Replacement of the retrohepatic vena cava in segmental liver transplantation

Reduced grafts represent an important technical development in paediatric liver transplantation. The use of a left lateral segment graft has required preservation of the native inferior vena cava to “piggy-back” the graft onto it. We report four children who underwent left lateral segment transplantation with caval replacement using the donor iliac vein because the native retrohepatic inferior vena cava was small, friable or difficult to preserve. There were no caval or hepatic vein complications post-transplant and the donor iliac vein proved to be a satisfactory interpositional graft. The technique offers the advantages of a wider retrohepatic cava avoiding venous outflow or caval obstruction, provides good tissue to suture and is well suited for the triangulation technique of the left hepatic vein. Received: 24 January 1997 Received after revision: 20 June 1997 Accepted: 30 June 1997     

原位肝移植术后下腔静脉狭窄的原因及防治

目的 探讨肝移植术后下腔静脉狭窄的原因和防治方法。方法 本组共施行原位肝移植术8例,通过彩超及下腔静脉造影检查证实术后发生下腔静脉狭窄2例。结果 在2例下腔静脉狭窄中,1例经球囊扩张及支架置入术而治愈;另1例病人拒绝手术自动出院。结论 肝移植术后下腔静脉狭窄的重要因素是吻合技术不当,肝脏体积过大,血肿形成,腹水生成,癌肿复发。球囊扩张、支架置入是有效的治疗手段。     

Liver transplantation in a patient with complex anomaly of the inferior vena cava

Background

After the introduction of noninvasive imaging exams, congenital anomalies of the inferior vena cava (IVC) have become more commonly recognized. We report the first successful orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) performed in an asymptomatic adult with complex IVC anomaly: duplication of the infrarenal IVC, azygos continuation of the IVC, agenesia of the hepatic portion of the IVC and presence of several anomalous veins communicating the common iliac vein and the IVC of one side with the contralateral side.

Methods

This complex anomaly was diagnosed with a venous abdominal angio CT.

Results

At liver transplantation, the short suprahepatic portion of the IVC was identified and clamped. The right, middle, and left hepatic veins were sectioned and joined in a single, wide cuff, using venoplasty. This single orifice was anastomosed to the suprahepatic IVC of the new liver. No venovenous bypass was employed. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course. A post transplantation venous abdominal angio CT showed normal blood flow at the anastomosis of the hepatic veins of the receptor and the IVC of the new liver.

Conclusions

This report is important to alert liver transplant teams of the possibility of complex IVC in asymptomatic adult individuals. Identification of these anatomical anomalies is vital to reduce the risk of serious hemorrhage and other operative complications during OLT.     

Feasibility of hanging maneuvers in orthotopic liver transplantation with inferior vena cava preservation and in liver surgery

Background/Purpose The aim of this work was to study the feasibility and complication rates of liver hanging maneuvers: the Belghiti liver hanging maneuver (BLHM) in liver resection and the modified liver hanging maneuver (MLHM) in orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) with inferior vena cava (IVC) preservation.Methods From January 2001 to August 2003, BLHM was planned in 26 consecutive right hepatectomies and MLHM in 28 consecutive OLTs with IVC preservation.Results BLHM was performed in 24/26 patients (92%). In the 2 remaining patients, chronic biliary infection (n = 1) and intraparenchymal hemorrhagic hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 1) did not allow BLHM to be achieved. Bleeding during the BLHM procedure occurred in 1 patient (4%), with no need for interruption. MLHM was performed in all 28 patients, and in none of them was bleeding observed during the maneuver.Conclusions BLHM and MLHM are important technical refinements with several advantages. Feasibility rates were 92% and 100%, respectively. Bleeding risk remained low (4%) for BLHM and was 0% for MLHM. The rate of BLHM failure suggests that the feasibility rate may be higher in normal liver parenchyma.     

肝移植中肝脏左旋显露手法对血流动力学的影响

目的:通过观察肝移植中切肝阶段采用肝脏左旋显露手法时下腔静脉压力及其他循环指标的变化,探讨该术式的安全性和有效性。方法:选择择期行原位肝移植的手术病人18例,分别记录进腹后左侧旋转肝脏时的下腔静脉压、中心静脉压、平均动脉压等循环指标;测定病人术前至术后肾功能指标。结果:18例肝移植均顺利进行,所有病人术后愈合良好,无明显术后并发症。病人心率和下腔静脉压在肝脏旋转后显著升高(P<0.01)。肾灌注压则在旋肝后显著降低(P0.05),但旋转后2阶段(第2次左旋)出现了显著变化(P0.05)。结论:无论是经典式还是背驮式肝移植术,术中采用肝脏左旋显露手法是一种安全、有效的显露右半肝及肝后下腔静脉的方法。该法可避免传统手法对肝后下腔静脉的机械性损伤,不会引起术中全身血流动力学剧烈波动,对术后肾功能具有保护作用。     

下腔静脉重建联合肝叶切除治疗肝癌的初步研究

目的 探讨在全肝血流控制下不采用静脉转流技术行下腔静脉重建的肝叶切除治疗侵犯下腔静脉的肝癌的临床经验和疗效。方法 自2004年8月至2005年7月，对3例胆管细胞性肝癌和2例肝细胞性肝癌合并下腔静脉直接侵犯而无癌栓患者，在全肝血流控制而无静脉转流技术下行解剖性肝叶切除联合下腔静脉重建术（局部切除修复2例、局部切除补片2例、人工血管移植1例）。结果 5例患者手术均成功。平均手术时间345（300～450）min，平均手术失血量1375（1200～1800）ml。累计平均肝门阻断时间、全肝血流阻断时间和下腔静脉阻断时间分别为19min、21．2min、56min。术后发生胸腔积液1例，胆漏1例，腹水1例，均治愈。患者平均住院时间15．5（11～19）d。随访4～15个月，1例术后9个月死于肿瘤复发，4例已存活4、8、10、15个月。结论 在全肝血流控制而无静脉转流技术下行下腔静脉重建联合解剖性肝叶切除治疗直接侵犯下腔静脉的肝癌不仅可安全施行，而且可延长患者生存时间。     

Liver transplantation with preservation of the inferior vena cava in case of symptomatic adult polycystic disease

Adult polycystic liver disease (APLD) is a rare disorder of the liver parenchyma, the treatment of which is still controversial. Conservative surgery may have a significant morbidity and is often ineffective in the long run. Liver replacement may be indicated in case of incapacitating hepatomegaly. Patients (one male, five females) undergoing liver transplantation for symptomatic APLD is presented in this study. The particular nature of this series is the fact that successful transplantation was performed in all cases with preservation of the recipient's inferior vena cava and without use of veno-venous bypass despite massive hepatomegaly and previous extensive liver surgery (in three cases). There was minimal morbidity and no mortality. All patients have excellent quality of life with a median follow-up of 41 months (range: 12-58) as testified by a median Karnofsky score of 90% (range: 80-100%).     

Superior vena cava obstruction and liver transplantation in a child

We report a case of superior vena cava obstruction in a child, which was probably secondary to long-term central venous cannulation. The obstruction was asymptomatic preoperatively, but became evident during liver transplantation, and complicated the intraoperative management. There is one other case report of this occurring in an adult in similar circumstances, and we believe that ours is the first report of such a presentation in the paediatric age group.     

Compressive stenosis of the inferior vena cava due to localized ascites after living-donor liver transplantation

A 54-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital following the diagnosis of decompensated liver cirrhosis with hepatitis C. She underwent living-donor liver transplantation, performed using the left hepatic lobe with the middle hepatic vein donated by her husband. After the transplantation, the patient suffered from massive ascites with liver dysfunction. Computed tomography demonstrated stenosis of the suprahepatic inferior vena cava (IVC) with focal collection of fluid. A second laparotomy was performed 19 days after the transplantation. When the encapsulated localized ascites on both sides of the IVC was opened, the ascites was flushed away. Subsequently, the grafted liver was easily mobilized and it was placed in the natural position without any tension, and the pressure gradient of the IVC was improved. Herein, we report a very rare case of compression stenosis of the IVC resulting in Budd-Chiari syndrome caused by localized encapsulated ascites.     

内支架植入术联合伽玛刀治疗肝细胞癌导致下腔静脉瘤栓的疗效分析

目的回顾性比较分析单纯内支架植入术和内支架植入术联合伽玛刀治疗肝细胞癌导致下腔静脉瘤栓的疗效。方法对22例患者仃下腔静脉支架植入术（A组），26例行下腔静脉支架植入术联合伽玛刀治疗（B组），术后定期行下腔静脉造影，了解下腔静脉通畅情况。结果本组无与内支架植入术和伽玛刀治疗相关的严重并发症发生。治疗后下腔静脉内径均有不同程度的扩大，A组下腔静脉内径增大（0．89±0．28）cm，B组内径增大（1．52±0．20）cm（P〈0．05）。随访期至少达6个月，A组3、6个月下腔静脉通畅率分别为52．94％、n．76％，而B组3、6个月下腔静脉通畅率均为100％，两组差异有显著意义（P〈0．005）。结论内支架植入术联合伽玛刀治疗肝细胞癌导致下腔静脉瘤栓是安全有效的。     

Renal-splenic shunt for infrahepatic caval occlusion after piggy-back liver transplantation

Inferior vena cava thrombosis after liver transplantation is uncommon. We describe a case of this unusual complication occurring after piggy-back (end-to-side) graft implantation. Renal failure, lower limb edema, and hemodynamic instability were the presenting symptoms requiring immediate surgical correction with a left renal-to-splenic vein shunt over a ringed 2.5-cm prosthesis. The decision to go ahead with the shunt was preceded by an intraoperative confirmation of a 10-cm H₂O pressure gradient between the caval and portal circulations. This gradient, unlike that observed in liver cirrhosis, ultimately turned a splenorenal shunt into a renal-splenic one. Six months after the procedure, the patient is alive and well with normal liver and renal function. The technique described may be useful in the management of other clinical conditions of acute infrahepatic caval hypertension. Received: 17 January 1997 Received after revision: 2 May 1997 Accepted: 13 May 1997     

肝癌合并下腔静脉癌栓的外科治疗

目的总结7例肝癌合并下腔静脉（inferior vena cava,IVC）癌栓患者的手术方法及治疗经验。方法自2003年7月至2005年5月,我们为7例肝癌合并IVC癌栓的患者实施了肝癌切除及右心房和（或）IVC切开取栓手术。所有患者均采用全肝血流阻断来控制IVC血流。根据癌栓上极位置的不同,分别采用5种不同术式：（1）静脉转流,心脏停搏,右心房及下腔静脉切开取栓1例;（2）静脉转流,心脏不停搏,心包内高位阻断下腔静脉,右心房和（或）下腔静脉切开取栓2例;（3）经腹部切口切开膈肌,心包内高位阻断下腔静脉,下腔静脉切开取栓1例;（4）经腹部切口,经膈肌腔静脉裂孔小切口,心包外高位阻断肝上下腔静脉,下腔静脉切开取栓1例;（5）经腹部切口,肝上阻断下腔静脉,下腔静脉切开取栓2例。结果所有手术均获成功,术后并发症包括胸腔积液2例,右膈下积液1例,切口感染1例。7例患者的生存时间为2周～26个月,平均9．8个月。已死亡的6例患者术后生存时间分别为13、9、11、2、17个月和2周,尚生存的1例患者已无瘤生存26个月。结论对合适病例实施肝癌切除和IVC切开取栓手术是安全可行的。手术治疗可以避免右心流人道阻塞和肺动脉栓塞造成的猝死,并有可能获得相对提高的生存时间和生活质量。     

Open inferior vena caval anastomosis during bicaval heart transplantation

Performing a precise inferior vena caval (IVC) anastomosis during bicaval orthotopic heart transplantation can sometimes be challenging because of crowding of the operative field by the venous cannula and tourniquet. We performed bicaval orthotopic heart transplantation in 10 patients using an open IVC anastomotic technique with vacuum-assisted venous drainage. A long venous cannula was passed into the IVC through the femoral vein. The IVC anastomosis was performed after removing the IVC tourniquet under vacuum-assisted venous drainage. A precise edge-to-edge IVC anastomosis was successfully performed in all patients. This technique may result in greater anastomotic precision and improved outcomes.     

Management of hemorrhage of retro hepatic inferior vena cava injury during piggy-back technique for liver transplantation

Background  

Injury to large abdominal vessels is still one of the most terrifying results of trauma or intraoperative faults, as the management of the hemorrhage is hardly difficult due to being torrentially and unaware of the proper reparation. The controversial problem is which technique should be preferred in case of injury to RHIVC and how can it be managed with minimal risk.     

Close relation between the inferior vena cava ligament and the caudate lobe in the human liver

Background/Purpose This study was conducted to clarify the real relation between the inferior vena cava (IVC) ligament and the caudate lobe in the human liver and also to elucidate their surgical importance in liver surgery. Methods Specimens obtained from 20 adult cadaveric livers were submitted for the study. Histological structures of the IVC ligament and its relationship to the caudate lobe and the IVC were microscopically investigated. Results The IVC ligament was a broad membranous connective tissue bridging the left and right side edges of the caval groove in which the IVC was embedded. At both edges of the caval groove, the IVC ligament was continuously transformed from the Glisson's capsules of the caudate and right lobes. The component of the portal triad, which originated from that of caudate lobe, and lymphatics were distributed in the IVC ligament without exception and ectopic hepatocytes existed in it in 4 of the 20 cases. Conclusions A close relation between the IVC ligament and the caudate lobe was confirmed. The findings suggested that the IVC ligament is a kind of degenerated hepatic tissue. When dissecting it, surgeons should manipulate it carefully to prevent unexpected bleeding and bile leakage.     

腹腔镜泌尿外科手术中下腔静脉损伤的处理及探讨(附4例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜泌尿外科手术中下腔静脉损伤的处理方法及预防措施.方法:回顾分析4例腹腔镜术中下腔静脉损伤患者的临床资料,其中3例用超声刀分离时损伤下腔静脉,1例为分离钳游离时撕破下腔静脉.损伤发生后,立即采取吸净积血、纱布压迫、增加操作通道等措施,用5-0血管缝线连续缝合破口.结果:4例下腔静脉损伤患者均于镜下修补成功...     

下腔静脉平滑肌肉瘤的诊断及外科治疗

目的 了解下腔静脉平滑肌肉瘤的临床特点，总结下腔静脉平滑肌肉瘤的诊治经验。方法 对1986—2006年中国人民解放军总医院普外科收治的14例下腔静脉平滑肌肉瘤病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 12例病人实施手术，其中11例行肿瘤及相应的下腔静脉切除和必要的下腔静脉重建，1例仅行剖腹探查肿瘤活检；2例因远处转移而未手术。结论 肿瘤整块切除及必要的下腔静脉重建是治疗下腔静脉平滑肌肉瘤的有效方法。     

肝脏肿瘤切除术中肝后下腔静脉损伤的处理

目的 探讨肝脏肿瘤切除术中肝后下腔静脉损伤的处理方法及适应证。方法 采用了分步全肝血流阻断、指压、指捏及肝创面对拢缝合４种方法,处理１６例下腔静脉损伤者。结果 全部患者即刻止血,无再出血,无手术死亡,随访６￣１８个月,均存活。结论 方法简单、实用、省时、安全,为控制肝切除术中大出血的有效方法。