新生儿细菌性脑膜炎87 例临床分析

目的了解新生儿细菌性脑膜炎的病原学、临床特征以及预后特点。方法对收治的87例新生儿细菌性脑膜炎进行回顾性分析。87例患儿根据出生体质量分为≥2500g组(53例)和<2500g组(34例),分析患儿临床特点、脑脊液及血培养结果、并发症等。分别应用Fisher确切概率法、χ2检验、秩和检验进行数据分析。结果两组患儿的病程差异无统计学意义(P=0.196);神经系统症状在≥2500g组患儿更多见,低出生体质量儿表现以腹胀、呼吸暂停、黄疸以及血常规异常为主;脑脊液培养阳性30例(34.5%),其中革兰阳性菌与阴性菌各16、14例,不同体质量患儿的致病菌种类差异无统计学意义(P=0.688),脑脊液培养细菌检出率由高到低依次为肠道细菌(36.7%)、B型链球菌(20.0%)、非B型链球菌(16.7%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(13.3)、脑膜炎双球菌(10.0%);脑脊液细菌培养阳性患儿病死率为23.3%,阴性者为5.3%。统计学分析显示脑脊液细菌培养是否阳性与并发症发生率(P=0.008)及病死率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论新生儿细菌性脑膜炎并发症发生率较高,低出生体质量儿颅内出血的发生率更高,病死率与出生体质量...     

Neonatal bacterial sepsis in a neonatal intensive care unit: A 5 year analysis

Objective : To study the pattern of neonatal sepsis in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) during a 5 year period and assess the relationship between maternal risk factors and early onset sepsis (EOS).
Methodology : The study reported here was a retrospective analysis of 209 episodes of septicaemia and 5 episodes of bacterial meningitis in 198 newborn infants, 22 of whom died. Eighty-one infants had EOS (≤72h) and 117 infants had late onset sepsis (LOS >72 h). All infants had clinical evidence of sepsis, a computerized haematological score for sepsis of 4 or greater, and either treatment with antibiotics for 7 days or more or had earlier death due to sepsis. The organisms causing neonatal sepsis were analyzed according to the day of onset, gestational age, birthweight and year of infection.
Results : Sepsis occurred in 5.6 per 1000 live births and 3.8% of NICU admissions. There were 81 episodes of EOS and 128 of LOS. Coagulase negative staphylococci (CONS) 38.8%, group B Streptococcus (GBS) 20.1% and Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) 20.1% were the common causes of sepsis; and GBS (50.6%) and CONS (60.9%) were the most common organisms in EOS and LOS, respectively. The mean gestational age and birthweight were heigher in babies with EOS than compared with LOS. The higher likelihood of probable rather than definite infection in infants with EOS was related to more mothers in the EOS group receiving intrapartum antibiotics. GNB infection was more common in their babies.
Conclusions : GBS and CONS were the most common causes of EOS and LOS, respectively. The use of maternal intrapartum antibiotics interferes with neonatal blood culture results. Because blood cultures are not always positive in neonatal septicaemia, a combination of clinical, haematological and other microbiological evidence should be used when diagnosing neonatal septicaemia.     

Prolonged incubation period in neonatal Pasteurella multocida meningitis and bacteremia

Pasteurella multocida, often found as part of the human oral flora and in finger/toenails, also exists in many animals, especially cats, dogs, and pigs. Although rare, pasteurella infection in neonates can cause serious systemic disease, such as meningitis. In this article, a 23‐day‐old girl presented with decreased appetite and irritability for >2 days. Eighteen days previously her pet cat had jumped onto the left side of her head while she was sleeping. On laboratory data C‐reactive protein was high, and on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis leukocyte count was extremely high, with low glucose and high protein. P. multocida grew out of the blood and CSF cultures, and she was successfully treated with antibiotics for 3 weeks. Although pasteurellosis rarely occurs, it can sometimes lead to life‐threatening situations, so parents should exercise caution when having pets around their children.     

Lack of effectiveness of dexamethasone in neonatal bacterial meningitis

A clinical trial was conducted to determine whether dexamethasone as adjunctive therapy alters the outcome of bacterial meningitis in neonates. Fifty-two full-term neonates with bacterial meningitis were enrolled in a prospective study. Infants were alternately assigned to receive either dexamethasone or not. Twenty-seven received dexamethasone in addition to standard antibiotic treatment and 25 received antibiotics alone. Dexamethasone therapy was started 10–15 min before the first dose of antibiotics in a dose of 0.15 mg/kg per 6 h for 4 days. Baseline characteristics, clinical and laboratory features in the two groups were virtually similar. Both groups showed a similar clinical response and similar frequency of mortality and sequelae. Six (22%) babies in the treatment group died compared to 7 (28%) in the control group (P = 0.87). At follow up examinations up to the age of 2 years, 6 (30%) of dexamethasone recipients and 7 (39%) of the control group had mild or moderate/severe neurological sequelae. Audiological sequelae were seen in two neonates in the dexamethasone group compared to one in the control group. Conclusion Adjunctive dexamethasone therapy does not improve the outcome of neonatal bacterial meningitis. Received: 22 December 1997 / Accepted: 14 March 1998     

新生儿细菌性脑膜炎的诊治及观点更新

新生儿细菌性脑膜炎起病隐匿,临床症状不典型,病死率高,存活者可能会遗留神经系统并发症,因此及早诊断,规范治疗非常重要.2016年欧洲临床微生物与感染疾病协会(European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases)发布了急性细菌性脑膜炎的诊治指南.本文结合该指南及最新文献,对新生儿细菌性脑膜炎的诊治进行了详述.     

Functional and behavioral outcome of bacterial meningitis in school‐aged survivors

Background: Bacterial meningitis is a serious infection with high morbidity and a significant risk for neurological and functional sequelae. The purpose of this study was to assess children and teenagers with a history of bacterial meningitis for functional and behavioral problems. Methods: Thirty children and teenagers who suffered bacterial meningitis beyond the age of 6 months were compared against 30 healthy controls for functional and behavioral problems. Both groups were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist by Achenbach for abilities and behavioral problems. Results: No significant difference was found between the two groups. Conclusion: School‐aged survivors of bacterial meningitis beyond the first 6 months of life have a very good prognosis with regards to competence and behavior.     

Interleukin-8 levels in children with bacterial,tuberculous and aseptic meningitis

Objective : Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is produced in monocytes and vascular endothelial cells in response to stimulation with bacteria or lipopolysaccharides, and is released from these cells into blood stream or tissue fluid.Methods Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of interleukin-8 in 56 children with nonbacterial, bacterial and tuberculous meningitis (TBM), and in 15 control subjects were analyzed to evaluate the involvement of this cytokine in the pathogenesis acute bacterial meningitis and their discriminative value between different etiologies of meningitis. The kinetics of IL-8 concentrations during the course of bacterial meningitis was also evaluated in patients. IL-8 levels were significantly higher in bacterial and TBM than in aseptic meningitis and in control subjects (p<0.0001).Results: There was no difference in the levels of IL-8 between the non-bacterial meningitis and control groups. The analysis of the kinetics of production of IL-8 in patients with bacterial meningitis showed that the SSF concentrations of this cytokine decreased to undetectable values in recovery stage. Conversely in patients with TBM the concentrations of IL-8 were elevated in two weeks after beginning the specific treatment.Conclusion : The results suggest that determining IL-8 levels may be useful in the differential diagnosis.     

Childhood bacterial meningitis in Pondicherry, South India

Objective: To identify causative bacteria from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of children with miningits and analyse various clinical and laboratory parameters.Methods: Over a 20 month period, September 1994 to April 1996, one hundred episodes of acute bacterial meningitis in children aged 1 month–12 years were studied in a tertiary urban hospital in South India. Organisms were isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in 35% of cases. Among infants and children, the two major pathogens wereH. influenzae (17%) andS.pneumoniae (12%).Results: The illness at presentation was mild in 13% and severe in 36% of cases. The association of subdural effusion in children with Salmonella Gp B meningitis merits attention. The overall case fatality rate was 25%.S.pneumoniae had a higher case fatality rate than Salmonella Gp B andH.influenzae (50% vs 17% vs 12%). All the three infants below 3 months of age withS.pneumoniae meningitis died. On analysis of selected clinical and laboratory features by discriminant analysis, CSF culture was the significant (P=0.02) variable in relation to outcome. In pneumococcal meningitis, CSF WBC count was a highly significant variable in relation to outcome (Wilk’s Lambda 0.15, F=24.64, P=0.0002).Conclusion: Prevention of infections due toH.influenzae andS.pneumoniae should be given higher priority.     

Nosocomial Gram-positive bacterial infections in children: Results of a 7 year study

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present paper was to determine the rate of culture-proven nosocomial infections and evaluate the episodes of nosocomial Gram-positive (GP) bacterial infections in pediatric patients. METHODS: The data of children with positive culture, who were diagnosed as having nosocomial infection on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria, were examined and only the patients with nosocomial GP bacterial infections were included in the study. RESULTS: Between January 1997 and January 2004 a total of 836 episodes of nosocomial GP bacterial infections were observed. The most frequently seen nosocomial GP bacterial infections were primary bloodstream infections (BSI; 43%), ventriculoperitoneal shunt infections (18%), and nosocomial pneumonias (11%). Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CONS; 46%) were the most common nosocomial GP bacteria isolated, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (33%). Methicillin resistance rates for CONS and S. aureus were 85% and 25.2%; respectively. The mortality rate was 4% of all children with nosocomial GP bacterial infections in the present study. CONCLUSION: In the present patients primary BSI were the most common nosocomial GP bacterial infections and CONS were the most frequent GP pathogen isolated. Antimicrobial resistance in GP isolates is an increasing problem.     

Comparison of cerebrospinal fluid in newborns and in infants ≤2 months old with or without meningitis

Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the characteristics and accuracy of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) parameters for neonatal meningitis, by comparing CSF data in newborns and in infants ≤2 months of age, with or without meningitis. Methods: This case–control study was performed on 120 newborns and infants ≤2 months old. 60 patients with meningitis were considered as the case group and 60 ill patients without meningitis were defined as the control group. Each of the two groups was divided into 0–1 months and 1–2 months old. CSF characteristics were compared in newborns in the case and control groups; in infants ≤2 months old in the case and control groups; and in healthy newborns and healthy infants ≤2 months old. Results: The mortality rate was 16.7% in the case group. The differences of CSF parameters in the case and control groups were mostly not significant, except for CSF glucose only in term newborns <7 days old (P= 0.04), and white cell count (WBC) only in 0–7‐day‐old term and preterm neonates (P= 0.04 and P= 0.01, respectively). Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) level in the case group was significantly higher than in the control group (P= 0.02). CSF characteristics in healthy newborns were nearly the same as in healthy infants ≤2 months old. Prevalence of positive CSF culture was 31.7% in the case group. The most common pathogen was Neisseria meningitidis in the two age groups. The concomitant positive blood culture in the case group was 26.3%. Conclusion: In the case of meningitis with negative CSF culture and Gram stain, diagnosis can be made on CSF parameters, clinical and laboratory findings and suspicion of meningitis. Therefore, a clinical prediction rule to classify risk for bacterial meningitis on evaluation of CSF parameters in any region should be established. More regional trials are needed to enhance the probability of diagnosis according to CSF parameters.     

Measurement of cytokine levels in cerebrospinal fluid over time in neonatal Enterococcal meningitis

Enterococcus faecalis is rarely involved in neonatal meningitis. Several studies have indicated that the cytokines related to bacterial infection may induce nerve cell damage; therefore, the cytokine levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) could represent a valuable hallmark for rapid recognition of the disease and evaluation of the degree of neurological involvement. We analyzed cytokine levels in the CSF of a neonate with E. faecalis meningitis over time. Tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) tended to be elevated during the acute phase of infection, and then decreased during the convalescent stage after treatment. CSF inflammatory cytokine measurement may provide important clues for predicting the development of complications in the host because some of these cytokines, such as TNF‐α, can injure neurons.     

Controversies in the management of bacterial meningitis

Bacterial meningitis is an important infection of childhood with significant morbidity and mortality, and clinicians are faced with controversies over steroid use and fluid restriction in its initial management because the standard of practice is not clear. A 1999 survey of paediatric infectious diseases specialists demonstrated that only 56% of respondents recommended dexamethasone for Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis and only 34% recommended dexamethasone for Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis, despite recommendations for dexamethasone in the 1997 Red Book. The present article illustrates a typical case presentation of bacterial meningitis, and discusses dexamethasone use and fluid restriction. The use of intravenous fluid therapy is also reviewed, based on results from the single prospective randomized clinical trial in this area.     

Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in bacterial and aseptic meningitis

-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (-MSH) has potent anti-inflammatory effects in several experimental models of inflammation. It inhibits both the actions and production of proinflammatory cytokines and neutrophil migration. We investigated whether -MSH in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) increases during the acute stage in patients with bacterial and aseptic meningitis by measuring -MSH in CSF via radioimmunoassay. The -MSH concentrations in CSF from the children with bacterial meningitis who survived (n = 8), those with aseptic meningitis (n = 16), and the control subjects (n = 23) were all below the detection limit. However, CSF -MSH was elevated in four of the five children with bacterial meningitis who had neurological sequelae. We speculate that elevated -MSH levels in CSF during acute bacterial meningitis reflect negative feedback in response to severe inflammation associated with neurological sequelae induced by proinflammatory cytokines. Conclusion: CSF -MSH is elevated in children with severe bacterial meningitis who had neurological sequelae.     

河北省新生儿化脓性脑膜炎多中心流行病学研究

目的　了解新生儿化脓性脑膜炎的临床特征、诊断现状及主要致病菌、治疗转归等状况。方法　采用前瞻性临床流行病学研究方法, 收集2013~2014年连续12月间23家协作医院收治的患化脓性脑膜炎新生儿的临床资料, 对其临床特征及治疗转归等进行分析。结果　研究期间23家协作医院共收治新生儿脑膜炎病例301例。新生儿肺炎是最常见的原发疾病(167例, 55.5%)。临床表现以发热最常见(214例, 71.1%)。血培养阳性者72例(23.9%), 以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、表皮葡萄球菌常见; 脑脊液培养阳性者36例, 占13.6%(36/264), 以大肠埃希氏菌、表皮葡萄球菌常见。脑脊液检查白细胞计数中位值为80个/mm3(范围0~92 500个/mm3), 其中11例(3.7%)<20个/mm3, >100个/mm3者154例(51.2%)。治愈及好转出院者258例(85.7%)。15例死亡, 病死率为5.0%(15/298)。结论 该地区新生儿化脓性脑膜炎最常见的原发疾病是新生儿肺炎; 最常见的临床表现是发热; 大肠埃希菌是导致该病的常见致病菌。仅凭脑脊液白细胞计数在正常范围不能除外该病。     

磁共振形态学半定量评分对新生儿细菌性脑膜炎出院结局的评估价值

目的 分析MRI形态学半定量评分对新生儿细菌性脑膜炎出院结局的评估价值。方法 收集复旦大学附属儿科医院2011年7月至2013年12月NICU收治的出院诊断为新生儿细菌性脑膜炎的病例,采用基于大脑损伤MRI形态学分析的半定量评分,对头颅MRI图像进行回顾性分析。MRI形态学评价包括脑室扩大、脑室旁白质容积丢失、脑白质囊性病灶、内囊后肢髓鞘化异常、皮质信号异常、颅内脑外间隙异常、基底节信号异常、脑白质非囊性信号异常、脑室内出血、脑室积脓、脑膜异常强化、室管膜异常强化和脑脓肿。将上述13项评分归纳为脑白质异常（WMA）、脑灰质异常（GMA）和非脑实质异常（NPA）。同时采集患儿出生孕周、发病时间、MRI检查时间、发病至MRI检查间隔时间和出院结局。按照出生孕周分为早产儿组和足月儿组,再按照出院结局分为预后良好和预后不良亚组,在各组内比较亚组之间时间因素、MRI单项评分和综合评分的差异。结果 63例新生儿细菌性脑膜炎病例进入分析（早产儿组18例,足月儿组45例）。MRI单项评分构成预后良好和预后不良亚组间差异有统计学意义的指标：早产儿组中有脑室扩大(P=0.012)和脑室旁白质容积丢失(P=0.004);足月儿组有脑室扩大(P=0.002)、脑室旁容积丢失(P=0.040)、颅内脑外间隙异常(P=0.005)和脑室内出血(P=0.038)。MRI综合评分中,早产儿组WMA评分(P=0.001)和NPA评分（P=0.039）、足月儿组NPA评分(P=0.018)在预后不良和预后良好亚组之间分布差异有统计学意义。足月儿组和早产儿组内不同预后亚组的各时间因素差异未发现统计学意义或临床意义。结论 新生儿细菌性脑膜炎MRI脑室扩大和脑室旁白质容积丢失预示早产儿出院不良结局;脑室扩大、脑室旁白质容积丢失、颅内脑外间隙异常和脑室内出血预示足月儿出院不良结局。WMA评分高预示早产儿出院不良结局,NPA评分高预示早产儿和足月儿出院不良结局。     

儿童细菌性脑膜炎病原学及耐药性分析

目的了解广州地区儿童细菌性脑膜炎的病原菌分布特点及其耐药状况,为临床进行及时有效治疗提供实验室依据。方法回顾分析2005年1月—2009年12月广州妇女儿童医疗中心细菌性脑膜炎病例的脑脊液病原菌分离培养结果及其药敏试验情况。结果 5年来共从细菌性脑膜炎患儿的脑脊液标本中检出病原菌335株,其中革兰阳性菌215株(64.18%),革兰阴性菌109株(32.54%),真菌11株(3.28%)。主要是凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(115株,占34.33%)和肺炎链球菌(81株,占24.18%)。新生儿及婴儿早期的病原菌主要是凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌。耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌发生率达55.65%。葡萄球菌对青霉素、红霉素、克林霉素耐药率超过70%,对万古霉素和利奈唑烷敏感;肺炎链球菌对青霉素耐药率为8.64%,对红霉素和克林霉素耐药率较高(>60%);革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦及阿米卡星敏感率较高,但大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β内酰胺酶发生率为22.86%和27.59%。结论儿童细菌性脑膜炎主要病原菌是凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和肺炎链球菌,早期准确的病原学诊断和及时采用敏感的抗菌药物治疗是降低后遗症发生率和病死率的重...