Solitary squamous papilloma of the bronchus associated with human papilloma virus type 11.

A 79-year-old female presented with persistent dry cough, and a chest radiograph showed a mass shadow in the right upper lung. Bronchoscopic examination revealed that the right main bronchus was severely obstructed by a polypoid tumor, which was diagnosed pathologically as squamous papilloma. After the failure of the attempted endobronchial snare to remove the tumor, right upper lobectomy was performed. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) examination showed the presence of human papilloma virus type 11 DNA in the resected tumor, suggesting that this virus was the cause of this solitary squamous papilloma of the lung.     

人乳头瘤病毒与结直肠癌的关系

随着分子生物学技术的进步,有关人乳头瘤病毒（ｈｕｍａｎｐａｐｉｌｌｏｍａｖｉｒｕｓ,ＨＰＶ）与肿瘤关系的研究也得到了迅速的深入和发展．越来越多的证据表明,ＨＰＶ与人类许多严重疾病,特别是癌症等有着密切关系．已经肯定ＨＰＶ在宫颈癌［１］、肛周癌［２］、ＡＩＤＳ病［３］、口腔癌［４］等疾病发生、发展过程中起着重要的作用．在消化道肿瘤中,ＨＰＶ与食管癌的关系,呈现一定的区域性特点：即在食管癌高发区如中国、南非等,ＨＰＶ是食管癌的高危因素;而在食管癌低发区如西欧、北美等,ＨＰＶ与癌相关性较差［５］．近年…     

An adult case of multiple squamous papillomas of the trachea associated with human papilloma virus type 6

A 72-year-old woman with primary biliary cirrhosis complained of dry cough and wheezing. Chest computed tomography showed a tumor arising from the posterior wall of the trachea. Bronchoscopic examination revealed that the tumor was cauliflower-like, with two small polypoid tumors. They were diagnosed as multiple squamous papillomas. The main tumor was recurrent and removed by repeated microwave coagulation therapy (MCT) through bronchoscopy, whereas the two polypoid tumors were likely to disappear spontaneously. Human papilloma virus (HPV) type 6 DNA was detected in the tumor by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, suggesting that this virus was the cause of her papillomas.     

Penile cancer associated with so-called low-risk human papilloma virus. Report of five cases from rural Venezuela

Penile cancer is uncommon in western countries. It has been related to human papilloma virus (HPV) types 16 and 18. We describe five cases of carcinoma of the penis in men from a rural Venezuelan town that were related to HPV types 6, 11, 53, which represent a rather low risk for cancer.     

Coexistence of anal and genital human papilloma virus infection in patients with anal canal carcinoma

The aim of the study was to identify the coexistence of human papilloma virus (HPV) infection in anal carcinoma and in the cervix and glans penis in a population at low risk of sexually transmitted diseases. DNA samples from 14 biopsies of anal carcinoma were analysed by polymerase chain reaction for HPV 6–11, 16, 18, 31–33. The same was done for cervical or glans penis scrapings of the same patients. Among the 9 HPV positive anal squamous carcinomas (64.3%) 6 were HPV 16 positive (42.9%) and 3 were HPV 31–33 positive (21.4%). All the HPV 31–33 positive anal squamous carcinomas were also HPV 31–33 positive in the cytological samples obtained by cervical or glans penis scrapings. In 2 cases (14.3%) HPV 16 was observed both in the anal canal and in the cervix. These data suggest the usefulness of contemporaneous anal and genital evaluation by means of anoscopy and colposcopy with biopsies or scraping as a screening method to identify the presence of HPV without restricting it exclusively to those patients affected by dysplastic lesions of the genital apparatus, sexually transmitted diseases, or to homosexual patients. Received: 20 January 1997 / Accepted in revised form: 3 January 1999     

Regression of esophageal papillomatous polyposis caused by high-risk type human papilloma virus

Received: February 12, 2002 / Accepted: May 31, 2002 RID="*" Acknowledgments. The authors thank Dr. Shigeki Shimizu (Department of Pathology, Nagoya City University Medical School) for his advice and contributions.     

Incidence of human papilloma virus in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in patients from the Lublin region

AIM: To assess the prevalence of human papilloma virus (HPV) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in the south-eastern region of Poland.METHODS: The study population consisted of 56 ESCC patients and 35 controls. The controls were patients referred to our department due to other non-esophageal and non-oncological disorders with no gross or microscopic esophageal pathology as confirmed by endoscopy and histopathology. In the ESCC patients, samples were taken from normal mucosa (56 mucosa samples) and from the tumor (56 tumor samples). Tissue samples from the controls were taken from normal mucosa of the middle esophagus (35 control samples). Quantitative determination of DNA was carried out using a spectrophotometric method. Genomic DNA was isolated using the QIAamp DNA Midi Kit. HPV infection was identified following PCR amplification of the HPV gene sequence, using primers MY09 and MY11 complementary to the genome sequence of at least 33 types of HPV. The sequencing results were computationally analyzed using the basic local alignment search tool database.RESULTS: In tumor samples, HPV DNA was identified in 28 of 56 patients (50%). High risk HPV phenotypes (16 or/and 18) were found in 5 of 56 patients (8.9%), low risk in 19 of 56 patients (33.9%) and other types of HPV (37, 81, 97, CP6108) in 4 of 56 patients (7.1%). In mucosa samples, HPV DNA was isolated in 21 of 56 patients (37.5%). High risk HPV DNA was confirmed in 3 of 56 patients (5.3%), low risk HPV DNA in 12 of 56 patients (21.4%), and other types of HPV in 6 of 56 patients (10.7%). In control samples, HPV DNA was identified in 4 of 35 patients (11.4%) with no high risk HPV. The occurrence of HPV in ESCC patients was significantly higher than in the controls [28 of 56 (50%) vs 4 of 35 (11.4%), P < 0.001]. In esophageal cancer patients, both in tumor and mucosa samples, the predominant HPV phenotypes were low risk HPV, isolated 4 times more frequently than high risk phenotypes [19 of 56 (33.9%) vs 5 of 56 (8.9%), P < 0.001]. A higher prevalence of HPV was identified in female patients (71.4% vs 46.9%). Accordingly, the high risk phenotypes were isolated more frequently in female patients and this difference reached statistical significance [3 of 7 (42.9%) vs 2 of 49 (4.1%), P < 0.05]. Of the pathological characteristics, only an infiltrative pattern of macroscopic tumor type significantly correlated with the presence of HPV DNA in ESCC samples [20 of 27 (74.1%) vs 8 of 29 (27.6%) for ulcerative or protruding macroscopic type, P < 0.05]. The occurrence of total HPV DNA and both HPV high or low risk phenotypes did not significantly differ with regard to particular grades of cellular differentiation, phases in depth of tumor infiltration, grades of nodal involvement and stages of tumor progression.CONCLUSION: Low risk HPV phenotypes could be one of the co-activators or/and co-carcinogens in complex, progressive, multifactorial and multistep esophageal carcinogenesis.     

Gastric lymphoma associated with human T-cell leukemia virus type I

A 41-year-old woman presented with a gastric lymphoma. A total gastrectomy was performed, and the tumor was found to consist of T cells of the helper/inducer (E+, Leu-1+, Leu-2a-, Leu-3a+) phenotype. The patient was seropositive for T-cell leukemia virus type I, and the tumor cells contained the proviral genome.     

人乳头状瘤病毒16型伪病毒载体对肝癌细胞系HepG2细胞的杀伤研究

目的 构建基于人乳头状瘤病毒（HPV）16型的伪病毒载体,并检测其对肝癌细胞系HepG2细胞的杀伤活性。方法利用昆虫什状病毒表达系统表达病毒蛋白,在体外将病毒蛋白包装白喉毒（DT）A链表达型质粒,形成伪病毒。透射电镜观察病毒样颗粒（VLP）的结构,并转染肝癌细胞系HepG2。乳酸脱氢酶释放法检测对肝癌细胞系HepG2的杀伤能力。结果透射电镜观察显示病毒蛋白可自我组装成VLP,在转染肝癌细胞系HepG2后,乳酸脱氢酶释放法成功检测到伪病毒埘肝癌细胞系HepG2的杀伤作用。结论基于HPV16的新型伪病毒载体能成功转染肝癌细胞系HepG2,并产生杀伤活性,为肝癌的基因治疗提供了一种可选择的方法。     

Evidence of human papilloma virus infection and its epidemiology in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

AIM: To look for the evidence of human papilloma virus (HPV) infection in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCC) and to investigate the potential role and epidemiology of HPV infection in the pathogenesis of esophageal carcinomas in Henan emigrants. METHODS: Papilloma virus (PV) and HPV were determined by UltrasensiveTM S-P immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH) in esophageal carcinoma tissues (82 cases) and the normal mucosa (40 cases). RESULTS: IHC revealed that the positive rate of PV was 75.0%, 68.18% and 72.5% respectively while the HPV (16/18-E6) positive rate was 45.0%, 36.36%, 37.5%, respectively in esophageal carcinoma tissue specimens from Henan emigrants,the local citizens and patients in Hubei Cancer Hospital. The PV and HPV (16/18-E6) were negative in all normal esophageal mucosa specimens. No correlation was found between HPV in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma tissues and in grade 1-3 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells. In situ hybridization showed that the HPV (16/18) DNA positive rate was 30.0%, 31.8%, 25.0%, respectively in the 3 groups of samples. No positive hybridization signal was found in 40 normal esophageal mucosa specimens. The positive rate of HPV (16/18) DNA in the esophageal carcinoma specimens was significantly higher than that in normal mucosa specimens (P<0.05). The positive rate was not different among the 3 groups of esophageal carcinoma tissue specimens(P>0.05). CONCLUSION: HPV infection is high in esophageal carcinoma of Henan emigrants, local residents and patients in Hubei Cancer Hospital. HPV is closely related with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. HPV infection may play an important role in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.     

Severe transient neutropenia associated with acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection

Severe neutropenia associated with primary HIV infection is unusual. We report the fifth case in a 50-year-old male with a neutrophil count of 500/mm(3) and a platelet count of 92,000/mm(3) at the time of early HIV-1 seroconversion. In all previously published cases and in our case, severe neutropenia was a very early sign of acute HIV infection, and it regressed spontaneously and quickly. HIV testing should be recommended when severe neutropenia is observed, especially in the context of a flu-like or mononucleosis-like infectious syndrome.     

Chronic myelopathy associated with human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I).

PURPOSE: To review the clinical, epidemiologic, immunologic, and virologic aspects of the chronic myelopathy associated with human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type I (HTLV-I), currently called tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM). DATA IDENTIFICATION: Studies done after 1985, when TSP/HAM was first recognized, were identified by a computer search using MEDLARS II and CANCERLIT. Additional information was acquired from personal files and bibliographies of existing literature. STUDY SELECTION: A total of 400 articles, 90 book chapters, and 150 abstracts from meetings covering all aspects of HTLV-I and neurologic diseases were critically analyzed, and information from 250 publications was included. RESULTS OF DATA ANALYSIS: TSP/HAM is present in most HTLV-I endemic areas, with a prevalence ranging from 5.1 to 128 per 100,000 inhabitants. Up to 20% of patients develop TSP/HAM after transfusion of HTLV-I contaminated blood. Pathologic characteristics indicate a chronic meningomyelitis. The clinical features consist of a chronic progressive spastic paraparesis or paraplegia, sphincter disturbances, and minimal sensory loss. Supraspinal and peripheral nerve involvement is sometimes observed. High titers of HTLV-I-specific antibodies are present in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid. The high level of humoral and cellular immunologic response and the association of TSP/HAM with other immunologic diseases suggest an immune-mediated process. Corticosteroids and immunosuppressor treatment usually result in only short-term improvement. CONCLUSION: TSP/HAM is a common neurologic disease in many parts of the world. All patients with chronic progressive myelopathies should be tested for serum and cerebrospinal fluid HTLV-I-specific antibodies. Systematic screening of blood donors for HTLV-I is necessary to help prevent the dissemination of the virus and the occurrence of post-transfusional cases.     

Esophageal candidiasis associated with acute infection due to human immunodeficiency virus: case report and review

Esophageal candidiasis, an opportunistic infection that generally occurs in the latest phases of infection due to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is currently a diagnostic criterion for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). We recently treated one patient for esophageal candidiasis associated not with AIDS but with acute HIV infection. At follow-up 19 months later, he was well and had no symptoms related to infection with HIV. We reviewed nine previously reported cases of esophageal candidiasis associated with acute HIV infection. None of the patients involved had other predisposing illnesses or risk factors for candidiasis. The case described herein, together with those reviewed, supports a revision of the Centers for Disease Control's clinical definition of primary HIV infection to include esophageal candidiasis in the clinical spectrum. Moreover, the value of esophageal candidiasis as a diagnostic criterion for AIDS should be reassessed.     

Unique expression of human papilloma virus type 5 and type 16 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma-a case report

The role of human papilloma virus (HPV) in esophageal cancers from the low-incidence area (Western population) is unclear. We report a case of esophageal squamous papillomatosis associated with underlying esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The esophagectomy specimen confirmed presence of HPV-5 and HPV-16 suggesting a viral etiology. The significance of this dual infection is not known, but it suggests that esophageal papillomatosis is premalignant and should receive regular endoscopic follow-up. This is the first report of both HPV-5 and HPV-16 DNA detected in an esophageal cancer occurring in the Western population.     

Squamous papilloma of the esophagus associated with the human papillomavirus.

Squamous cell papilloma of the esophagus is a rare lesion involving less than 60 case reports worldwide. These lesions are generally asymptomatic but may at times grow and spread rapidly. One fatality, a result of massive dissemination, has been reported. Until recently, human papillomavirus had not been identified in association with esophageal papillomas. A second case, to the authors' knowledge, of esophageal papillomas associated with human papillomavirus is reported. The virus has been previously shown to be associated with abnormal squamous epithelium in and adjacent to esophageal carcinoma. The virus was identified from biopsy specimens obtained at endoscopy using DNA in situ hybridization techniques. The strain of human papillomavirus identified is similar to those found in the oropharynx and genital tract, raising the possibility of sexual transmission. This case also differs from the previous case report involving the human papillomavirus because of the patient's benign clinical course. Our case serves to highlight differences that are perhaps unique to the human papillomavirus. Multiple papillomas found in a proximal location within the esophagus seem to favor involvement of the human papillomavirus. Isolated lesions located distally appear more characteristic of chronic gastroesophageal reflux as an etiology. The syndrome of squamous cell papillomas involving the esophagus is reviewed in the article.     

Hepatitis C virus load is associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 disease progression in hemophiliacs

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) coinfection is common in hemophiliacs and injection drug users. To assess the interaction between HCV load and HIV-1 disease progression, we examined 207 HIV-1/HCV-coinfected patients. Patients were followed prospectively for approximately 7 years, and annual measurements of CD4(+) cell counts and HCV and HIV-1 loads were obtained. Survival analysis was used to define the independent effects of HCV load on HIV-1 progression. After controlling for CD4(+) cell count and HIV-1 RNA level, every 10-fold increase in baseline HCV RNA was associated with a relative risk (RR) for clinical progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) of 1.66 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10-2.51; P=.016) and an RR for AIDS-related mortality of 1.54 (95% CI, 1.03-2.30; P=.036). These findings emphasize the need for further research regarding the use of HIV-1- and HCV-specific therapy in coinfected individuals.     

Leukemias associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I in a non-endemic region

Human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I) is a retrovirus which is prevalent in southern Japan, the Caribbean Basin, and Africa. Recent seroprevalence studies in the United States suggest that there are about 50,000 infected individuals. The identification of 5 individuals with HTLV-I-associated leukemia/lymphoma referred to our center with relatively limited screening methods suggests that these disorders are more common than currently appreciated. Though 99% of infected individuals remain asymptomatic, this virus may cause immunosuppression, lymphomas, or myelopathy. The lymphomas have been classified as acute or chronic forms of adult T cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATLL). Acute ATLL is a T cell form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in an HTLV-I-infected individual with leukemia, skin infiltration, or hypercalcemia. This disorder is poorly responsive to chemotherapy and all patients should be referred for experimental protocols. Chronic ATLL is an insidious disease characterized by lymphadenopathy, skin infiltration of less than 10% of the body surface, and/or atypical lymphocytes with highly convoluted nuclei which include 1 to 10% of the nucleated cells in the peripheral blood, but no visceral involvement or hypercalcemia. The prognosis of these patients is not clearly defined. All individuals with mature T lymphocytic malignancies should be evaluated with HTLV-I-specific assays. The most sensitive and specific assays available include the enzyme linked immunoadsorbent antibody assay (ELISA) and the polymerase chain DNA amplification reaction assay. With improved laboratory techniques and greater awareness of the characteristics of this disease by clinicians, it is likely that the natural history of HTLV-I infection will be better defined, and improvements in therapeutic management will be developed.