Brain stimulation-induced changes of phonation in the squirrel monkey

Summary In 11 squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), the brain stem was systematically explored with electrical brain stimulation for sites affecting the acoustic structure of ongoing vocalization. Vocalization was elicited by electrical stimulation of different brain structures. A severe deterioration of the acoustical structure of vocalization was obtained during stimulation of the caudoventral part of the periaqueductal grey, lateral parabrachial area, corticobulbar tract, nucl. ambiguus and surrounding reticular formation, facial nucleus, hypoglossal nucleus, solitary tract nucleus and along the fibres crossing the midline at the level of the hypoglossal nucleus. It is suggested that these structures are part of, or at least have direct access to, the motor coordination mechanism of phonation. Complete inhibition of phonation was obtained from the raphe and raphe-near reticular formation.Abbreviations Ab nucl ambiguus - APt area praetectalis - BC brachium conjunctivum - BP brachium pontis - Cb cerebellum - CC corpus callosum - Cd nucl. caudatus - Cf nucl. cuneiformis - Cel nucl. centralis lateralis - Cl claustrum - CM centrum medianum - Cn nucl. cuneatus - Co nucl. cochlearis - CoI colliculus inferior - CoS colliculus superior - CP commissura posterior - CPf cortex piriformis - CRf corpus restiforme - CSL nucl. centralis superior lateralis thalami - CT corpus trapezoideum - DBC decussatio brachii conjunctivi - DG nucl. dorsalis tegmenti (Gudden) - DLM decussatio lemnisci medialis - DPy decussatio pyramidum - DR nucl. dorsalis raphae - DV nucl. dorsalis n. vagi - DIV decussatio n. trochlearis - EP epiphysis - FC funiculus cuneatus - FL funiculus lateralis - FLM fasciculus longitudinalis medialis - FRM formatio reticularis myelencephali - FRP formatio reticularis pontis - FRPc formatio reticularis pontis caudalis - FRPo formatio reticularis pontis oralis - FRTM formatio reticularis mesencephali - FV funiculus ventralis - G nucl. gracilis - GC substantia grisea centralis (periaqueductal grey) - GL nucl. geniculatus lateralis - GM nucl. geniculatus medialis - GP globus pallidus - GPM griseum periventriculare mesencephali - GPo griseum pontis - Hip hippocampus - HL nucl. habenularis lateralis - H habenula - IP nucl. interpeduncularis - LC locus coeruleus - LD nucl. lateralis dorsalis thalami - Lim nucl. limitans - LLd nucl. lemnisci lateralis, pars dorsalis - LLv nucl. lemnisci lateralis, pars ventrali - LM lemniscus medialis - LP nucl. lateralis posterior thalami - MD nucl. medialis dorsalis thalami - MV nucl. motorius n. trigemini - NCS nucl. centralis superior - NCT nucl. trapezoidalis - NMV nucl. mesencephalicus n. trigemini - NR nucl. ruber - NSV nucl. spinalisn. trigemini - NTS nucl. tractus solitarii - NIII nucl. oculomotorius - NIV nucl. trochlearis - NVI nucl. abducens - NVII nucl. facialis - NXII nucl. hypoglossus - OI oliva inferior - OS oliva superior - P nucl. posterior thalami - PbL nucl. parabrachialis lateralis - PbM nucl. parabrachialis medialis - PC depedunculus cerebri - Pd nucl. peripeduncularis - Pg nucl. parabigeminalis - Pp nucl. praepositus - PuI nucl. pulvinaris inferior - PuL nucl. pulvinaris lateralis - PuM nucl. pulvinaris medialis - PuO nucl. pulvinaris oralis - Py tractus pyramidalis - Pv nucl. principalis n. trigemini - R Ab nucl. retroambiguus - RL nucl. reticularis lateralis - RTP nucl. reticularis tegmenti pontis - Sf nucl. subfascicularis - SGD substantia grisea dorsalis - SGV substantia grisea ventralis - SN substantia nigra - ST stria terminalis - St subthalamus - TRM tractus retroflexus (Meynert) - TSc tractus spinocerebellaris - Ves nucl. vestibularis - VL nucl. ventralis lateralis - VPI nucl. ventralis posterior inferior - VPL nucl. ventralis posterior lateralis - VPM nucl. ventralis posterior medialis - VR nucl. ventralis raphae - Zi zona incerta - II tractus opticus - VII n. facialis     

The laryngeal sensory pathway and its role in phonation. A brain lesioning study in the squirrel monkey

Summary In 10 squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) uni- or bilateral lesions were placed in the nucl. solitarius, parabrachial nuclei, nucl. ventralis posterior medialis thalami or face area of primary sensory cortex. The effects of these lesions on vocalization were compared with those after transection of the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. It was found that neither the cortical nor thalamic or parabrachial lesions changed the acoustic structure of vocalization. In contrast, destruction of the nucl. solitarius, like transection of the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve, affected vocalization severely. It is concluded that the production of species-specific vocalization depends upon a di- or, possibly, tri-synaptic laryngeal reflex control from tactile and proprioceptive laryngeal mechanoreceptors via nucl. solitarius and, possibly, lateral medullary reticular formation to nucl. ambiguus.Abbreviations a amygdala - aq griseum periaquaeductale - bc brachium conjunctivum - ca nucl. caudatus - cb cerebellum - cent centrum medianum - ci capsula interna - cl claustrum - coa commissura anterior - coli colliculus inferior - cols colliculus superior - cr corpus restiforme - csp tractas corticospinalis - f fornix - gp globus pallidus - h campus Foreli - hip hippocampus - hy hypothalamus - lap nucl. lateralis posterior th - lem lemniscus medialis - lm fasciculus longitudinalis medialis - md nucl. medialis dorsalis th - nts nucl. tr. solitarius - oi oliva inferior - os oliva superior - p pedunculus cerebri - pmc brachium pontis - put putamen - rl nucl. reticularis lateralis - rub nucl. ruber - sm stria medullaris - sn substantia nigra - st stria terminalis - va nucl. ventralis anterior th - ves nucl. vestibularis - vpm nucl. ventralis posterior medialis th - II tractas opticus - IIch chiasma opticum - III n. oculomotorius - IV n. trochlearis - VI n. abducens - VII n. facialis - VIII nucl. cochlearis - XII nucl. n. hypoglossi     

The cingular vocalization pathway in the squirrel monkey

Summary In 39 squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), the effects of various brain lesions on vocalizations elicited from the precallosal cingulate gyrus were tested. It was found that lesions abolishing the cingular vocalization completely can be traced from the stimulation site continuously down to the laryngeal motoneurons in the nucleus ambiguus. The pathway thus determined (Fig. 4) travels from the precallosal cingulate gyrus through the frontal white matter and enters the internal capsule from a dorsolateral position. The pathway then follows this structure in a medio-caudal direction down to the caudal diencephalon. Here, the effective lesions leave the corticospinal tract and ascend dorsally into the periaqueductal grey. The pathway follows this structure to its end where it sweeps lateral through the parabrachial area and then descends through the lateral pons and ventrolateral medulla to the nucleus ambiguus.In nine of the animals, in addition, the effects of bilateral anterior cingular lesions on vocalizations elicited in other brain areas were tested. It was found that the only vocalization-eliciting area which becomes ineffective after destruction of the anterior cingulate gyrus is the postero-medial orbital cortex.Abbreviations a nucl. accumbens - aa area anterior amygdalae - ab nucl. basalis amygdalae - ac nucl. centralis amygdalae - al nucl. lateralis amygdalae - am nucl. medialis amygdalae - an nucl. anterior thalami - aq griseum centralis - bc brachium conjunctivum - ca caudatum - cb cerebellum - cc corpus callosum - cen nucl. centralis superior Bechterew - ci capsula interna - cin cingulum - cl claustrum - coa commissura anterior - coli colliculus inferior - cols colliculus superior - cop commissura posterior - cr corpus restiforme - csp tractus corticospinalis - db fasciculus diagonalis Brocae - dbc decussatio brachii conjunctivi - f fornix - gc gyrus cinguli - gl geniculatum laterale - gm geniculatum mediale - gp globus pallidus - gr gyrus rectus - gs gyrus subcallosus - h area tegmentalis (Forel) - ha habenula - hi tractus habenulo-interpeduncularis - hip hippocampus - hya hypothalamus anterior - hyv hypothalamus ventromedialis - in nucl. interpeduncularis - lap nucl. lateralis posterior thalami - lem lemniscus medialis - lm fasciculus longitudinalis medialis - m nucl. mammillaris - md nucl. medialis dorsalis thalami - mt tractus mammillothalamicus - nst nucl. striae terminalis - nts nucl. solitarius - oi oliva inferior - ol fasciculus olfactorius (Zuckerkandl) - os oliva superior - p pedunculus cerebri - pmc brachium pontis - po griseum pontis - pro area praeoptica - pu nucl. pulvinaris - put putamen - re formatio reticularis mesencephali - rep nucl. reticularis tegmenti pontis - rl nucl. reticularis lateralis - rub nucl. ruber - s septum - sm stria medullaris - sn substantia nigra - st stria terminalis - sto stria olfactoria lateralis - tec tractus tegmentalis centralis - trz corpus trapezoideum - va nucl. ventralis anterior thalami - ves nucl. vestibularis - vpl nucl. ventralis posterior lateralis th. - vpm nucl. ventralis posterior medialis th. - zi zona incerta - II tractus opticus - IIchde chiasma n. opticorum - III nucl. n. oculomotorii and n. oculomotorius - IV nucl. n. trochlearis - VI n. abducens - VII nucl. n. facialis and n. facialis - VIII n. acusticus - XII nucl. n. hypoglossi     

Projections from the cortical larynx area in the squirrel monkey

Summary The projections from the cortical vocal fold area were studied in five squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) with the aid of the autoradiographie tracing technique. The location of the cortical vocal fold area was determined by exploring the exposed frontal cortex with roving electrodes while examining the larynx for vocal fold adduction. The following projections were found: To the orbital cortex (area 11), dorsomedial frontal cortex (areas 6 and 8), Broca's area (area 44), lower fronto-parietal cortex (areas 6, 4, 3 and 1), fronto-parietal operculum (area 50), insula (areas 14 and 13), caudatum, putamen, claustrum nucl. reticularis th., nucl. ventralis anterior, nucl. ventralis lateralis, nucl. ventralis posteromedialis, nucl. centralis inferior, nucl. centralis lateralis, nucl. medialis dorsalis, nucl. pulvinaris medialis, griseum pontis, nucl. parabrachialis medialis and lateralis, nucl. tr. spinalis n. trigemini and nucl. tr. solitarii.A comparison of this projection system with a previous mapping study for vocalization (Jürgens and Ploog, 1970) revealed that there are two areas yielding vocalization when electrically stimulated which receive direct projections from the cortical larynx area, namely, the cortex around the anterior sulcus cinguli and the parabrachial nuclei at the pons-midbrain transition. The possible relevance of these structures for vocalization is discussed.     

Reinforcing concomitants of electrically elicited vocalizations

Summary In 38 squirrel monkeys 251 vocalization-producing electrode positions were tested for their positive and negative reinforcing properties. Two groups of vocalization-producing brain areas could be distinguished: One group in which the electrically elicited vocalization was independent of the accompanying reinforcement effect, and a second group in which vocalization and reinforcement effect were correlated. The first group included the anterior cingulate gyrus, the adjacent supplementary motor area, gyrus rectus, ventromedial edge of the capsula interna, caudal periaqueductal gray and adjacent parabrachial region. The second group consisted of the caudatum, septum, substantia innominata, amygdala, inferior thalamic peduncle, stria terminalis, midline thalamus, ventral and periventricular hypothalamus, substantia nigra, rostral periaqueductal gray, dorsolateral midbrain tegmentum and lateral medulla. It is hypothesized that the first group contains predominantly or exclusively primary vocalization subtrates; the second group is thought to be composed mainly of structures whose stimulation yields vocalization secondarily due to stimulus induced motivational changes.Abbreviations a nucl. accumbens - aa area anterior amygdalae - ab nucl. basalis amygdalae - ac nucl. centralis amygdalae - al nucl. lateralis amygdalae - an nucl. anterior thalami - anl ansa lenticularis - aq substantia grisea centralis - bc brachium conjunctivum - ca nucl. caudatus - cc corpus callosum - cen nucl. centralis superior tegmenti - cent centrum medianum - ci capsula interna - cin cingulum - cl claustrum - coa commissura anterior - coli colliculus inferior - cols colliculus superior - csp tractus cortico-spinalis - db fasciculus diagonalis Brocae - dbc decussatio brachii conjunctivii - f fornix - gc gyrus cinguli - gl corpus geniculatum laterale - gm corpus geniculatum mediale - gp globus pallidus - gr gyrus rectus - gs gyrus subcallosus - h campus Foreli - ha nucl. habenularis - hi tractus habenulo-interpeduncularis - hip hippocampus - hya area hypothalamica anterior - hyl area hypothalamica lateralis - hyv nucl. ventromedialis hypothalami - in nucl. interpeduncularis - lap nucl. lateralis posterior thalami - lav nucl. ventralis lateralis thalami - le lemniscus lateralis - lem lemniscus medialis - lm fasciculus longitudinalis medialis - m corpus mamillare - md nucl. medialis dorsalis thalami - mt tractus mamillo-thalamicus - nst nucl. striae terminalis - oi nucl. olivaris inferior - ol fasciculus olfactorius Zuckerkandl - os nucl. olivaris superior - p pedunculus cerebri - pmc brachium pontis - po griseum pontis - pro area praeoptica - pu nucl. pulvinaris thalami - put putamen - re formatio reticularis - rep nucl. reticularis tegmenti pontis - rub nucl. ruber - s septum - sm stria medullaris - sn substantia nigra - st stria terminalis - sto tria olfactoria lateralis - subt subthalamus - tec tractus tegmentalis centralis - trz corpus trapezoideum - va nucl. ventralis anterior thalami - vpl nucl. ventralis postero-lateralis - vpm nucl. ventralis postero-medialis - zi zona incerta - II tractus opticus - IIch chiasma nervorum opticorum - III n. oculomotorius and nucl. n. oculomotorii - IV n. and nucl. n. trochlearis - VI n. abducens and nucl. n. abducentis - VII nucl. n. facialis - VIII nucl. cochlearis - IX n. hypoglossus     

Distribution of methionine-enkephalin in the minipig brainstem

We have studied the distribution of immunoreactive cell bodies and axons are containing methionine-enkephalin in the minipig brainstem. Immunoreactive axons were widely distributed, whereas the distribution of perikarya was less widespread. A high or moderate density of axons containing methionine-enkephalin were found from rostral to caudal levels in the substantia nigra, nucleus interpeduncularis, nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis, nucleus dorsalis raphae, nucleus centralis raphae, nuclei dorsalis and ventralis tegmenti of Gudden, locus ceruleus, nucleus sensorius principalis nervi trigemini, nucleus cuneatus externalis, nucleus tractus solitarius, nuclei vestibularis inferior and medialis, nucleus ambiguus, nucleus olivaris inferior and in the nucleus tractus spinalis nervi trigemini. Immunoreactive perikarya were observed in the nuclei centralis and dorsalis raphae, nucleus motorius nervi trigemini, nucleus centralis superior, nucleus nervi facialis, nuclei parabrachialis medialis and lateralis, nucleus ventralis raphae, nucleus reticularis lateralis and in the formatio reticularis. We have also described the presence of perikarya containing methionine-enkephalin in the nuclei nervi abducens, ruber, nervi oculomotorius and nervi trochlearis. These results suggest that in the minipig the pentapeptide may be involved in many physiological functions (for example, proprioceptive and nociceptive information; motor, respiratory and cardiovascular mechanisms).     

Convergent projections of different limbic vocalization areas in the squirrel monkey

Summary The projections of four different sub-areas within the anterior limbic cortex, all yielding vocalization when electrically stimulated, were compared in six squirrel monkeys by the autoradiographic tracing technique.Areas of convergence of the projections from all four vocalization loci were the cortex within the anterior cingulate sulcus, a zone following the inferior thalamic peduncle from the central amygdaloid nucleus through the substantia innominata into the midline thalamus, a second zone following the periventricular fibre system from the anterior diencephalon to the caudal midbrain and dorsolateral pontine tegmentum and, finally, the tail of the caudate nucleus. Except for the latter, all of these brain structures produce vocalization when electrically stimulated. The call types elicitable from these projection areas are sometimes different from those elicitable from the anterior limbic cortex. It is hypothesized that the anterior limbic cortex controls vocalization directly, independently of the specific motivational state underlying it.Abbreviations to Figures 2 and 3 a nucl. accumbens - aa area anterior amygdalae - ab nucl. basalis accessorius amygdalae - ac nucl. centralis amygdalae - an nucl. anterior thalami - anl ansa lenticularis - aq substantia grisea centralis - ba nucl. basalis amygdalae - bc brachium conjunctivum - ca nucl. caudatus - cc corpus callosum - cent centrum medianum - ci capsula interna - cl claustrum - coa commissura anterior - coi colliculus inferior - csp tractus cortico-spinalis - gc gyrus cinguli - gl corpus geniculatum laterale - gm corpus geniculatum mediale - gp globus pallidus - gpm griseum periventriculare mesencephali - gr gyrus rectus - gts gyrus temporalis superior - h campus Foreli - ha nucl. habenularis - hip hippocampus - hy hypothalamus - lap nucl. lateralis posterior thalami - lem lemniscus medialis - m corpus mamillare - md nucl. medialis dorsalis thalami - os nucl. olivaris superior - p pedunculus cerebri - po griseum pontis - pro area praeoptica - pu nucl. pulvinaris thalami - put putamen - re formatio reticularis - s septum - sm stria medullaris - sn substantia nigra - st stria terminalis - tp cortex temporalis anterior - va nucl. ventralis anterior thalami - vpl nucl. ventralis postero-lateralis th. - vpm nucl. ventralis postero-medialis th. - III N. oculomotorius The study was carried out in accordance with the Guiding Principles in the Care and Use of Primates approved by the Council of the American Physiological Society.     

Histochemical mapping of succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase in the pons and mesencephalon of squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus)

Summary The distribution of succinic dehydrogenase (SDA) and cytochrome oxidase (Cy. O) has been investigated in a series of sections through the pons and mesencephalon of the squirrel monkey brain. The localization of the two enzymes is very similar in the various regions and shows only slight differences. The epiphysis, however, shows moderately strong SDA and very mild Cy. O activity. Particularly strong SDA and Cy. O activity has been observed in the cell bodies of the various cranial nerve nuclei, nucleus colliculi inferioris, colliculi superioris, nuclei griseum pontis, reticularis tegmenti pontis, lemnisci lateralis pars dorsalis, geniculatum laterale and mediale, and pulvinaris. The enzyme content of the neurons and cell bodies is generally stronger compared to the neuropil which often occurs in smooth, loose, compact and reticulated forms. Any special relationship between the neurons and neuropil with regard to their enzyme content has, however, not been observed. The cranial nerves, and fibers of the brachium conjunctivum, corpus callosum, and fornix show very mild enzyme activity except those of the trapezoid complex which show moderate enzyme activity.Abbreviations Ann Nucleus annularis - APT Area praetectalis - AS Aquaeductus Sylvii - BC Brachium conjunctivum - BCI Brachium colliculi inferioris - BCS Brachium colliouli superioris - BP Brachium pontis - Cb Cerebellum - CC Corpus callosum - CCI Commissura colliculi inferioris - CCS Commissura colliculi superioris - Cd Nucleus caudatus - CHD Commissura hippocampi —parsdorsalis - CoI Colliculus inferior - CoP Commissura posterior - CoR Corona radiata - CoS Colliculus superior - CPf Cortex piriformis - CR Cortex retrosplenialis - DBC Decussatio brachii conjunctivi - DG Nucleus dorsalis tegmentalis(Gudden) - DR Nucleus dorsalis raphes - EP Epiphysis - F Fornix - FH Fimbria hippocampi - FLM Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis - FRPC Formatio reticularis pontis, parscaudalis - FRPO Formatio reticularis pontis, parsoralis - FRTM Formatio reticularis tegmentimesencephali - GC Substantia grisea centralis - GCd Substantia grisea centralis, parsdorsalis - GCv Substantia grisea centralis, parsventralis - GL Corpus geniculatum laterale - GM Corpus geniculatum mediate - GPO Griseum pontis - Hipp Hippocampus - HL Nucleus habenulae lateralis - HM Nucleus habenulae medialis - IP Nucleus interpeduncularis - LC Nucleus locus coeruleus - LCb Lingula cerebelli - Lim Nucleus limitans thalami - LL Lemniscus lateralis - LLD Nucleus lemnisci lateralis —parsdorsalis - LM Lemniscus medialis - LP Nucleus lateralis posterior thalami - MD Nucleus medialis dorsalis thalami - Mv Nucleus motorius n. trigemini - NCI Nucleus colliculi inferioris - NCS Nucleus centralis superior tegmenti - NCT Nucleus trapezoideum - NMv Nucleus tractus mesencephalicus n.trigemini - NR Nucleus ruber - NST Nucleus supratrochlearis - NSv Nucleus tractus spinalis n. trigemini - NiiiC Nucleus centralis n. oculomotorii - NiiiD Nucleus n. oculomotorii — pars dor-salis - NiiiV Nucleus n. oculomotorii — pars ven-tralis - Niv Nucleus n. troehlearis - nvm Nervus trigeminus, portio major - niv Nervus trochlearis - nvi Nervus abducens - OS Nucleus olivaris superior - P Nucleus posterior thalami - PbL Nucleus parabrachialis lateralis - PbM Nucleus parabrachialis medialis - PC Pedunculus cerebri - Pg Nucleus parabigeminalis - PUI Nucleus pulvinaris inferior thalami - PUL Nucleus pulvinaris lateralis thalami - PUM Nucleus pulvinaris medialis thalami - Py Tractus pyramidalis - Pv Nucleus principalis n. trigemini - R Nucleus reticularis thalami - RTP Nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis - SNc Substantia nigra — pars compacta - SNd Substantia nigra — pars diffusa - Sub Subiculum - TCT Tractus corticotectalis - VR Nucleus ventralis raphes - III Ventriculus tertius - IV Ventriculus quartus     

Afferent fiber connections from lower brain stem to hypothalamus studied by the horseradish peroxidase method with special reference to noradrenaline innervation

Summary Attempts were made to determine the afferent projections to the anterior hypothalamus including the preoptic area from the lower brain stem by means of the horseradish peroxidase method combined with monoamine oxidase staining to identify noradrenaline (NA) neurons. In addition to this technique, a histofluorescence analysis was performed. NA fibers in the medial part of the anterior hypothalamus were mainly supplied by A1 and A2 NA neuron groups, while the lateral part and periventricular zone received NA terminals from both pontine and medulla oblongata NA neuron groups. Furthermore, the present study indicated that there were direct projections to the anterior hypothalamus from non-noradrenergic neurons in the lower brain stem: nuclei raphe dorsalis, centralis superior, cells in the mesencephalic and pontine central gray matter, nuclei parabrachialis lateralis and medialis, cells around fasciculus longitudinalis medialis.Abbreviations CA Commissura anterior - CO Chiasma opticum - DP Decussatio pyramidum - DPCS Decussatio pedunculorum cerebellarium superiorum - F Columna fornicis - FLM Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis - FMT Fasciculus mamillothalamicus - GCM Griseum centrale mesencephali - GCP Griseum centrale pontis - LL Lemniscus lateralis - LM Lemniscus medialis - PCM Pedunculus cerebellaris medius - PCS Pedunculus cerebellaris superior - TO Tractus opticus - TS Tractus solitarius - TVme Tractus mesencephalicus nervi trigemini - V Ventriculus tertius - VTS Tractus spinalis nervi trigemini - am nucleus ambiguus - B Barrington nucleus - com nucleus commissuralis - cp nucleus caudatus putamen - cs nucleus centralis superior - ct nucleus corporis trapezoidei - cu nucleus cuneatus - dX nucleus dorsalis nervi vagi - Gd nucleus tegmentalis dorsalis (von Gudden) - gr nucleus gracilis - Gv nucleus tegmentalis ventralis (von Gudden) - ha nucleus hypothalamicus anterior - hl nucleus hypothalamicus lateralis - hpe nucleus periventricularis (hypothalami) - hvm nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami - lc nucleus locus coeruleus - oi nucleus olivaris inferior - p nucleus pontis - pa nucleus paraventricularis - pbl nucleus parabrachialis lateralis - pbm nucleus parabrachialis medialis - ph nucleus praepositus hypoglossi - pol nucleus preopticus lateralis - pom nucleus preopticus medialis - pop nucleus preopticus periventricularis - rd nucleus raphe dorsalis - re nucleus reuniens - rl nucleus reticularis lateralis - rm nucleus raphe magnus - ro nucleus raphe obscrus - sc nucleus suprachiasmaticus - so nucleus supraopticus - st nucleus interstitialis striae terminalis - td nucleus tractus diagonalis (Broca) - ts nucleus tractus solitarii - Vme nucleus mesencephalicus nervi trigemini - Vmo nucleus motorius nervi trigemini - Vts nucleus tractus spinalis nervi trigemini - XII nucleus nervi hypoglossi     

Olivary afferents from the brain stem reticular formation

Summary The projections from the brain stem reticular formation to the inferior olive have been studied in cats in which microinjections of horseradish peroxidase have been made into the inferior olive from a ventral approach. Retrogradely labelled cells were observed within the reticular formation proper of the medulla, pons and mesencephalon (within the nucleus reticularis parvicellularis, reticularis ventralis, reticularis gigantocellularis, reticularis lateralis, reticularis pontis caudalis, reticularis pontis oralis, cuneiformis and subcuneiformis). Labelled cells were also found within the lateral reticular nucleus (the nucleus of the lateral funiculus), the paramedian reticular and the perihypoglossal nuclei. The connections are bilateral (the projection from the lateral reticular nucleus is only contralateral). The observations demonstrate a more widespread origin for the reticulo-olivary fibres than has previously been shown and indicate that the medullary reticular formation is the area with the highest number of cells projecting to the olivary complex.Abbreviations ß nucleus ß - Br.c. superior cerebellar peduncle (brachium conjunctivum) - Br.p. middle cerebellar peduncle (brachium pontis) - C.i. inferior colliculus - C.r. inferior cerebellar peduncle (restiform body) - Cu nucleus cuneiformis - D dorsal accessory olive - dl dorsal lamella - dors.c. dorsal cap - dorsomed.c.col. dorsomedial cell column - F.l.m. medial longitudinal fasciculus - Ic or ic nucleus intercalatus - l lateral - M medial accessory olive - m medial - N.III,V,VI,VII,X,XII root fibres of cranial nerves - N.c. nucleus cuneatus - N.c.e. external (accessory) cuneate nucleus - N.c.t. nucleus of corpus trapezoideum - N.l.l. nucleus of lateral lemniscus - N.m.X dorsal motor (parasympathetic) nucleus of vagus - N.mes. mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus - Nr nucleus ruber - Nrl or N.r.l lateral reticular nucleus (nucleus of lateral funiculus) - Nrp or N.r.p. nucleus reticularis paramedianus - N.r.t. nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis - nucl. nucleus ß - Ol.s. superior olive - P principal olive - ph or P.h. nucleus praepositus hypoglossi - PN perihypoglossal nuclei - Pp nucleus peripeduncularis - Py pyramid - Rg or R.gc. nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis - Rl or R.l. nucleus reticularis lateralis (of Olszewski) - Rp or R.pc. nucleus reticularis parvicellularis - Rpc or R.p.c. nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis - Rpo or R.p.o. nucleus reticularis pontis oralis - Rv or R.v. nucleus reticularis ventralis - Scu nucleus subcuneiformis - S.n. substantia nigra - Tr.sp.V. spinal tract of trigeminal nerve - T.s. tractus solitarius surrounded by nucleus of solitary tract - vl ventral lamella - vlo or ventrolat outgr. ventrolateral outgrowth - V.m. medial vestibular nucleus - I-XV transverse sections through the olive from caudal (I) to rostral (XV) - III,IV,V,VI,VII,X and XII motor nuclei of cranial nerves (X: nucleus ambiguus)     

The nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis and the adjacent rostral paramedian reticular formation: differential projections to the cerebellum and the caudal brain stem

Summary The projection of the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis and the adjacent tegmental area, to the caudal brain stem and the cerebellum were investigated by means of anterograde transport of tritiated leucine. The nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis was found to be exclusively connected with the cerebellum. Mossy fiber terminals were absent only from lobule X and most abundant in lobule VII and the hemispheres with a slight contralateral predominance. The paramedian pontine reticular formation projects with bilateral symmetry to the cerebellar lobules VI, VII and the crura I and II, and heavily to the medial aspect of predominantly the ipsilateral reticular formation in the lower brain stem including specific targets as the nucleus reticularis paramedianus, the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi, the nucleus intercalatus, the nucleus of Roller, the nucleus supragenualis and the dorsal cap of the inferior olive. The nucleus vestibularis medialis receives a very weak projection. The connections are discussed in the light of their possible involvement in pathways for the execution of voluntary and reflex eye movements.Abbreviations bp brachium pontis - CBL cerebellum - cr I, II crus I, II - ct corpus trapezoides - dc dorsal cap of Kooy - dl dorsal lamina of the principal olive - FL flocculus - flm fasciculus longitudinalis medialis - gVII genu of the facial nerve - H VI hemisphere of lobule VI - IO inferior olivary nucleus - ll lemniscus lateralis - ml lemniscus medialis - NCS nucleus centralis superior - NIC nucleus intercalatus - NP nuclei pontis - NPH nucleus prepositus hypoglossi - NRaP nucleus raphe pontis - NRGc nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis - NRL nucleus reticularis lateralis - NRo nucleus of Roller - NRP nucleus reticularis paramedianus - NRPoC nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis - NRPoO nucleus reticularis pontis oralis - NRTP nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis - NSG nucleus supragenualis - NVM nucleus vestibularis medialis - N VI nucleus abducens - n XII nervus hypoglossus - ped pedunculus cerebri - PFLD dorsal paraflocculus - PFLV ventral paraflocculus - PMD paramedian lobule - PPRF pontine paramedian reticular formation - vl ventral lamina of the principal olive - vlo ventrolateral outgrowth - X nucleus dorsalis vagi - XII nucleus hypoglossus - I-X lobules I to X     

Topographic localization of neuromedin U-like structures in the rat brain: an immunohistochemical study

The distribution of neuromedin Us, uterus-stimulating and hypertensive peptides newly identified in porcine spinal cord, was examined in the rat brain by the indirect immunofluorescent method. Neuromedin U-like immunoreactive structures were found to be unevenly distributed in the neuronal system. Neuromedin U-like immunoreactive neurons were present in the cranial motor nuclei, reticular nuclei, nucleus vestibularis lateralis, trigeminal sensory nuclei, colliculus superior and inferior, lemniscus lateralis, nucleus pontis, nucleus ruber, zona incerta, substantia innominata, horizontal limb of the diagonal band and cerebral cortex. The immunoreactive fibres were found in the above areas, particularly near the labelled cells, forming a fibre plexus with various intensities of immunoreactivity. In addition, dense plexuses were also seen in the nucleus reticularis thalami, nucleus ventralis posteromedialis, nucleus ventralis posterolateralis, nucleus tegmentalis dorsalis and ventralis, vertical limb of the diagonal band, nucleus olivaris superior, and nucleus pontis. In the first six structures, no labelled neurons were present and in the remaining structures, a few scattered neurons were noted. This indicates that these fibres are probably of extrinsic origin.     

Efferent fiber projections of the habenula and the interpeduncular nucleus. An experimental study in the opossum and cat

Summary A study of efferent fiber connections of the habenula and the inter-peduncular nucleus was conducted using anterograde degeneration techniques. Lesions were placed in the habenula of the opossum and the habenula and interpeduncular nucleus of the cat. Degeneration was studied by means of the Nauta and Fink-Heimer techniques.Fibers from the habenular nucleus of the opossum extended caudally and were traced bilaterally to the interpeduncular nucleus, dorsal tegmental nucleus of Gudden, deep (ventral) tegmental nucleus of Gudden, nucleus centralis superior and nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis. Rostrally fibers were traced to the preoptic and septal region and the anterior and lateral hypothalamus.The medial and lateral habenular nuclei of the cat projected differentially to portions of the interpeduncular nucleus and the tegmental nuclei of Gudden. The medial habenular nucleus sent fibers to the paramedian subnucleus of the interpeduncular nucleus and to the deep tegmental nucleus; whereas the lateral habenular nucleus distributed to the apical and central subnuclei of the interpeduncular nucleus and the dorsal tegmental nucleus.Fibers from both the medial and lateral habenular nuclei were found to project bilaterally to the nucleus paraventricularis anterior, nucleus ventralis anterior, anterior medialis and anterior dorsalis of the thalamus, and the septal area.Fibers from the interpeduncular nucleus of the cat were represented bilaterally. Those passing rostral went to the lateral habenular nucleus, nucleus centromedianus and parafascicularis of the thalamus, and to the septal area. Those directed caudally projected to the nucleus centralis superior, and the dorsal and deep tegmental nucleus of Gudden.Abbreviations AC anterior commissure - AD nucleus anterior dorsalis - AM nucleus anterior medialis - AV nucleus anterior ventralis - BC brachium conjunctivum - CC corpus callosum - CD caudate nucleus - CI internal capsule - CL nucleus centralis lateralis - CM nucleus centromedianus - CP cerebral peduncle - DT dorsal tegmental nucleus (of Gudden) - EN entopeduncular nucleus - Fx fornix - GC central gray - GL lateral geniculate nucleus - GM medial geniculate nucleus - GP globus pallidus - HbPt habenulopeduncular tract - HVM ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus - IC inferior colliculus - IP interpeduncular nucleus - LHb lateral habenular nucleus - LL lateral lemniscus - LMN lateral mammillary nucleus - LP nucleus lateralis posterior - MD nucleus medialis dorsalis - MHb medial habenular nucleus - ML medial lemniscus - MMN medial mammillary nucleus - MP mammillary peduncle - NCM nucleus centralis medialis - OC optic chiasm - OT optic tract - Pf nucleus parafascicularis - Pul pulvinar - PUT putamen - RE nucleus reuniens - RN red nucleus - RPO preoptic area - RTP nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontisv (von Bechterew) - S stria medullaris - SC superior colliculus - SN substantia nigra - SPT septal area - VA nucleus ventralis anterior - VL nucleus ventralis lateralis - VM nucleus ventralis medialis - VPL nucleus ventralis posterolateralis - VPM nucleus ventralis posteromedialis - VT deep tegmental nucleus (of Gudden) - II optic nerve     

Axonal patterns and sites of termination of cat superior colliculus neurons projecting in the tecto-bulbo-spinal tract

Summary Horseradish peroxidase was injected in the somata or axons of neurons located in the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus. A group of 34 neurons with physiologically identified projection in the predorsal bundle (tectobulbo-spinal neurons, TBSNs) and two commissural tecto-tectal neurons were characterized with regard to soma-dendritic profiles, axon trajectories, collateral branching, and terminations.TBSNs belong to the class of large, multipolar, wide field neurons. They send axons through the deep white layer without generating local collaterals. Prior to decussation, all TBSNs bifurcate into an ascending branch which reaches the caudal diencephalon, and a main axon descending to the medulla or spinal cord. Regularly spaced collaterals supply a variety of structures at all rostro-caudal levels. In the midbrain, preterminal and terminal ramifications are present in the medial and lateral reticular tegmentum, in the central grey (including its supraoculomotor zone), in the nuclei of Cajal and Dark-schewitsch and in the medial aspects of the prerubral area and the fields of Forel. Rhombencephalic targets of TBSNs include the medial pontine and bulbar reticular formation, the abducens nucleus, the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis and the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi. An increased density of terminal ramifications was found in several brain stem regions related to the control of eye and head movements. The widespread connections of each individual TBSN suggest that neurons of this type may provide a spatio-temporal pattern of facilitation which promotes rapid orientation of eyes, head and body towards the contralateral hemifield but does not specify the details of movement to be executed.Abbreviations c contralateral - CP commissura posterior - CS colliculus superior - CT corpus trapezoideum - F campus Foreli - FA funiculus anterior - FRM formatio reticularis medullae - FRP formatio reticularis pontis - Fpd fasciculus predorsalis - MLF fasciculus longitudinalis medialis - N substantia nigra - NC nucl. cuneatus - NIC nucl. interstitialis Cajal - NRT nucl. reticularis tegmenti pontis - NV nucl. vestibularis - pB nucl. parabigeminalis - R nucl. ruber - SGC substantia grisea centralis - TO tractus opticus - 6N nucl. nervi VI     

Projections from the primary somatosensory cortex to basal ganglia and thalamus in the monkey

Summary Radioactive amino acids were injected into the postcentral cortex (areas 3, 1 and 2) in 6 monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Fibers were traced to the ipsilateral putamen, to Olszewski's n. ventralis posterior lateralis pars caudalis, n. ventralis posterior medialis and inferior, to n. pulvinaris oralis, n. suprageniculatus and corpus geniculatum mediale pars magnocellularis. Furthermore, there were faint postcentral projections to claustrum, n. caudatus, n. centralis lateralis, n. centrum medianum, zona incerta and with respect to the postcentral face region to n.medialis dorsalis pars multiformis.Discrepancies with earlier findings were discussed and comparison was made between pre- and postcentral target regions.Abbreviations Cd n. caudatus - ci capsula interna - CL n. centralis lateralis - Cl claustrum - CM n. centrum medianum - GL corpus geniculatum laterale - GM corpus geniculatum mediale - GMpc corpus geniculatum mediale pars parvocellularis - GMmc corpus geniculatum mediale pars magnocellularis - GP globus pallidus - la sulcus lateralis - LP n. lateralis posterior - MD n. medialis dorsalis - OI opercular-insular cortex - Pen n. paracentralis - Pf n. parafascicularis - PI n. pulvinaris inferior - PO n. pulvinaris oralis - Pu putamen - RT n. reticularis thalami - SG n. suprageniculatus - SN substantia nigra - St n. subthalamicus - thi tractus habenulo-interpeduncularis - tmt tractus mammillo-thalamicus - to tractus opticus - VA n. ventralis anterior - VLc n. ventralis lateralis, p. caudalis - VLo n. ventralis lateralis, p. oralis - VPI n. ventralis posterior inferior - VPL n. ventralis posterior lateralis - VPLc n. ventralis posterior lateralis p. caudalis - VPLo n. ventralis posterior lateralis p. oralis - VPM n. ventralis posterior medialis - ZI zona incerta     

大白鼠脑干至腰骶髓投射的生后发育——HRP法研究

本实验用生后1、3、5、7至35天的大白鼠18只,将50％的HRP液注入右侧脊髓腰膨大内。HRP标记细胞见于下列核团:1.中脑:红核、黑质和中缝背核。2.脑桥:脑桥吻侧网状核、脑桥尾侧网状核、蓝斑、蓝斑下核、中缝大核、前庭神经外侧核和前庭神经内侧核。3.延髓:中缝隐核、中缝苍白核、腹侧网状核、巨细胞网状核、网状外侧核、三叉神经脊束核、Cajal连合核、前置核和薄束核。各核团标记细胞数随动物的生后发育逐渐增多。表明大白鼠脑干至腰骶髓投射有一生后发育过程。红核脊髓束和蓝斑脊髓投射较网状脊髓束和前庭脊髓束成熟得晚一些。脑干至腰骶髓的投射约于生后1个月完成。     

豚鼠脑桥被盖部位HRP逆行标记的传入联系

本研究应用HRP微电泳技术,将HRP注射至豚鼠脑桥的腹侧被盖和背侧被盖,追踪其逆行传入投射。将HRP注射至脑桥腹侧被盖后,中脑上丘腹侧的中脑水管周围灰质和网状结构交界处(MSR),具有较密集的标记神经元。此外,在下丘腹侧的楔状核(MLR)、三叉神经脊束核、延髓网状巨细胞核、前庭内和外侧核、蓝斑及其腹侧的网状结构部分以及脊髓颈膨大灰质,也观察到了标记细胞。将HRP注射至脑桥背侧被盖后,脑桥尾侧网状核和延髓巨细胞网状核的标记神经元较多,前庭内、外侧核和外侧楔束核也见到标记细胞,中脑部位仅在红核及其附近见到少量标记细胞。蓝斑及其腹侧的网状结构部分和脊髓灰质未见标记细胞。     

Distribution of serotonin-immunoreactivity in the brain of the pigeon (Columba livia)

The distribution of serotonin (5-HT)-containing perikarya, fibers and terminals in the brain of the pigeon (Columba livia) was investigated, using immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence methods combined with retrograde axonal transport. Twenty-one different groups of 5-HT immunoreactive (IR) cells were identified, 2 of which were localized at the hypothalamic level (periventricular organ, infundibular recess) and 19 at the tegmental-mesencephalic and rhombencephalic levels. Ten of the cell groups were situated within the region of the midline from the isthmic to the posterior rhombencephalic level and constituted the raphe system (nucleus annularis, decussatio brachium conjunctivum, area ventralis, external border of the nucleus interpeduncularis, zona peri-nervus oculomotorius, zona perifasciculus longitudinalis medialis, zona inter-flm, nucleus linearis caudalis, nucleus raphe superior pars ventralis, nucleus raphe inferior). The 9 other cell populations belonged to the lateral group and extended from the posterior mesencephalic tegmentum to the caudal rhombencephalon [formatio reticularis mesencephali, nucleus ventrolateralis tegmenti, ectopic area (Ec) of the nucleus isthmo-opticus (NIO), nucleus subceruleus, nucleus ceruleus, nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis, nucleus vestibularis medialis, nucleus reticularis parvocellularis and nucleus reticularis magnocellularis]. Combining the retrograde axonal transport of rhodamine -isothiocyanate (RITC) after intraocular injection and immunohistofluorescence (fluoresceine isothiocyanate: FITC/5-HT) showed the centrifugal neurons (NIO, ec) to be immunonegative. Serotonin-IR fibers and terminals were found to be very broadly distributed within the brain and were particularly prominent in several structures of the telencephalon (archistriatum pars dorsalis, nucleus taeniae, area parahippocampalis, septum), diencephalon (nuclei preopticus medianus, magnocellularis, nucleus geniculatus lateralis pars ventralis, nucleus triangularis, nucleus pretectalis), mesencephalon-rhombencephalon (superficial layers of the optic tectum, nucleus ectomamillaris, nucleus isthmo-opticus and in most of the cranial nerve nuclei). Comparing the present results with those of previous studies in birds suggests some major serotonin containing pathways in the avian brain and clarifies the possible origin of the serotonin innervation of some parts of the brain. Moreover, comparing our results in birds with those obtained in other vertebrate species shows that the organization of the serotoninergic system in many regions of the avian brain is much like that found in reptiles and mammals.Abbreviations Ad Archistriatum pars dorsalis - alp area interpeduncularis - al ansa lenticularis - Ann nucleus annularis - APH area parahippocampalis - Av archistriatum pars ventralis - AVT area ventralis (Tsai) - bcd brachium conjunctivum descendens - BO bulbus olfactorius - ca commisssura anterior - CDL area corticoidea dorsolateralis - Cer cerebellum - cf fiber layer of the olfactory bulb - cg granular cell layer of the olfactory bulb - co chiasma opticum - ct commissura tectalis - dbc decussatio brachiorum conjunctivorum - DL nucleus dorsolateralis anterior thalami - DLP nucleus dorsolateralis posterior thalami - DM nucleus dorsomedialis thalami - dnt decussatio nervi trochlearis - E ectostriatum - Ec ectopic area of the nucleus isthmo-opticus - EM nucleus ectomamillaris - flm fasciculus longitudinalis medialis - fpl fasciculus prosencephali lateralis - FRL formatio reticularis lateralis mesencephali - FRM formatio reticularis medialis mesencephali - fu fasciculus uncinatus - GCt substantia grisea centralis - GLv nucleus geniculatus lateralis pars ventralis - gr granular cell layer of the cerebellum - HA hyperstriatum accessorium - HD hyperstriatum dorsale - HIS hyperstriatum intercalatus superior - HL nucleus habenularis lateralis - HM nucleus habenularis medialis - Hp hippocampus - HV hyperstriatum ventrale - ICo nucleus intercollicularis - i-flm inter fasciculus longitudinalis medialis - Imc nucleus ishmi pars magnocellularis - Ip nucleus interpeduncularis - Ipc nucleus isthmi pars parvocellularis - LA nucleus lateralis anterior thalami - La nucleus laminaris - LC nucleus linearis caudalis - LHy nucleus lateralis hypothalami - lm lemniscus medialis - LoC locus coeruleus - LPO lobus paraolfactorius - ls lemniscus spinalis - MLd nucleus mesencephalicus lateralis pars dorsalis - mo molecular layer of the cerebellum - MoV nucleus motorius nervi trigemini - Mp magnocellularis preopticus - N neostriatum - NIII nucleus nervi oculomotorii - nIII nervus oculomotorius - NIV nucleus nervi trochlearis - NV nucleus nervi trigemini nV nervus trigeminus - NVII nucleus nervifacialis - nVIII nervus octavus - NIO nucleus isthmo-opticus - om tractus occipitomesencephalicus - OPH hypothalamic periventricular organ - Os nucleus olivaris superior - Ov nucleus ovoidalis - PA paleostriatum augmentatum - Po nucleus pontis - POM nucleus preoticus medialis - PP paleostriatum primitivum - PrV nucleus sensorius principalis nervi trigemini - PT nucleus pretectalis - pu Purkinje cell layer - qf tractus quintofrontalis - Rai nucleus raphe inferior - RasV nucleus raphe superior pars ventralis - ReI recessus infundibularis - Rm nucleus reticularis magnocellularis - Rp nucleus reticularis parvocellularis - RPc nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis - RPO nucleus reticularis pontis oralis - Rt nucleus rotundus - Ru nucleus ruber - S septum - Sac stratum album centrale - SCH stratum cellulare hypothalami - Sgc stratum griseum centrale - Sgf stratum griseum et fibrosum superficiale - Sgfp stratum griseum et fibrosum periventriculare - Sop stratum opticum - SP nucleus subpretectalis - SPC nucleus superficialis parvocellularis - Spl nucleus spiriformis lateralis - Spm nucleus spiriformis medialis - SRt nucleus subrotundus - SuC nucleus subcoeruleus - to tractus opticus - Tn nucleus taeniae - TPc nucleus tegmenti pedunculo-pontinus pars compacta - Tr nucleus triangularis - tsm tractus septomesencephalicus - ttd nucleus et tractus descendens nervi trigemini - Tu nucleus tuberis - Vel nucleus vestibularis lateralis - Vem nucleus vestibularis medialis - Vlt nucleus ventrolateralis thalami - VT nucleus ventrolateralis tegmenti - Zp-flm zona perifasciculus longitudinalis medialis - Zp-NIII zona perinervus oculomotorius     

Histochemical mapping of succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase in the spinal cord, medulla oblongata and cerebellum of squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus)

Summary The distribution of succinic dehydrogenase (SDA) and cytochrome oxidase (Cy. O) in serial sections of the cervical region of the spinal cord and the medulla oblongata, arranged caudo-cranially, has been described. The motor cranial nerve nuclei exhibit strong SDA and Cy. O activity in the neurons and neuropil. The nuclei gracilis, cuneatus, olivaris inferior, cochlearis and vestibularis likewise show strong enzyme activity. Nucleus intercalatus and nucleus tractus solitarius, however, show weak and moderate enzyme activity respectively. The lateral part of formatio reticularis myelencephali shows less SDA and Cy. O compared to the medial part, which shows some accumulation of these enzymes in the neuropil.The neuropil of the molecular layer of cerebellar cortex and the perikarya and dendrites of the Purkinje cells show strong SDA and Cy. O activity. The granular layer exhibits stronger SDA and Cy. O in the synaptic glomeruli. The cerebellar nuclei possess stronger enzyme activity in the neurons and dendritic branches, compared to mild activity in the neuropil.Abbreviations AB Nucleus ambiguus - AP Area postrema - Cb Cerebellum - Cn Nucleus cuneatus medialis - CnL Nucleus euneatus lateralis - CRF Corpus restiforme - D Cell group D of meesen and Olszewski (1949) - DPy Decussatio pyramidum - DV Nucleus dorsalis n. vagi - F Cell group P of Meesen and Olszewski (1949) - FC Puniculus cuneatus - FG Funiculus gracilis - FLM Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis - FRM Formatio reticularis myelencephali - G Nucleus gracilis - Gr Granular layer of cerebellar cortex - I Nucleus intercalatus - Lcb Lingula cerebelli - MoL Molecular layer of cerebellar cortex - NC Nucleus cochlearis - NCD Nucleus cochlearis dorsalis - NCV Nucleus cochlearis ventralis - ND Nucleus dentatus - NE Nucleus emboliformis - NF Nucleus fastigii - NFL Nerve fiber layer - NG Nucleus globosus - NR Nucleus raphes - NSV Nucleus tractus spinalis n. trigemini - NTS Nucleus tractus solitarius - NVI Nucleus n. abducentis - NVII Nucleus n. facialis - NXII Nucleus n. hypoglossi - OI Nucleus olivaris inferior - OIm Nucleus olivaris inferior, accessorius medialis - OIp Nucleus olivaris inferior, principalis - P Layer of Purkinje cells - Pp Nucleus praepositus - Py Tractus pyramidalis - RG Nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis - RL Nucleus reticularis lateralis myelencephali - RPM Nucleus reticularis paramedianus myelencephali - SGD Nucleus substantiae griseae dorsalis - SGL Nucleus substantiae griseae lateralis - SGV Nucleus substantiae griseae ventralis - TCV Tractus corticospinalis ventralis - TS Tractus solitarius - TSC Tractus spinocerebellaris - VI Nucleus vestibularis inferior - VL Nucleus vestibularis lateralis - VM Nucleus vestibularis medialis - VS Nucleus vestibularis superior - IV Ventriculus quartus     

Origin and fine structure of substance P-containing nerve terminals in the facial nucleus of the rat: an immunohistochemical study

Summary The distribution, origin and fine structure of substance P-like immunoreactive (SPI) nerve terminals in the facial nucleus of the rat were investigated by means of immunocytochemistry. SPI-terminals were concentrated in the intermediate and dorsal subnuclei of the facial nucleus. Hemi-transection of the brainstem just rostral to the facial nucleus or at the most caudal level of the medulla oblongata did not cause any change of SPI-terminals in the facial nucleus. Electrical destruction of the various parts of the medulla oblongata clearly demonstrated that SPI-terminals in the intermediate subnucleus were supplied contralaterally from the SPI-neurons in the dorsomedial part of the medullary reticular formation. Most of the SPI-terminals (85%) in the intermediate subnucleus of the facial nucleus were observed to make asymmetric synaptic contacts with large dendrites (mean diameter; 1.26 m). It was supposed that the contact sites are located on proximal parts of the dendrite. A few SPI-terminals (6%) formed axo-somatic contacts with large perikarya filled with numerous cytoplasmic organelles.Abbreviations used in Figures A n. ambiguus - AP area postrema - C n. cuneatus - Cod n. cochlearis dorsalis - Cov n. cochlearis ventralis - CU n. cuneiformis - FLM fasciculus longitudinalis medialis - G n. gracilis - MRF midbrain reticular formation - nts n. tractus solitarius - nVsp n. tractus spinalis nervi trigemini - nVII n. originis nervi facialis - nX n. originis dorsalis vagi - nXII n. originis nervi hypoglossi - OI n. olivaris inferior - rfl the ventro-lateral part of the caudal medullary reticular formation - rfm the dorso-medial part of the medullary reticular formation - RL n. reticularis lateralis - RM n. raphe magnus - rmg n. reticularis magnocellularis - RO n. raphe obscurus - sgc substantia grisea centralis - Vl n. vestibularis lateralis - Vm n. vestibularis medialis - Vsp n. vestibularis spinalis