失眠伴抑郁与单纯失眠患者失眠认知行为治疗的疗效分析

目的分析失眠认知行为疗法(cognitive behavioral therapy on insomnia,CBT-i)对失眠伴抑郁患者以及单纯失眠患者的疗效。方法71例符合失眠症诊断的患者,根据贝克抑郁量表(Beck Depression Inventory,BDI)得分分为单纯失眠组(<14分,33例)和失眠伴抑郁组(≥14分,38例)。2组患者每天填写睡眠日记,并给予8周标准的CBT-i治疗,在治疗前(基线)、治疗第4周、治疗第8周、治疗结束后4周(第3个月)、治疗结束后16周(第6个月)采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index,PSQI)、失眠严重程度指数(Insomnia Severity Index,ISI)、BDI、贝克焦虑量表(Beck Anxiety Inventory,BAI)、SF-36健康调查简表对2组患者睡眠质量、抑郁焦虑程度、个人健康状况等进行评估,采用独立样本t检验进行组间比较,采用重复测量方差分析进行各时间点组内比较。结果与基线时比较,单纯失眠组和失眠伴抑郁组第8周、第3个月和6个月随访时入睡潜伏期、睡眠效率、PSQI、ISI、BDI、BAI、SF-36组内比较差异均有统计学意义。失眠伴抑郁组较单纯失眠组在基线、第8周、第3个月和6个月随访时BAI(t=-6.340、-3.301、-3.511、-2.982)、SF-36(t=4.162、3.195、2.022、3.629)评分差异有统计学意义(P<0.01或0.05),2组ISI评分在第6个月随访时差异有统计学意义[(7.3±4.6)分与(4.7±3.4)分,t=-2.044,P=0.048]。2组入睡潜伏期和睡眠效率以及PSQI的评分在第8周、第3个月和6个月随访时与基线的变化量差异均无统计学意义;而2组BAI、BDI评分在第8周与第3个月和6个月随访时与基线的变化量差异有统计学意义。结论CBT-i对失眠伴抑郁患者和单纯失眠患者均有效,且可以缓解失眠伴抑郁患者的抑郁症状以及改善患者生活质量。     

Current status of research on cognitive therapy/cognitive behavior therapy in Japan

Cognitive therapy/cognitive behavior therapy was introduced into the field of psychiatry in the late 1980s in Japan, and the Japanese Association for Cognitive Therapy (JACT), founded in 2004, now has more than 1500 members. Along with such progress, awareness of the effectiveness of cognitive therapy/cognitive behavioral therapy has spread, not only among professionals and academics but also to the public. The Study Group of the Procedures and Effectiveness of Psychotherapy, funded by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, has conducted a series of studies on the effectiveness of cognitive therapy/cognitive behavior therapy since 2006 and shown that it is feasible for Japanese patients. As a result, in April 2010 cognitive therapy/cognitive behavior therapy for mood disorders was added to the national health insurance scheme in Japan. This marked a milestone in Japan's psychiatric care, where pharmacotherapy has historically been more common. In this article the authors review research on cognitive therapy/cognitive behavior therapy in Japan.     

Psychophysiological evaluations of clinical efficacy in outpatients: Morita therapy for psychophysiological insomnia]

The clinical efficacy of Morita therapy on outpatients with psychophysiological insomnia (PPI) was evaluated psychophysiologically. The subjects, 13 outpatients (mean age: 47. 6 +/-17.7, male/female: 6/7), were diagnosed with PPI at the International Classifications of Sleep Disorders. For each patient the examinations were performed consecutively during, one week of pre-treatment (PRE) and post-treatment (POST; 2.0 +/- 1.1 months), using objective (wrist actigraphy) and subjective (sleep log) measurements. The results were as follows. (1) Subjectively, total sleep time increased and sleep latency shortened significantly at POST compared with PRE. (2) Objectively, the numbers of times of waking decreased, sleep efficiency increased and mean activity in sleep decreased significantly at POST compared with PRE. (3) Dissociations between subjective and objective evaluations about awakening time, total sleep time and sleep latency at PRE improved significantly at POST. From the above-mentioned results, it was suggested that the lack of dissociations between subjective and objective evaluations at POST showed psychophysiologically the reconstruction of sleep a preventing association and breaking free from the entrapment of insomnia. This finding suggested that Morita therapy on outpatients with PPI was effective in helping subjects accept their insomnia and lied a constructive life.     

慢性失眠症认知行为治疗研究进展

慢性失眠症的治疗方式主要包括药物治疗和认知行为治疗.药物治疗慢性失眠症起效时间短、见效快,但易增加成瘾性,产生不良反应.认知行为疗法（CBT）是应用最广泛的非药物治疗方法,现已用于慢性失眠症的治疗并取得显著的疗效.CBT在治疗慢性失眠症的同时避免了药物治疗的不良反应,并且长期治疗效果优于药物治疗.     

Predictors of improvement in subjective sleep quality reported by older adults following group-based cognitive behavior therapy for sleep maintenance and early morning awakening insomnia

ObjectiveCognitive behavior therapy is an effective nonpharmacologic treatment for insomnia. However, individualized administration is costly and often results in substantial variability in treatment response across individual patients, particularly so for older adults. Group-based administration has demonstrated impressive potential for a brief and inexpensive answer to the effective treatment of insomnia in the older population. It is important to identify potential predictors of response to such a treatment format to guide clinicians when selecting the most suitable treatment for their patients. The aim of our study was to identify factors that predict subjective sleep quality of older adults following group-based administration of cognitive behavior therapy for insomnia (CBT-I).MethodsEighty-six adults (41 men; mean age, 64.10 y; standard deviation [SD], 6.80) with sleep maintenance or early morning awakening insomnia were selected from a community-based sample to participate in a 4-week group-based treatment program of CBT-I. Participants were required to complete 7-day sleep diaries and a comprehensive battery of questionnaires related to sleep quality and daytime functioning. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to identify factors predicting subjective sleep quality immediately following treatment and at 3-month follow-up. Sleep diaries reported average nightly sleep efficiency (SE), which was used as the outcome measure of sleep quality.Results and conclusionsParticipants with the greatest SE following treatment while controlling for pretreatment SE were relatively younger and had more confidence in their ability to sleep at pretreatment. These characteristics may be useful to guide clinicians when considering the use of a group-based CBT-I for sleep maintenance or early morning awakening insomnia in older adults.     

Clinical and genetic outcome determinants of internet- and group-based cognitive behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder

Hedman E, Andersson E, Ljótsson B, Andersson G, Andersson E, Schalling M, Lindefors N, Rück C. Clinical and genetic outcome determinants of Internet‐ and group‐based cognitive behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder (SAD). Objective: No study has investigated clinical or genetic predictors and moderators of Internet‐based cognitive behavior therapy (ICBT) compared with cognitive behavioral group therapy for (CBGT) for SAD. Identification of predictors and moderators is essential to the clinician in deciding which treatment to recommend for whom. We aimed to identify clinical and genetic (5‐HTTLPR, COMTval158met, and BDNFval66met) predictors and moderators of ICBT and CBGT. Method: We performed three types of analyses on data from a sample comprising participants (N = 126) who had undergone ICBT or CBGT in a randomized controlled trial. Outcomes were i) end state symptom severity, ii) SAD diagnosis, and iii) clinically significant improvement. Results: The most stable predictors of better treatment response were working full time, having children, less depressive symptoms, higher expectancy of treatment effectiveness, and adhering to treatment. None of the tested gene polymorphisms were associated with treatment outcome. Comorbid general anxiety and depression were moderators meaning that lower levels were associated with a better treatment response in ICBT but not in CBGT. Conclusion: We conclude that demographic factors, symptom burden, adherence, and expectations may play an important role as predictors of treatment outcome. The investigated gene polymorphisms do not appear to make a difference.     

Clinical efficacy of individual cognitive therapy in reducing psychiatric symptoms in people at ultra-high risk for psychosis

Aim: Recently, cognitive therapy in people at ultra‐high risk (UHR) for psychosis has been reported to show modest treatment benefits. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and efficacy of cognitive therapy in reducing psychiatric symptoms in UHR people in Korea. Methods: We developed cognitive therapy for people at UHR for psychosis inspired by Morrison in 2004. Twenty‐two UHR subjects were assigned to cognitive therapy, and 18 subjects completed the 10‐session therapy. Psychopathology scores were assessed at baseline and post‐treatment. Results: Cognitive therapy significantly reduced the severity of psychopathology including positive, negative and depressive symptoms. The within‐group effect sizes indicated large treatment benefits for these psychopathologies. Conclusion: These findings suggest that cognitive therapy can be administered to people at UHR for psychosis in non‐western culture.     

Subjective versus objective sleep outcomes in older adults with and without uncoupled sleep following online cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia

Background

Uncoupled sleep is a phenomenon characterised by a disconnect between sleep pattern and sleep complaint. This study examined the impact of uncoupled sleep on dysfunctional sleep beliefs and objective and subjective sleep outcomes in community-dwelling older adults following digitally delivered Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) to assess how these groups respond to CBT-I.

Methods

Objective sleep was measured using wrist actigraphy, subjective sleep quality via sleep diaries and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Dysfunctional sleep beliefs were assessed by the Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep scale (DBAS-16). All measurements were taken prior to and following a 4-week online CBT-I program. Linear mixed model and generalised linear mixed model analyses were conducted to examine objective and subjective sleep onset latency, total sleep time, wake after sleep onset and number of awakenings as well as PSQI and DBAS-16 scores, respectively.

Results

Out of 80 enrolled participants, 62 participants (55 females, 89%; 16 complaining good sleepers, 26 complaining poor sleepers, 11 non-complaining good sleepers, and nine non-complaining poor sleepers) completed the study. CBT-I reduced dysfunctional sleep beliefs across all sleeper classifications. Objective and self-reported changes in sleep parameters were demonstrated in complaining poor sleepers without uncoupled sleep. Complaining good sleepers with uncoupled sleep only reported a decrease in the number of subjective sleep awakenings. There were no changes in sleep outcomes in non-complaining good and non-complaining poor sleepers.

Conclusions

Online CBT-I was effective in improving the sleep outcomes of individuals who had both subjective and objective poor sleep. However, as the online CBT-I reduced dysfunctional sleep beliefs in all sleep groups, further examination of dysfunctional sleep beliefs and whether they mediate the outcomes of digital CBT-I in older adults will need to be conducted.     

Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in restless legs syndrome patients

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBTI) in patients with Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS).MethodsThis is a randomized controlled study. The patients were sequentially selected and randomly assigned to either a CBTI group or a non-CBTI group. A total of 25 RLS patients with comorbid insomnia were recruited from a tertiary university hospital sleep center. Twelve were assigned to the CBTI group, and 13 were assigned to the non-CBTI group. The CBTI group received 4 sessions of behavioral therapy, while the non-CBTI group received one informative session on sleep hygiene. All patients completed sleep and psychiatric-related questionnaires. In addition, each individual completed a one-week sleep log for collecting subjective sleep data and actigraphy for objective sleep data.ResultsAfter conducting the CBTI, there were significant improvements in severity of insomnia symptoms, subjective sleep efficiency, total sleep time, latency to sleep onset, wake after sleep onset, objective latency to sleep onset, and anxiety in the CBTI group as compared to the non-CBTI group. The effect of CBTI on sleep-related data was maintained for up to three months.ConclusionsCBTI was effective in RLS patients by improving sleep quality and anxiety symptoms. CBTI may be considered in clinical practice for RLS patients with comorbid insomnia.     

团体认知行为治疗的应用与研究进展

认知行为治疗(Cognitive Behavior Therapy, CBT)是一种基于认知行为模型、聚焦于当前问题、短程、结构式的心理治疗方法.各类心理治疗的理论流派中,CBT因其科学有效、结构化、可操作性强、远期效果好而逐渐被广泛应用,也是最具成本效益的心理治疗方法[1].团体认知行为治疗(Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, G-CBT)是指在团体情境下利用CBT特定的认知技术和行为技术,结合团体的疗效因子,引导团体成员产生认知、情绪、行为方面的改变,进而达到治疗效果[2].Beck于20世纪70年代末在抑郁症认知治疗的著作中就描述了团体认知治疗的形式[3].目前,随着精神障碍患者人数增多,对心理治疗的需求日益增加,而心理治疗师相对匮乏,越来越多的治疗师将目光投向G-CBT.近年来在抑郁症、惊恐障碍、社交焦虑障碍、强迫障碍、双相情感障碍、人格障碍、物质滥用、肥胖症、进食障碍、精神分裂症患者中逐渐被广泛应用.     

Is digital cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia effective in treating sub-threshold insomnia: a pilot RCT

Objective/BackgroundMany patients find cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) useful. However, it is currently unknown if those with sub-threshold insomnia also benefit. Here we assessed whether CBT-I is both feasible and acceptable in participants with sub-threshold insomnia. The primary aims were to evaluate participation rates and treatment acceptability, and to establish an effect size for symptom improvement.Patients/MethodsA total of 199 female participants (M_age 20 ± 5 years) took part. Following baseline assessments, participants were randomly allocated to either a six-week digital CBT-I intervention or a six-week control group receiving puzzles. Additional assessments were performed three-weeks, six-weeks, and six-months later.ResultsParticipation rates at each survey assessment wave did not differ between the groups (ps > 0.140), though adherence to completing each weekly task was lower in the CBT-I group, p = 0.02. Treatment acceptability was high (M (SD) = 33.61 (4.82), theoretical range 6–42). The CBT-I group showed greater improvement in insomnia symptoms at the end of the intervention compared to the control group (p = 0.013, d = 0.42), with significant variation in outcome (M = 4.69, SD = 5.41). Sub-threshold participants showed a similar pattern of results, whilst those meeting insomnia criteria showed a smaller between-group difference. CBT-I led to improvements in anxiety, paranoia and perceived stress between baseline and end of intervention. Changes in insomnia symptoms were mediated by cognitions about sleep and somatic pre-sleep arousal.ConclusionsCBT-I provides a benefit even in sub-threshold insomnia. CBT-I may be useful to tackle insomnia symptoms even when they are sub-threshold.     

西酞普兰联合认知行为疗法治疗强迫症对照观察

目的：比较西酞普兰联合认知行为治疗与单用西酞普兰治疗强迫症的临床疗效。方法：将Yale-Brown强迫量表（Y-BOCS）评分≥16分的64例强迫症患者随机分为研究组（西酞普兰联合认知行为治疗）和对照组（单用西酞普兰治疗）,每组各32例,疗程6个月。于治疗前及治疗1、2、4和6个月时采用Y-BOCS评定疗效。结果：治疗后研究组和对照组Y-BOCS评分分别为（9.41±3.87）分和（12.37±5.34）分,较治疗前（25.26±5.38）分和（24.23±4.25）分显著下降（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;以研究组下降更为显著（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,其中强迫性思维和强迫性行为因子评分在治疗6个月时仍维持降分（P〈0.01）。结论：西酞普兰联合认知行为治疗强迫症较单用西酞普兰疗效更好。     

认知行为疗法对首发精神分裂症疗效观察

目的:观察认知行为疗法对首发精神分裂症的临床疗效.方法:将首发精神分裂症患者177例,随机分为有无认知行为疗法两组.用简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)、自知力量表(insight scale)、功 能大体评定量表(GAF)、副反应量表(TESS)分别于入组前、治疗第2、4、8周末各评定1次,并比较两组住院时间、90项症状清单(SCL-90)总分.结果:研究组(有认知行为治疗)在治疗第4、8周末BPRS、insightscale、GAF评分较对照组(无认知行为治疗)改变显著.结论:早期认知行为疗法干预能明显改善首发精神分裂症临床症状,缩短住院时间.     

认知行为疗法对惊恐障碍的辅助治疗作用

目的：观察文拉法辛缓释剂联合认知行为疗法对惊恐障碍的治疗效果。方法：60例惊恐障碍患者分为研究组和对照组,每组各30例。研究组给予文拉法辛缓释剂联合认知行为治疗,对照组只给予文拉法辛缓释剂治疗。观察12周。采用汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）、临床疗效总评量表-病情严重度（CGI-SI）在治疗前及治疗2、4、8和12周时评定疗效;以治疗中出现的症状量表（TESS）评定药物的不良反应。结果：两组治疗后HAMA及CGI-SI评分较治疗前均显著降低（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,以研究组较对照组更为显著（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。两组不良反应少而轻微。结论：文拉法辛缓释剂联合认知行为疗法治疗惊恐障碍效果优于单纯药物治疗。     

Objective sleep disturbance is associated with poor response to cognitive and behavioral treatments for insomnia in postmenopausal women

Study objectivesTo determine whether insomnia patients with objective sleep disturbance are less responsive to cognitive and behavioral treatments than those without objective sleep disturbance, characterize effects of insomnia therapy on objective sleep, and determine whether reductions in nocturnal cognitive arousal correspond to changes in objective sleep.MethodsSecondary analysis of a single-site, randomized controlled trial. 113 postmenopausal women (56.40 ± 5.34 years) with menopause-related insomnia disorder were randomized to three treatment conditions: cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBTI), sleep restriction therapy (SRT), or sleep education control. Primary outcomes were the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and polysomnography (PSG) sleep parameters and were collected at pretreatment, posttreatment, and six-month follow-up.ResultsPatients with lower pretreatment PSG sleep efficiency had lower rates of insomnia remission after active treatment relative to those with higher sleep efficiency (37.8% vs 61.8%). Neither CBTI and SRT produced clinically meaningful effects on PSG sleep. Exploratory analyses revealed that reductions in nocturnal cognitive arousal were associated with decreases in PSG sleep latency, but not wake after sleep onset.ConclusionsOur findings support an emerging literature suggesting that insomnia patients with objective sleep disturbance may have blunted response to insomnia therapy. Research is needed to enhance treatments to better improve insomnia in patients with objective sleep disturbance. A lack of observed CBTI and SRT effects on PSG sleep suggests that these therapies may be presently ill-designed to improve objective sleep. Nocturnal cognitive arousal may represent an entry point to improve objective sleep latency in insomnia.NameBehavioral Treatment of Menopausal Insomnia: Sleep and Daytime Outcomes. URL: clinicaltrials.gov. Registration: NCT01933295.     

焦虑症认知行为治疗与药物治疗对照研究

目的：比较认知行为治疗、抗焦虑药及二者结合治疗焦虑症的临床疗效、社会功能、生活满意度及生活质量改善情况。方法：焦虑症患者100例按随机区组法分为认知行为组、抗焦虑药物组、二者结合治疗组,疗程12周。分别于治疗前和治疗结束时采用汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）评定临床疗效,功能大体评定量表（GAF）、生活满意度量表（ISR）和生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI-74）评定患者的社会功能、生活满意度、生活质量情况。结果：治疗后,3组HAMA总分显著低于治疗前,社会功能、生活满意度和生活质量总分显著高于治疗前。认知行为组的不良反应显著低于药物治疗组和结合治疗组。结论：认知行为治疗、抗焦虑药和二者结合治疗焦虑症均有显著疗效,安全性好,结合治疗显示出一定的优势。3种治疗方法对患者的社会功能、生活满意度、生活质量均有明显改善。     

度洛西汀合并认知行为治疗对躯体形式障碍患者的疗效分析

目的 评价度洛西汀合并认知行为治疗对躯体形式障碍患者的治疗效果.方法 将符合CCMD-3诊断标准的60例躯体形式障碍患者随机分为研究组和对照组,研究组给予度洛西汀合并认知行为治疗,对照组只给予度洛西汀治疗.疗程8周.应用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、SCL-90躯体化量表定期评定疗效,治疗中需处理的不良反应症状量表(TESS)评定安全性.结果 治疗8周后,研究组显效率90％,对照组显效率63％,研究组显效率高于对照组(x2=23.89,P＜0.01).治疗第4、6、8周末,研究组SCL-90躯体化因子分、HAMD评分、HAMA评分与对照组比较有显著性差异(P＜0.01).不良反应较轻,两组间比较无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论 度洛西汀合并认知行为治疗对躯体形式障碍患者的疗效优于单独用度洛西汀治疗.     

Waitlist‐controlled trial of cognitive behavior therapy for hoarding disorder

Objective: This study investigated a multicomponent cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT) for hoarding based on a model proposed by Frost and colleagues and manualized in Steketee and Frost (2007). Method: Participants with clinically significant hoarding were recruited from the community and a university‐based anxiety clinic. Of the 46 patients randomly assigned to CBT or waitlist (WL), 40 completed the 12‐week assessment and 36 completed 26 sessions. Treatment included education and case formulation, motivational interviewing, skills training for organizing and problem solving, direct exposure to nonacquiring and discarding, and cognitive therapy. Measures included the Saving Inventory‐Revised (self‐report), Hoarding Rating Scale‐Interview, and measures of clinical global improvement. Between group repeated measures analyses using general linear modeling examined the effect of CBT versus WL on hoarding symptoms and moodstate after 12 weeks. Within group analyses examined pre‐post effects for all CBT participants combined after 26 sessions. Results: After 12 weeks, CBT participants benefited significantly more than WL patients on hoarding severity and mood with moderate effect sizes. After 26 sessions of CBT, participants showed significant reductions in hoarding symptoms with large effect sizes for most measures. At session 26, 71% of patients were considered improved on therapist clinical global improvement ratings and 81% of patients rated themselves improved; 41% of completers were clinically significantly improved. Conclusions: Multicomponent CBT was effective in treating hoarding. However, treatment refusal and compliance remain a concern, and further research with independent assessors is needed to establish treatment benefits and durability of gains. Depression and Anxiety, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.