对rs1544410、rs2228570位点多态性进行检测。非条件Logistic回归分析rs1544410、rs2228570基因多态性与2型糖尿病患者视网膜病变的关系。

结果：DR组VDR基因rs1544410位点T等位基因频率、rs2228570位点A等位基因频率均显著高于非DR组(P<0.05); CC基因型130例,CT基因型52例,TT基因型16例,CC基因型与CT+TT基因型相关指标比较有差异(P<0.05); GG基因型121例,GA基因型59例,AA基因型18例,GG基因型与GA+AA基因型相关指标比较有差异(P<0.05); BsmI基因CT+TT基因型、FokI基因GA+AA基因型是DR的危险因素(P<0.05)。

结论：VDR基因BsmI、FokI多态性与2型糖尿病视网膜病变显著相关,可能是2型糖尿病视网膜病变的易感基因位点。     

Vitreous hemorrhage in diabetic eyes previously treated with panretinal photocoagulation

Background Vitreous hemorrhage (VH) is a major cause of severe vision loss in diabetic patients. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence and risk factors for new VH in diabetics previously treated with panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) for proliferative retinopathy (PDR) in community base center. Methods Records of 192 diabetics (35 type 1, 157 type 2), undergoing PRP for diabetic retinopathy were retrospectively reviewed. Eyes presenting initially with high-risk PDR received PRP without delay, and eyes presenting initially with severe non proliferative retinopathy (NPDR) or early PDR had undergone central retinal photocoagulation (CRP), and then, when high risk PDR developed, received PRP treatment. Results VH had developed in 39% of the eyes despite PRP. Risk factors for VH in type 1 diabetes were: early onset and long duration of disease (23.8 versus 39.0 years of age, P = 0.007, and 25.8 versus 16.0 years, P = 0.002, respectively). In type 2, VH occurred with less follow-up and angiographic examinations (7.4% versus 3.8%, P = 0.027, and 33% versus 47%, P = 0.07, respectively). CRP decreased the risk for VH from 43 to 15%, P = 0.013. Conclusions In type 2 diabetes, regular ophthalmic follow-up and intensive PRP may reduce the risk for VH in eyes previously treated by PRP. In type 1, early onset disease and long duration are associated with higher incidence of VH.     

Phenotypes and biomarkers of diabetic retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains a major cause of blindness as the prevalence of diabetes is expected to approximately double globally between 2000 and 2030. DR progresses over time at different rates in different individuals with only a limited number developing significant vision loss due to the two major vision-threatening complications, clinically significant macular edema and proliferative retinopathy.Good metabolic control is important to prevent and delay progression, but whereas some patients escape vision loss even with poor control, others develop vision loss despite good metabolic control.Our research group has been able to identify three different DR phenotypes characterized by different dominant retinal alterations and different risks of progression to vision-threatening complications.Microaneurysm turnover has been validated as a prognostic biomarker of development of clinically significant macular edema, whereas subclinical macular edema identified by OCT and mfERG appear to be also good candidates as organ-specific biomarkers of DR.Hemoglobin A1c remains the only confirmed systemic prognostic biomarker of DR progression.The availability of biomarkers of DR progression and the identification of different phenotypes of DR with different risks for development of vision-threatening complications offers new perspectives for understanding DR and for its personalized management.     

糖尿病视网膜病变发生发展的相关因素分析

目的:探讨影响糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)发生发展的相关因素。方法:用眼底镜和眼底血管荧光素造影对631例2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者进行眼底检查,采集可能与DR发生发展的相关指标。结果:(1)检出DR患者205例,患病率32.5%(95%CI:28.82%～36.15%);其中非增生性糖尿病视网膜病(nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy,NPDR)134例占21.2%(95%CI:18.04%～24.44%);增生性糖尿病视网膜病(proliferative diabetic retinopathy,PDR)71例占11.3%(95%CI:8.78%～13.72%)。(2)单因素分析显示:无视网膜病(non-diabetic retinopathy,NDR)、轻、中、重度NPDR和PDR患者间在人均经济收入、居住环境、是否应用胰岛素治疗、合并糖尿病肾病(diabetic nephropathy,DN)、合并糖尿病周围神经病变(diabetic peripheral neuropathy,DPN)、坚持锻炼、糖尿病(diabetes mellitus,DM)病程、空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose,FPG)、餐后2h血糖(2 hours’postprandial plasma glucose,2hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(glycosylated hemoglobin A1C,HbA1c)、收缩压(systaltic blood pressure,SBP)、胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、尿蛋白排泄率(urinary albuminate excretion rate,UAER)、血清肌酐(serum cremine,SCr)、尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)方面的暴露水平差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。(3)多因素有序Logistic回归显示:DM病程长、HbA1c、UAER水平高,不坚持体力锻炼者DR发生发展的风险增加,无DN和DPN合并症者DR发生发展的可能性降低(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论:T2DM患者有较高的DR患病率。DM病程长、HbA1c水平高,不坚持锻炼是DR发生及其严重程度的独立危险因素,是否合并DN和DPN及UAER的改变可作为DR发生发展的预示指标。     

Intravitreal triamcinolone as adjunctive treatment to laser panretinal photocoagulation for concomitant proliferative diabetic retinopathy and clinically significant macular oedema

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of intravitreal injections of triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) combined with panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) on visual acuity (VA) and foveal thickness in patients with concomitant high‐risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and clinically significant macular oedema (CSMO). Methods: This retrospective interventional case series included seven eyes diagnosed with both high‐risk PDR and CSMO that underwent PRP and a single injection of 4 mg of IVTA. The main outcome measures were VA and foveal thickness, measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT) before treatment and throughout the follow‐up period. Results: Median follow‐up was 301 days (range 180–715 days). Foveal thickness data were available for four of seven eyes. Before the combined treatment, median LogMAR (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) VA and median foveal thickness were 1 (Snellen 20/200, range 20/40–20/800) and 559 µm (range 333–689 µm), respectively. After treatment, median vision improved to LogMAR 0.544 (Snellen 20/70, range 20/40–20/1000) (P = 0.13). Vision improved or remained stable in six of seven eyes. Median foveal thickness at final follow‐up was 436 µm (range 259–623 µm) (P = 0.15). Foveal thickness decreased or remained stable in all eyes. Conclusion: The addition of IVTA to PRP in the treatment of eyes with high‐risk PDR and CSMO may prevent PRP‐induced foveal thickening and loss of vision.     

血清TLR4和VEGFA表达对糖尿病视网膜病变的临床诊断及预后价值评估

目的：探讨Toll样受体4(TLR4)、血管内皮生长因子A(VEGFA)在糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)患者血清中的表达情况及临床意义。

方法：选取2021-01/2022-01本院收治的183例2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者为研究对象，分为非糖尿病视网膜病变(NDR)组(54例)，增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变(PDR)组(68例)和非增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变(NPDR)组(61例)。同期按照年龄、性别分层随机选择70例于本院进行健康体检志愿者作为对照组。出院后随访1a，根据DR患者是否发生视力残疾，分为预后不良组(40例)与预后良好组(89例)。采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血清中TLR4、VEGFA水平； 通过Logistic回归分析DR发生的影响因素； 利用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析血清TLR4、VEGFA水平诊断DR及预测预后的临床价值。

结果：对照组、NDR组、PDR组和NPDR组间TLR4、VEGFA水平比较均具有差异(F=935.753、516.936，均P<0.05)，各组两两比较均具有差异(P<0.05)。预后不良组患者血清中TLR4、VEGFA表达水平均高于预后良好组(P<0.01)。Logistic回归分析结果显示，TLR4、VEGFA、病程、HbA1c均是DR发生的危险因素(P<0.05)； ROC结果显示，血清TLR4、VEGFA水平及二者联合预测DR的AUC分别为0.869、0.862、0.931，血清TLR4、VEGFA水平及二者联合预测DR患者视力残疾的AUC分别为0.864、0.863、0.938。

结论：DR患者血清中TLR4、VEGFA表达均上调，二者联合检测可作为评估DR发生及预后不良的潜在指标。