汕头大学新生心身障碍及其个性特征研究

目的探讨大学新生心身障碍的患病率及其个性特征.方法按不同专业群体分层抽样抽取541名大学生,采用中国心身健康量表和艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)测试,以中国心身健康量表各因子至少有1项T分≥70和L量表T分＜70为心身障碍的筛查标准.结果541例中符合心身障碍入组诊断标准者49例,占全部受试者的9.1%,且女生的检出率(13.70%)较男生高出1倍(6.70%),并以皮肤疾病的检出率最高(2.8%),余依次为神经系统(2.0%)、骨骼肌肉系统(1.7%)、生殖内分泌系统(1.3%)和焦虑(1.3%)等;心身障碍组EPQ的精神病质和神经质分均显著高于正常对照组(P＜0.01),并有较低的掩饰分(P＜0.05);精神病质与精神病性症状、抑郁、焦虑的关系最密切(r=0.326～0.512);其次是内外向与消化系统和抑郁呈密切负相关(r分别为-0.298,-0.292),神经质则与精神病性症状明显正相关(r=0.453).结论在大学新生中,女生比男生更易出现各种心身障碍,必须有针对性地进行心理干预;心身障碍的大学新生具有明显的个性缺陷;神经质和精神病质与心身障碍的关系最密切.     

大学新生入学初心身健康水平及其相关因素

目的 了解大学机关报生入学3个月后的心身健康水平。方法 采用中国心身健康量表、艾森克个性问卷（FPQ）、防御方式问卷（DSQ）、生活事件量表（LES）,在入学3个月后对大学生进行测试。结果 男生精神质（P）、内外向（E）量表分显高于女生,而女生的神经质（N）量表分、心身健康总分、消化系统、生殖内分泌、神经系统和掩饰（L）量表分均显高于男生;在各专业中,数学系和法学专业学生的不成熟因子（F1）分最高。结论 经过大学生活3个月后,女生似较男生有更多的心身问题,数学和法学两系的学生倾向于采用不成熟防御机制。新生的心身健康水平分别与N量表分、P量表T分、F1均分、家庭人口、工作学习中的问题成正比,而与掩饰和E量表分成反比。强调有关大学新生的心理干预和指导应给予足够的重视。     

高述情障碍女学生的健康焦虑与人格特征研究

目的探讨高述情障碍女学生的健康焦虑与人格特征及相互关系。方法对382名高述情障碍和382名无述情障碍女学生的简式健康焦虑量表(SHAI)和艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)结果进行比较,并对高述情障碍女学生的多伦多述情障碍量表(TAS-20)评分与SHAI和EPQ各维度评分作Pearson相关分析。结果高述情障碍组TAS-20总分为65.94±4.88分,显著高于低述情障碍组的45.47±5.29分,两组比较差异有统计学意义(t=55.606,P<0.001);高述情障碍组与低述情障碍组比较,健康焦虑发生率(x^2=58.770)及SHAI和EPQ各维度评分(t=-5.161~8.467)差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。SHAI总分及2个因子分与TAS-20总分及F1、F2呈显著正相关(r=0.106~0.306,均P<0.01)。TAS-20总分及F1与EPQ的P因子和N因子均呈显著正相关(r=0.122~0.160,均P<0.05);TAS-20总分及F1与EPQ的L因子呈显著负相关(r值分别为-0.110、-0.136,均P<0.01)。结论高述情障碍女学生存在显著的健康焦虑,人格特征为内向、高神经质和精神质、低掩饰性。述情障碍中的难以识别和描述自已情感的2个因子与健康焦虑、人格特征关系更密切。     

影响护士心身健康水平的相关因素及对策

目的调查护士心身健康状况及其相关因素,为实施干预措施以提高护士的心身健康水平提供依据。方法采用中国心身健康量表(CPSHS)和自编量表对护士心身健康状况进行问卷调查,对调查结果进行直线相关分析。结果护士心身障碍检出率为25.5%;护士心身健康状况中的眼和耳、呼吸系统、心血管系统、骨骼肌肉、皮肤、焦虑、抑郁、精神病8项量表评分均显著低于中国心身健康常模(P﹤0.01);心身健康各因子与护士年龄、职务、家庭构成有显著相关(P﹤0.05)。结论护士心身健康水平与年龄、职务密切相关,对于高危护士群体要给予关注和必要的干预。     

334名大学生择业焦虑与人格特征的相关研究

目的探讨大学生择业焦虑与人格特征的相关性,为心理健康教育提供依据。方法采用择业焦虑量表和艾森克个性问卷(EPQ),对四川省南充市380名大学生采用无记名方式问卷调查。结果大学男生的择业焦虑程度明显高于女生,男生与女生在人格各因子得分上差异无统计学意义;理科生择业焦虑程度略高于文科生;大学生的择业焦虑与内外向、神经质、精神质、掩饰等人格因子差异有统计学意义。结论大学生择业焦虑与个体人格特征具有相关性。人格差异是大学生择业焦虑产生的重要内部因素。     

野战部队军人焦虑、抑郁情绪状况及其影响因素研究

目的　研究野战部队军人焦虑、抑郁情绪的状况及其影响因素 ,为心理教育提供依据。方法　应用焦虑自评量表 (SAS)、抑郁自评量表 (SDS)、艾森克个性问卷 (EPQ)及自编相关因素调查表 ,对 83 3名男性军人进行心理测试。结果　①受测军人SAS、SDS评分显著高于中国常模 (P <0 0 0 1) ;83 3名军人中 641人 (76 9% )无焦虑情绪 ,168人 (2 0 2 % )有轻度焦虑 ,2 4人 (2 9% )有中重度焦虑 ;487人 (58 5% )无抑郁情绪 ,2 66人 (3 1 9% )有轻度抑郁 ,80人 (9 6% )有中重度抑郁。②受测军人SAS、SDS评分与EPQ的精神病质、神经质维度分呈显著正相关 (P <0 0 1) ,与效度量表分呈显著负相关 (P <0 0 1) ;与军人焦虑、抑郁情绪显著相关 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1)的因素有 :人际关系、休息情况、气候适应、文体活动、饮食、是否理解军训意义、兄弟个数及受表彰情况。③经多元逐步回归分析 ,焦虑情绪的直接影响因素是人际关系、神经质维度分、精神病质维度分、是否理解军训意义及文体活动 ,抑郁情绪的直接影响因素是人际关系、精神病质维度分、神经质维度分及受表彰情况。结论　驻南方野战部队军人中存在焦虑和抑郁者约占 2 3 %及 42 % ,情绪不稳定及病理性人格倾向、人际关系不良、文体活动单一等是造成负性情绪的主     

浙江大学高级职称教职工心理健康状况调查

目的了解大学高级职称教职工的心理健康状况,为教职员工心身健康提供保健依据。方法采用艾森克人格测评量表(EPQ)、精神症状自评量表(SCL-90)、心理压力反应自评量表(SRQ),对浙江大学346名高级职称教职工进行心理测量并进行相关性比较。结果SCL-90共筛查出19人(占5.49%)单项因子分≥2分,即存在一定症状表述;SRQ得分>85分,即处于高心理压力状况的有23人(占6.65%)。SRQ与EPQ各量表分值相关检验,SRQ(压力反应指数)得分与E因素(内、外向)和L因素(掩饰性)成负相关(r分别为-0.278和-0.326,p<0.01),SRQ与N因素(情绪化)呈正相关(r=0.584,p<0.01),SRQ指数与P因素(精神质因子)无显著相关。结论高级职称教职工心理健康状况不容乐观,高校对该教职工群体的身心健康应予以特别重视。     

1120例监狱服刑人员心理健康与人格特征分析

目的 探讨监狱服刑人员心理健康水平及其人格特征,分析其相关影响因素.方法 收集1120例监狱服刑人员纳入研究对象,采用艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)评定人格特征,SCL-90症状自评量表测评心理健康状况.结果 1120例监狱服刑人员的SCL-90评定的9个因子分躯体化,强迫症状、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执、精神病性以及90总分均高于全国常模(P＜0.01),EPQ评定的内外向特征高于全国常模(P＜0.01),精神质与神经质特征得分均低于常模(P＜0.01),掩饰得分两组间无明显差异(P＞0.01).服刑人员的刑期及服刑时间均与其心理健康水平相关.结论 监狱服刑人员的心理健康水平不容乐观,应建立起相应的干预机制.     

不同性别中学生焦虑影响因素分析

目的 研究中学生焦虑性别差异及造成差异的原因.方法 采用焦虑自评量表(SAS)、特质焦虑问卷(STAI)、父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)、艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)和自拟调查表对4030名中学生进行调查.结果 男女生焦虑平均得分分别为(41.74±13.34),(41.15±12.20)分,2者差异无统计学意义;但男女生焦虑发生率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),男生(37.3%)高于女生(33.8%).影响因素中,个性中的神经质以及父母亲负面教育方式对男生的影响大于女生.特质焦虑、精神质、神经质、父亲过度保护是共同影响因素.除特质焦虑外,父亲过度保护对女生影响较大,而对男生影响较大的因素为母亲惩罚严厉.结论 不同性别学生焦虑状况发生率不同,并与多种因素有关.     

HTP投射测验与EPQ问卷测验的相关性研究

目的探索HTP投射测验与EPQ问卷测验在人格特质的量化判别上的相关性,验证其揭露人格内隐特质的有效性。方法对421名大学生施测HTP和EPQ,进行测验结果的相关性分析。结果 HTP具有明显的结构性特征。其中的房、树、人三因素分别对应人格特质中的内外倾(E分)、精神质(P分)和神经质(N分);但各因素均与掩饰性(L分)无相关。HTP的绘画尺寸量化结果表明,大学生被试者存在显著性别差异,女生分数均高于男生。结论 HTP具有较好的效度,在表现更多层面、较深层次的人格特质上具有独特作用。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.