输血相关急性肺损伤患者外周血CD4＋CD25highFoxp3＋调节性T淋巴细胞变化的临床意义

目的检测输血相关急性肺损伤（TRALI）患者外周血CD4＋CD25highFoxp3＋调节性T淋巴细胞（Treg）的计数及其功能基因又头框蛋白3（Foxp3）mRNA的表达水平,以及探讨其与疾病预后的关系。方法收集2008年6月至2011年11月期间健康体检者（对照组,n=30）和重症监护病房收治的TRALI患者[TRALI组,n=26,TRALI组按预后又分为死亡组（n=5）和存活组（n=21）]外周抗凝血,采用流式细胞术分析各组T细胞亚群。采用四色流式细胞术以Foxp3-FITC／CD25-PE／CD4-PerCP／CD3-PC7抗体组合检测各组受试者外周血CD4＋CD25highFoxp3＋Treg的计数,比较死亡组和存活组患者外周血CD4＋CD25highFoxp3＋Treg的水平。实时荧光定量PCR技术检测特异性转录因子Foxp3mRNA的表达水平,并分析患者外周血CD4＋CD25highFoxp3＋Treg的比例与Foxp3mRNA的表达水平的关系。结果TRALI患者与对照组健康人间CD3＋T细胞、CD3＋CD4＋T细胞计数的差异无统计学意义,而CD3＋CD8＋T细胞则较对照组增加（P〈0．05）,CD4＋／CD8＋比值降低（P〈0．05）。死亡组CD3＋CD8＋T细胞比例高于存活组（P〈0．05）,C133＋T细胞、CD3＋CD4＋T细胞比例和CD4＋／CD8＋比值则低于存活组（均P〈0．05）。TRALI患者外周血CD4＋CD2.5high Foxp3＋Treg计数为（8．86±3．14）％,明显高于健康对照组（5．67±2．43）％（P〈0．05）。TRALI死亡组患者外周血CD4＋CD2shighFoxp3＋Treg计数为（11．23±3．79）％,显著高于存活组患者（7．69±3．21）％（P〈0．05）。TRALI患者外周血Foxp3mRNA的表达水平为（3．77±2．73）×10^5拷贝/ug,显著高于对照组（0．43±0．21）×10^5拷贝／μg（P〈0．05）。TRALI患者外周血CD4＋CD25highFoxp3＋Treg计数与Foxp3mRNA的表达水平呈正相关（r=0．5131,P〈0．05）。结论TRAM患者外周血CD4＋CD.5highFoxp3＋Treg和Foxp3mRNA的变化可能是导致TRALI疾病发展的关键因素之一,与?     

体外灌流慢性重型肝炎患者血浆对C3A细胞的细胞色素P4503A活性和表达的影响

目的：通过比较未经灌流处理的重肝血浆及处理过的重肝血浆对CYP3A的影响，阐明C3A细胞安定代谢变化的原因，为未来C3A细胞的改造与功能优化奠定基础。方法：制备血浆和培养C3A细胞；实验分为4组：正常胎牛血浆（NFBP）组，正常人血浆（NHP）组，体外灌流慢性重型肝炎患者血浆（HPP）组，体外未灌流慢性重型肝炎患者血浆（CSHP）组。用分光光度法测定红霉素N-脱甲基酶（ERD）活性即CYP4503A的活性，Western blot法测定CYP4503A4的表达。结果：CSHP组ERD活性低于NFBP组（P〈0．05）及NHP组（P〈0．05），HPP组ERD活性也低于NFBP组（P〈0．05）及NHP组（P〈0．05），HPP组ERD活性高于CSHP组（P〈0．05）；CSHP组CYP4503A4的表达低于NFBP组（P〈0．05）及NHP组（P〈0．05），HPP组CYP4503A4的表达也低于NFBP组（P〈0．05）及NHP组（P〈0．05），HPP组CYP4503A4的表达高于CSHP组（P〈0．05）。结论：经慢性重型肝炎患者血浆培养的C3A细胞，CYP4503A活性及蛋白表达降低。与之相比，经过体外灌流的慢性重型肝炎患者血浆其C3A细胞CYP4503A活性及蛋白表达有所增加，CYP4503A活性增加可能是导致安定代谢变化的原因。     

经冠状动脉灌注不同类型的干细胞对慢性心功能不全兔心功能影响的比较研究

研究非选择性冠状动脉灌注移植干细胞治疗非缺血性心功能不全的可行性；比较自体骨髓单个核细胞（BMCs）、间充质干细胞（MSCs）和成肌细胞（SMs）移植对心功能的影响。使用阿霉素制作兔心功能不全模型，经双球囊封堵主动脉根部后分别灌注自体BMCs、MSCs、SMs和无血清DMEM。比较移植前后左室射血分数（LVEF）及左室舒张末期内径（LVED）变化。结果表明，干细胞移植术中及移植后4周内病死率为7．1％和16．7％。假手术组移植后LVEF有继续恶化的趋势（P〉0．05）。移植4周后，BMCs组LVEF明显改善（P〈0．05，n=8）；MSCs组LVEF有改善的趋势（P〉0．05，n=8）；SMs组LVEF未见改善（P〉0．05，n=6）。假手术组移植后LVED继续扩大（P〈0．05）；各移植组LVED有继续扩大的趋势（P〉0．05）。移植各组心肌组织切片上均发现了存活的移植细胞。移植的BMCs和MSCs表达了肌钙蛋白I。说明，经冠状动脉灌注细胞移植可用于治疗非缺血性心功能不全的实验研究。     

α-MSH基因转染的小鼠同种异体移植心脏存活期延长

目的观察α-黑素细胞刺激素（α-MSH）基因原位转染供者小鼠心脏对小鼠同种异体心脏移植排斥反应的影响。方法将携带α-MSH基因和绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）基因的重组腺相关病毒（rAAV-α-MSH）和单纯携带GFP的重组腺相关病毒（rAAV-GFP）分别经主动脉灌注原位转染供者小鼠心脏，再行同种异体心脏移植，观察心脏移植物的存活时间，测定移植心脏的C-MSH表达情况，并于术后7d测定移植心脏的细胞因子及趋化因子水平。结果腺相关病毒载体能有效地将α-MSH基因导入小鼠心脏，与rAAV-GFP空载体组[（7．0±0．33）d]和PBS组[（7．0±2．23）d]相比，rAAV-α-MSH原位转染组[（16．3±2．21）d]的心脏移植物存活时间延长。术后7d，rAAV-α-MSH原位转染组心脏移植物的Th1细胞因子（IL-2、IFN-α）水平较其它两组减低，而Th2细胞因子（IL-4、IL-10）水平升高，趋化因子MCP-1、RANTES水平下降。结论携带α-MSH基因的rAAV载体经原位转染供者小鼠心脏，能促进移植心脏局部的细胞因子格局由Th1型向Th2型偏移，降低趋化因子水平，从而延长同种异基因移植心脏的存活时间。     

青藤碱对大鼠心脏移植排斥反应期间ICAM-1和IL-2的影响

目的：观察大鼠同种异位心脏移植排斥反应期间的病理特征，探讨青藤碱对大鼠心脏移植排斥反应的影响及其发生机制。方法：SD健康大鼠为供体，Wistar大鼠为受体，建立大鼠异位心脏移植模型。实验分4组：A组为健康SD大鼠心脏作对照组，B组为SD大鼠到SD大鼠的同基因移植组，C组为SD大鼠到Wistar大鼠异基因移植组，D组为清藤碱治疗组。以ELISA、免疫组织化学检测移植心组织中IL-2和ICAM-1的表达。结果：A、B组未见排斥反应发生，心脏组织中的ICAM-1和IL-2表达水平很低；C组有明显的炎症反应并见大量淋巴细胞浸润，组织中ICAM-1和IL-2的表达水平明显升高（P〈0．05）；D组炎症反应有所减轻，同时少有淋巴细胞浸润；组织仅微弱表达ICAM-1和IL-2。结论：移植心脏ICAM-1和IL-2的表达水平与排斥反应的发生和发展有关，青藤碱能显著抑制移植心ICAM-1和IL-2的表达和淋巴细胞的浸润，减轻排斥反应，明显延长移植物的存活。     

脱氢表雄酮对鼠成骨细胞及CD4+T细胞协同刺激分子表达的影响

目的探讨脱氢表雄酮（DHEA）对成骨细胞（osteoblasts，OB）及CD4^＋T细胞表达协同刺激分子的调控作用。方法颅骨酶解法培养鼠OB，体外模拟雌激素撤退；免疫磁珠细胞分选（rnagnetic cell soaing，MACS）法分离CD4^＋T细胞；将OB或CD4^＋T细胞分为对照组、E2及DHEA处理组，并以LPS刺激；以流式细胞术分析OB表面CD80、CD86以及CD4^＋T细胞表面CD28、CTLA-4的表达。结果经E2及DHEA处理后，OB表达CD80、CD86显著增加（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）；CSA可降低对照组及DHEA处理组OBCDS0、CD86的表达（P〈0．01）。除DHEA组CD28^＋T细胞百分比增加外（P〈0．05），其余各组CD4^＋T细胞CD28和CTLA-4的表达无显著改变（P〉0．05）。结论DHEA可上调鼠OB协同刺激分子CD80、CD86表达，该作用可被CsA阻滞；DHEA还上调CD4^＋T细胞CD28的表达，提示可改善骨．免疫调节网络。     

休克期大面积切痂对严重烧伤大鼠细胞免疫功能影响的研究

目的 观察休克期大面积切痂对严重烧伤大鼠细胞免疫功能的影响，探索改善烧伤后机体免疫功能紊乱的有效方法。方法 将大鼠分成休克期切痂组（A组）、常规切痂组（B组）和正常对照组（C组）。A、B组造成30％TBSAⅢ度烫伤，C组不烫伤。A组伤后第6h、B组伤后第4d切痂，并于伤后第1、5、9d各活杀10只，取材送检，观察其免疫指标的变化。结果 （1）A、B组与C组比较：A、B组烫伤大鼠各时相点CD3^＋T细胞变化不大（P〉0．05），但CD4^＋T细胞、CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值明显下降、CD8^＋T细胞增高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。NK细胞活性明显下降（P〈0．05或P〈0.01），外周血CD25^＋T淋巴细胞表达及经活化后脾脏CD25^＋T淋巴细胞表达明显下降（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。（2）A组与B组比较：A组CD4^＋T细胞、CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值明显升高、CD8^＋T细胞降低（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），NK细胞活性明显升高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），外周血CD25^＋T淋巴细胞表达及经活化后脾脏CD25^＋T淋巴细胞表达均明显升高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论 （1）大鼠烫伤后细胞免疫状况发生了明显变化。（2）休克期切痂可以改善烫伤大鼠T淋巴细胞亚群分布，提高NK细胞活性，增加外周血CD25^＋T淋巴细胞的表达。提高经活化后脾脏CD25^＋T淋巴细胞数。从而改善烫伤大鼠伤后机体的细胞免疫功能。     

模拟微重力培养对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎大鼠淋巴细胞功能的影响

目的观察模拟微重力条件下实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎（EAE）大鼠淋巴细胞细胞功能的变化。方法尾根免疫MBP668-86建立EAE模型;12d时处死大鼠,分离培养淋巴结细胞;利用旋转式细胞培养系统进行模拟微重力培养;不同时间点,增殖实验检测细胞增殖、流式检测细胞凋亡、T细胞亚型、Th细胞亚群变化;酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测上清中细胞因子的变化。结果EAE淋巴细胞针对MBP68-86抗原特异性增殖,在培养20h,60h,80h时,增殖受到抑制（t=3．859,P〈0．01;t=5．933,P〈0．001;t=7．613,P〈0．001）;40h时,增殖受到促进（t=4．015,P〈0．01）。培养24h时,微重力组坏死及凋亡细胞增高（t=3．998,P〈0．01;t=3．705,P〈0．01）,Th细胞降低（t=4．111,P〈0．01）,Th1、Th17和调节性T细胞（Treg）亚群比例升高（t=2．743,P〈0．05;t=4．362,P〈0．01;t=2．945,P〈0．05）。微重力培养40h时,IFN-γ,TNF-α浓度明显升高（t=4．056,P〈0．01;t=4．666,P〈0．01）,TGF-β、IL-6、IL4、IL-17浓度明显降低（t=2．855,P〈0．05;t=2．644,P〈0．05;t=3．154,P〈0．05;t=2．732,P〈0．05）。结论除40h外,MBP668-86。特异性淋巴细胞增殖在模拟微重力环境中被抑制;细胞死亡增多、Th细胞减少,对EAE起重要作用的细胞因子的浓度改变。     

不同结核病患者CD4^＋CD25^＋Foxp3^＋调节性T细胞表达的变化

目的分析不同结核病患者体内CD4^＋CD25^＋Foxp3^＋调节性T细胞（Tr）表达的变化,探讨其在结核病免疫中的作用。方法对33例结核病患者以及同期30例健康体检者运用流式细胞术检测其外周血CD4^＋CD25“。“和CIM^＋CD25^＋Foxp3^＋Tr表达情况。结果结核组CD4^＋CD25^high和CD4^＋CD25^＋Foxp3^＋Tr检测结果分别为（8．84±2．55）％、（6．30±1．38）％,高于对照组（7．09±1．09）％、（5．22±0．64）％,差别有统计学意义（t=3．57,4．01,P〈0．01）;痰涂阳患者CD4^＋CD25^high和CD4^＋CD25^＋Foxp3^＋Tr检测结果分别为（10．52±3．27）％、（7．18±1．77）％,高于痰涂阴患者（8．21±1．94）％、（5．97±1．06）％,两组问差别均具有统计学意义（t=2．51,2．42,P〈0．05）;初治患者和复治患者间CD4^＋CD25^high和CD4^＋CD25^＋Foxp3^＋检测结果无统计学意义（t=0．03,0．02,P〉0．05）。结论结核病患者体内CD4^＋CD25^high和CD4^＋CD25^＋Foxp3^＋Tr检测结果高于健康人群,提示患者体内存在免疫系统抑制状态。     

慢性乙型肝炎患者外周血淋巴细胞CD8+CD38+的检测意义

目的：通过测定慢性乙型肝炎患者外周血淋巴细胞CD8^＋CD38^＋的表达及门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、总胆红素（TBIL）、凝血酶原时间（PT），旨在为治疗慢性乙型肝炎提供有用的参考指标。方法：流式细胞术检测38例慢性乙型肝炎、14例肝硬化患者外周血淋巴细胞CD8^＋CD38^＋细胞的百分率；同时测定AST、TBIL和PT。结果：（1）慢性乙型肝炎组CD8^＋CD38^＋、CD38^＋细胞均明显高于正常组（P〈0．01，P〈0．01），肝硬化组CD8^＋CD38^＋、CD38^＋细胞均明显高于正常组（P〈0．05，P〈0．05）。肝硬化组CD8^＋CD38^＋、CD8^＋细胞均明显低于慢性乙型肝炎组（P〈0．05，P〈0．05）。（2）慢性乙型肝炎轻、中、重各组之间比较，中度组CD8^＋CD38^＋高于轻度组（P〈0．05），重度组CD8^＋CD38^＋、CD8^＋、CD38^＋均高于轻度组（P〈0．05，P〈0．05，P〈0．05）；重度组CD38^＋高于中度组（P〈0．05）；肝硬化组CD8^＋CD38‘均明显低于轻、中、重各组（P〈0．05，P〈0．01，P〈0．01），肝硬化组CD8^＋低于重度组（P〈0．01）。（3）慢性乙型肝炎患者AST、TBIL、PT不正常组CD8^＋CD38^＋均高于AST、TBIL、PT正常组。结论：慢性乙型肝炎患者CD8^＋CD38^＋细胞明显升高，表明慢性乙型肝炎患者细胞免疫处于异常激活状态，并与肝功能损伤有一定的相关性。慢性乙型肝炎患者外周血淋巴细胞CD8^＋CD38^＋的测定，对病情分析和诊断有一定的临床参考价值。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.