34 周以下适于胎龄及小于胎龄早产儿出生 2 周内 蛋白质、能量摄入及体质量变化

目的了解34周以下早产适于胎龄儿(AGA)和小于胎龄儿(SGA)生后蛋白质、能量摄入量以及体质量z评分的变化情况。方法回顾收集2012年1月至2014年12月入院的314例早产儿,比较268例AGA和46例SGA早产儿生后2周内蛋白质、能量摄入情况和体质量变化。结果 SGA组住院时间、肠外联合肠内营养时间、全肠内营养时间、达足量喂养时间均较AGA早产儿长,差异有统计学意义(P??0.05);SGA组生后第4、8、12天能量摄入量明显低于AGA组,SGA组生后第6、8天总蛋白质摄入量明显低于AGA组,差异均有统计学意义(P??0.05);SGA组日平均体质量增长量大于AGA组,差异有统计学意义(P??0.05);AGA组与SGA组生后2周内体质量z评分均逐渐远离中位水平,且SGA组2周时体质量z评分低于AGA组(P??0.05)。结论胎龄??34周的SGA早产儿恢复出生体质量后的生长速率快于AGA早产儿,存在一定的追赶生长;但SGA、AGA早产儿的生长均有待提高。     

Optimising nutrition of preterm and term infants in the neonatal intensive care unit

Optimum nutrition leads to improved long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in both preterm and term infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care (NICU). This review delineates the phases of nutritional management from full parenteral nutrition, transitioning to enteral nutrition and on to full enteral feeds. It describes the essential components of best nutritional care in the neonatal periods and provides practical tips in the management of nutrition in these infants. The authors make recommendations for care based on national and international guidelines and personal expertise of working in a tertiary NICU.     

Spoonfeeding is associated with increased infant weight but only amongst formula‐fed infants

Infant feeding experiences are important for the development of healthy weight gain trajectories. Evidence surrounding milk feeding and timing of introduction to solids is extensive; however, the impact of the method of introducing solids on infant growth has been relatively underexplored. Baby‐led weaning (where infants self‐feed family foods) is proposed to improve appetite regulation, leading to healthier weight gain and a reduced risk of obesity. However, the evidence is mixed and has methodological inconsistencies. Furthermore, despite milk being a large part of the infant diet during the period infants are introduced to solid foods, its influence and interaction with introductory style have not been considered. The aim of this study was to explore growth among infants aged 3–12 months according to both style of introduction to solid foods and milk feeding; 269 infants were weighed and measured, and body mass index (BMI) computed. The results showed that overall, infants who were spoon‐fed (compared with self‐fed) at introduction to complementary feeding (CF) had greater length (but not weight or BMI). However, when milk feeding was accounted for, we found that infants who were both spoon‐fed and fully formula fed had greater weight compared with spoon‐fed, breastfed infants. There was no significant difference in weight among self‐fed infants who were breastfed or formula fed. The results highlight the importance of considering infant feeding as a multicomponent experience in relation to growth, combining both milk feeding and method of CF. This relationship may be explained by differences in maternal feeding style or diet consumed.     

Neonatal nutrition: a brief review

Background  With increasing survival of extremely premature infants, emphasis is now focused on the quality of these survivors’ lives. Possibly the most important factor in the premature’s ability to survive in the NICU and thrive is the ability to replicate in utero growth through enteral and parenteral nutrition. Data Sources  Current literature and review articles were retrieved from PubMed and personal files of the authors. Results  The use and complications of the various components of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) were reviewed. The composition of appropriate enteral feeds for the premature was reviewed as was the difficulties associated with the establishment of adequate enteral feeds in the premature infants. Conclusions  Early initiation of amino acids in TPN and timely increases in the components of TPN can improve the caloric intake of prematures. Enteral feeds, particularly of breast milk, may be started within the first few days of life in all but hemodynamically unstable prematures. Newer lipid preparations show promise in reversing the hepatic damage of TPN associated cholestatic jaundice.     

The abdominal circumference to weight ratio increases with decreasing body weight in preterm infants

Abdominal distension is one of the major clinical indications to withhold feedings in preterm infants. The abdominal circumference (AC) was measured in 42 premature infants on full enteral nutrition in order to establish reference values. AC decreased linearly ( r ²= 0.83) with decreasing weight. However, the AC to weight ratio increased substantially (hyperbolically) with decreasing weight.
Conclusion : The increased AC to weight ratio may be misinterpreted as pathological abdominal distension in the clinical assessment of preterm infants on full enteral nutrition.     

Olive oil enema in a pre‐term infant with milk curd syndrome

Milk curd syndrome was first reported in the 1960s, but was gradually forgotten because of its low incidence thereafter. This condition in pre‐term infants has been reported over the last decade and has again attracted neonatologists' attention. The present report describes a pre‐term infant with milk curd syndrome. Abdominal distension was evident 14 days after the start of feeding with fortified expressed milk. Abdominal X‐ray showed multiple intraluminal masses surrounded by a halo of air, and ultrasound indicated hyperechoic masses. Along with that history and the appearance of fecal impaction, the diagnosis of milk curd syndrome was confirmed. This baby was treated with olive oil enemas and successive colonic lavage for 3 days, and the symptoms were relieved. Olive oil enema, which softens hard stools and induces smooth movement of these stools, may be an effective and safe first‐line treatment in pre‐term infants with milk curd syndrome.     

极低出生体质量早产儿院内营养现状多中心调查

目的了解不同地区出生体质量1 500 g早产儿院内营养状况以及出生后生长发育迟缓(EUGR)的相关影响因素。方法采用回顾性调查方法,收集2012年1月1日至2012年12月31日在全国15所医院新生儿科住院时间2周、出生体质量1 500 g的早产儿临床资料,包括住院期间的喂养方式、营养状况、并发症及诊断和治疗,并对早产儿住院期间的肠内外营养、体质量增长情况进行描述性分析,并分析EUGR的相关因素。结果入选572例早产儿,出生胎龄(30.6±2.0)周,出生体质量(1 255.7±164.8)g;开始肠道喂养的时间为(68.2±85.4)h,口服能量达到100 kcal/(kg·d)(1cal=418.68J)的日龄为(29.9±14.1)d;住院期间在恢复至出生体质量后其体质量增长速度为(11.8±5.5)g/(kg·d)。住院时间(42.2±20.8)d,出院时校正胎龄(36.6±2.7)周。出生时,出生体质量小于第十百分位(P1 0)者占5 2.6%、P3者占29.0%;出院时,体质量P1 0占80.9%,P3占63.6%,较出生时的差异均有统计学意义(P0.01);营养状况指标、体质量增长指标、出院时指标等在各医院之间的差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。胎龄及出生体质量小、出生体质量P1 0、口服能量达标日龄长、平均体质量增长速度慢均为出院时存在EUGR的独立危险因素(P均0.05)。结论我国极低出生体质量早产儿院内营养状况地区差异显著,大力推广早期积极规范的早产儿营养支持策略是改善极低出生体质量早产儿住院期间营养状况的关键因素。     

早产低出生体质量儿肠外营养相关性胆汁淤积的临床危险因素及近期结局

目的探讨早产低出生体质量儿肠外营养相关性胆汁淤积(PNAC)的临床危险因素以及近期结局。方法回顾分析2018年至2020年期间于新生儿重症监护病房住院的应用肠外营养(PN)≥14 d,出生体质量2 500 g的114例早产低出生体质量儿的临床资料。根据早产儿直接胆红素水平(DB)分为PNAC组(DB34 μmol/L,27例)和非PNAC组(87例),以丙氨酸氨基转移酶50 U/L为合并肝损伤标准,进行比较分析。结果 PNAC发生率23.6%,发生时间为应用PN后(32.8±12.5)d,在PN停止后(52.2±29.5)d 恢复。PNAC组中14例(51.8%)发生肝损伤,发生时间为应用PN后(42.0±14.7)d;肝损伤持续时间为70.5 d(56.0～77.7 d),胆汁淤积持续时间为(90.2±42.1)d。PNAC组住院时间、抗生素应用时间、机械通气时间、PN持续时间及禁食时间均长于非PNAC组,生后开奶时间晚于非PNAC组,氨基酸及脂肪乳累积用量大于非PNAC组,合并坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)、败血症比例大于非PNAC组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。多元logistic回归分析示,禁食时间、PN持续时间、NEC是PNAC发生的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论 PNAC是早产低出生体质量儿进行PN过程中常见并发症。长时间禁食、PN持续时间长及合并NEC提高了PNAC发生的风险。经过治疗,PNAC患儿大多预后良好。     

两种肠道外营养方法在早产儿中的应用研究

目的 探讨早产儿应用两种肠道外营养(parenteral nutrition,PN)方法的疗效.方法 选择不能耐受完全胃肠道喂养的早产儿42例,随机分为观察组(22例)和对照组(20例).观察组患儿生后24 h内应用氨基酸,自1.0/g(kg·d)开始,每日递增1.0g/(kg·d),直至3.0/g(kg·d);48 h内应用脂肪乳,剂量及添加方法同氨基酸,生后第5天达全静脉营养.对照组患儿生后48 h应用氨基酸,自0.5g/(kg·d)开始,每日递增0.5g/(kg·d),直至3.0g/(kg·d);72 h后应用脂肪乳,剂量及添加方法同氨基酸,生后8～9 d达全静脉营养.两组患儿均监测营养效果,出生72 h内和第10天分别监测血生化指标,观察并发症发生情况.结果 观察组恢复至出生体质量时间、体质量下降幅度、PN时间、过渡到全胃肠道营养时间均较对照组短,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).并发症发生情况比较两组差异无统计学意义(x2=0.191,P＞0.05).两组患儿在血糖、总胆红素、尿素氮、二氧化碳结合力、总胆固醇等方面比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 早产儿可以耐受生后24 h内早期足量的PN.     

早产儿肠内营养新概念

早产儿的营养支持是复杂和具有挑战性的系统工程。在早产儿肠内营养的实施过程中,应基于其生理特点,不仅从营养学而且从促进胃肠功能成熟的角度进行喂养,正确选择适合早产儿的喂养方法和乳类;不仅要关注营养对早期生长发育和对疾病反应方面的影响,更重要的是他们的远期健康。根据目前循证医学研究的证据来更新观念,走出误区,对于指导临床实践,改善早产儿的预后十分必要。     

Changing trends in feeding policies for ventilated preterm infants

In 1987 and 1994 all UK regional neonatal intensive care units were questioned about their feeding policies for the ventilated preterm infant. Between 1987 and 1994 there was an increase in the use of milk feeds (59 versus 71%), fortified breast milk (5 versus 72%) and low birthweight formula (41 versus 69%) whilst use of donor breast milk declined (56 versus 22%). Units that gave enteral feeds used significantly less parenteral nutrition ( p < 0.05). Overall there was a tendency towards greater uniformity in feeding policies.     

Temperament and increased weight gain in infants

The role of temperamental characteristics in accelerated and decelerated weight gain in normal infants has not been investigated previously except for differences in activity. The present study drew a random sample of 200 normal infants from a largely middle-class private practice. It found 24 infants who gained 30 or more percentile points in weight for length determinations between 6 and 12 months of age and 25 who lost 20 percentile points or more. These growth data were compared with contemporaneous findings on the Infant Temperament Questionnaire. Those gaining the most had significantly more difficult temperament ratings (p less than 0.05) and were perceived by their mothers as "more difficult than average" (p less than 0.001). Infants with the most decelerated growth were not temperamentally different from the general sample. Negative mood rather than low activity was the specific characteristic distinguishing the infants gaining the most (p = 0.006). Clinical experience would suggest that fussy infants are fed more to quiet them.     

Incidence and risk factors of parenteral nutrition‐associated liver disease in newborn infants

Background: The aim of the present study was to determine the incidence and risk factors of parenteral nutrition‐associated liver disease (PNALD) in neonates. Methods: A 1 year prospective cohort study was carried out at the neonatal intensive care unit and sick neonatal wards, Chiang Mai University Hospital. Newborns >1000 g, receiving >7 days of parenteral nutrition (PN), were enrolled. Liver function tests were done by the end of first, second, and fourth week, and then every 4 weeks until the PN was discontinued and the jaundice resolved. The diagnosis of PNALD relied on a history of PN, direct bilirubin >2 mg/dL, and exclusion of other causes of neonatal cholestasis. Selected patient factors and PN compositions were analyzed to determine the risks for development of PNALD. Results: A total of 24 infants with a mean gestational age and birthweight of 32.5 weeks and 1840 g were enrolled. Eight of the 24 developed PNALD. Compared to those without PNALD, gastrointestinal surgery, duration of enteral starvation, duration of PN, maximum PN caloric intake, and maximum carbohydrate intake were significantly associated with the development of liver disease. Despite the lack of statistical significance, there was a trend towards cholestasis in patients with sepsis. Elevation of direct bilirubin was the earliest biochemical change, observed in the first week after PN, followed by increased transaminases. Conclusion: Gastrointestinal surgery, duration of enteral starvation, duration of PN, maximum caloric and carbohydrate intake in PN were significant risks of PNALD in newborn infants.     

极低出生体质量儿肠外营养素剂量与其近期转归的相关性

目的比较肠外营养配方中不同氨基酸和脂肪乳剂的应用剂量对极低出生体质量儿(VLBWI)肠外营养代谢性并发症发生率和预后的影响。方法回顾性分析2005年1月至2014年12月收治的328例出生后72 h内开始并接受5 d以上肠外营养支持治疗的VLBWI临床资料,VLBWI根据应用肠外营养素的剂量分为低剂量组和高剂量组,比较两组并发症发生率和预后。结果 328例患儿中,204例为低剂量组,124例为高剂量组。与低剂量组相比,高剂量组VLBWI住院期间早产儿合并症发生率低,其中颅内出血发生率降低最明显;出院时宫外发育迟缓发生率低;肠外营养代谢性并发症总体发生率高,其中高血糖、电解质紊乱和胆汁淤积发生率均升高,低血糖发生率低,差异均有统计学意义(P??0.05)。两组之间肝损害、高胆红素血症、坏死性小肠结肠炎和早产儿视网膜病变发生率的差异无统计学意义(P??0.05)。结论 VLBWI可以耐受早期积极的肠外营养,减少宫外发育迟缓和早产儿合并症。