边缘晕征在判别甲状腺良恶性肿瘤中的应用

虽然单纯二维超声可以发现甲状腺内2－3mm的结节,但对结节良恶性的判别仍有很大的困难。本文使用彩色超声多普勒技术对甲状腺肿瘤“边缘晕”的组织构成和形态图1及自2甲状腺腺瘤周边的低回声晕环,在彩超下表现为环绕的彩色血流信号说明边缘景由肿瘤周边的环绕血管构成学特点进行了研究,客观的阐明“边缘晕征”在鉴别甲状腺良恶性肿瘤的诊断意义及局限性。l资料与方法本文收集资料完整的甲状腺肿瘤98例（男32例,女66例）,其中甲状腺瘤43例,结节性甲状腺肿37例,年龄对一68岁,平均52岁。甲状腺癌18例,年龄29－58岁,平均49岁。全部病…     

超声造影在诊断肝脏良恶性肿瘤中的应用

目的 探讨良恶性肝肿瘤的超声造影增强时相及回声变化规律。方法 对31例共59个肝肿瘤病灶在超声造影后，观察肿瘤病灶在造影增强后各时相图像特点，对比分析良恶性肝肿瘤造影增强的始增时间、峰值时间及减退时间，并对造影前后及增强CT检测的病灶数目、大小及边界清晰度进行比较分析。结果 17个肝细胞肝癌病灶中13个表现为典型“快进快退”，2个表现为“同进快退”，另2个表现为“快进慢退”，后经病理证实为高分化型肝癌。36个转移性肝癌病灶分为少血供转移癌组21个，表现为动脉相呈低回声环形增强，门脉相及延迟相呈低回声；多血管转移癌组15个，表现为动脉相呈完全高回声增强，门脉相及延迟相呈低回声。6个肝血管瘤中5个表现为向心性环形持续缓慢充填，另一例直径9mm的小血管瘤表现为完全快速向心充填。肝血管瘤造影增强的始增时间、峰值时间及减退时间均长于肝细胞肝癌及转移性肝癌（P〈0．05）。造影后所测肿块直径大于常规超声和增强CT，所检出肿块数目多于常规超声和增强CT，造影前13个肿块边界显示不清晰，造影后显示清晰。结论 超声造影在肝肿瘤的定性诊断中有重要价值。     

超声造影在肝肿瘤诊断中的应用价值

应用超声造影剂对肝脏占位性病变检查的临床研究已有多篇报道．造影剂微泡和超声造影成像技术的发展进一步提高了对肝内病变的检出率。本文应用新型造影剂声诺维（sonvue）及CNTI（实时超声造影匹配成像）技术进行灰阶增强检查（以下简称超声造影）观察总结良恶性肿瘤患者造影剂灌注的时相、回声变化规律。     

超声造影在乳腺良恶性肿瘤鉴别诊断中的价值

目的初步探讨超声造影在乳腺良恶性肿瘤鉴别诊断中的价值。方法用声诺维SonoVue造影剂对40例42个乳腺肿块进行超声造影检查,记录并分析造影灌注过程。结果恶性组不均匀增强占84.2%（16/19）,良性组不均匀性增强占19.0%（4/21）,恶性组高增强占68.4%（13/19）,良性组高增强占9.5%（2/21）,恶性组以慢退为主（14/19）,良性组以快退为主（17/21）,恶性组不均匀增强明显大于良性组,恶性组高增强明显大于良性组,两组之间的差异具有显著性意义（P〈0.05）。结论超声造影为乳腺良恶性肿瘤的鉴别诊断提供了更加准确的信息,有助于良恶性的鉴别。     

超声造影时间-相对强度曲线在肝良恶性肿瘤鉴别诊断中的作用

目的 探讨超声造影相对定量参数及时间-相对强度曲线(time-relative-intensity curve,TRIC)在肝良恶性肿瘤鉴别诊断中的价值.方法 对59枚肝局灶性病变行超声造影检查,绘制时间-强度曲线(time-intensity curve,TIC),获取良恶性病灶的相对造影参数进行比较分析;将TIC中每帧图像病灶声强减去肝实质声强得到相对强度,以时间为横坐标,相对强度为纵坐标,绘制TRIC,对比良恶性病灶TRIC形态特征.结果 相对达峰时间、相对达峰强度、相对增强时间及相对下降斜率在良恶性组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),恶性病灶TRIC上升支及下降支均较陡直,在平均(28.24±8.14)s时达基线0值,并继续下降至基线下-8 dB附近小幅波动.良性病灶TRIC上升支及下降支均较平缓,且下降支下降至基线上4 dB附近小幅波动.结论 超声造影相对定量参数和TRIC为肝良恶性肿瘤的诊断提供了新的定量指标.     

16排螺旋CT在肝良恶性肿瘤动门脉分流中的诊断价值探讨

目的:通过研究肝癌和肝血管瘤合并肝动脉门静脉分流(APS)的CT及DSA征象,探讨16排螺旋CT在区分肝良恶性肿瘤动门脉分流中的诊断价值.方法:回顾性分析69例肝癌和47例肝血管瘤的螺旋CT及DSA影像资料,以DSA为金标准,通过观察肿瘤及分流位置、肿瘤大小、分流导致的血流动力学改变、门脉癌栓等指标,分析螺旋CT征象在肝癌和肝血管瘤中的差异性.结果:肝癌和肝血管瘤APS的分流多位于瘤内,后者与肿瘤大小和肿瘤位置无相关性.肝癌和肝血管瘤APS有各自的强化特点,前者多伴有门脉的破坏、癌栓及其滋养血管生成,后者只有门脉的扩张.结论:16排螺旋CT可以正确的区分肝良恶性肿瘤的动门脉分流.     

实时灰阶超声造影和螺旋CT诊断肝肿瘤的比较研究

目的比较实时超声造影和螺旋CT显示肝肿瘤血流信号的特点.方法对29例肝肿瘤(原发性肝癌16例,转移性肝癌2例,血管瘤6例和肝局灶性结节增生5例)分别进行超声造影和CT检查.结果超声造影显示肝恶性肿瘤的整体型、血管瘤的周边型及局灶性结节增生的中央型出现率显著高于其他病变(P<0.01).CT示恶性肿瘤中94.4%(17/18) 动脉期强化、门脉期低密度;血管瘤中83.3%(5/6)呈结节状强化;肝局灶性结节增生动脉期均明显强化.超声造影和CT鉴别肝肿瘤的能力无显著差异.结论超声造影和CT都能敏感地显示不同肝肿瘤的血供特征.     

常规超声及超声造影在鉴别腮腺良恶性肿瘤中的诊断价值

目的 探讨常规超声及超声造影在鉴别腮腺良恶性肿瘤中的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析100例经病理证实的腮腺良恶性肿瘤,记录患者的一般情况及超声图像特征,比较良恶性组之间的差异。结果 形态不规则、边界不清楚、造影剂快进、增强后边界不清、增强环缺失或不规则、增强范围扩大在良恶性组之间的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 在常规超声的基础上结合超声造影能够提高诊断效能,对良恶性腮腺肿瘤的鉴别有一定的应用价值。     

肝恶性肿瘤的超声造影定量分析

目的 探讨肝恶性肿瘤超声造影（CEUS）的时间-强度曲线（TIC）形态和声学定量参数变化特征。方法 应用反向脉冲谐波显像（PIH）技术对48例肝恶性肿瘤患者行实时CEUS检查，以声学定量软件绘制病灶的TIC，分析TIC形态和定量参数变化特征。结果 48例肝恶性肿瘤中，16例原发性肝癌（HCC）、23例肝转移癌（metastasis livercancer，MLC）TIC形态呈快上快下型，4例小HCC、5例MLC呈快上慢下型；HCC中，小HCC降支减半时间迟于非小肝癌（P＜0．01）；MLC降支减半时间早于HCC（P＜0．05）；20s增强强度比较，乏血供MLC低于HCC及富血供MLC（P＜0．01），后二者之间差异无统计学意义。结论 CEUS的TIC形态和定量参数变化特征对肝恶性肿瘤的诊断及鉴别有重要价值。     

恶性肝肿瘤邻近肝包膜退缩征的CT表现及其评价

目的 探讨肝包膜退缩征的ＣＴ表现及其诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析经手术病理及临床综合诊断证帝的２０６例肝肿瘤和肿瘤样病变的ＣＴ表现,观察肿瘤或肿瘤样病变的部位、大小、形态、数目、密度及内部情况,并对其邻近的肝包膜以及与肝包膜有关的征象进行分析。结果 ＣＴ像显示肝包膜退缩征２４例,根据肝包膜表面光滑与否分为两型：（Ｃ１）规则形,１９例。退缩的肝包膜表面光滑、整齐,呈反弓状或脐凹状。（２）不规则形,５例     

结节周围支扩征在CT诊断肺结核球中的价值

目的     

SPECT/CT融合图像对脊柱单发病灶鉴别诊断的增益价值

目的：探讨SPECT/CT融合图像较SPECT图像在脊柱单发病灶鉴别诊断方面的增益价值。方法：193例恶性肿瘤患者在全身骨显像发现脊柱单发浓聚病灶后行SPECT/CT显像。由2名核医学科医师结合全身骨显像分别对SPECT图像和SPECT/CT融合图像进行分析,对脊柱病灶诊断分为：肿瘤骨转移、良性病变、不能确定诊断。并按SPECT/CT融合图像比SPECT图像对诊断是否具有增益价值分为：有帮助、不确定、无帮助。将观察指标分为肯定组和否定组,分别计算其百分率及95%可信区间。结果：对193处病灶的分析结果显示,SPECT图像能确定诊断（肿瘤骨转移和良性病变）的病灶共59处,占30.6%（59/193）,其95%可信区间为24.1%-37.1%;不能确定诊断的病灶共134处,占69.4%（134/193）,其95%可信区间为62.9%-75.9%。SPECT/CT融合图像能确定诊断的病灶共175处,占90.7%（175/193）,其95%可信区间为86.6%-94.8%;不能确定诊断的病灶共18处,占9.3%（18/193）,其95%可信区间为5.2%-13.4%。与SPECT图像对比,SPECT/CT融合图像对诊断有帮助者173处,占89.6%（173/193）,其95%可信区间为85.3%-93.9%;不确定18处和无帮助2处共20占10.4%（20/193）,其95%可信区间为6.1%-14.7%。结论：在对脊柱单发病灶是否为肿瘤骨转移的鉴别诊断方面SPECT/CT融合图像较SPECT图像具有增益价值,可以提供更多的诊断信息。     

多层螺旋CT对肝癌合并肝动静脉瘘的诊断价值

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT对肝癌合并肝动静脉瘘的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析1年中接受多层螺旋CT检查的405例肝癌病人的CT资料和同时接受介入治疗的64例病人的DSA资料，并进行对照。结果 共发现41例肝癌合并肝动静脉瘘，分为：肝动脉门静脉瘘36例(87．8％)，肝动脉肝静脉瘘2例(4．9％)，混合型肝动静脉瘘3例(7．3％)。13例肝动静脉瘘得到DSA证实，特异性为100％。结论 多层螺旋CT诊断肝癌合并肝动静脉瘘具有相当的优越性。     

Effect of Observer Experience in the Differentiation Between Benign and Malignant Liver Tumors After Ultrasound Contrast Agent Injection

Objective. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of the observer level of experience on the diagnostic performance of contrast‐enhanced ultrasound imaging (CEUS) for differentiation between benign and malignant liver tumors. Methods. From a computerized search, we retrospectively identified 286 biopsy‐proven liver tumors (105 hepatocellular carcinomas, 48 metastases, 7 intra‐hepatic cholangiocarcinomas, 33 liver hemangiomas, and 93 nonhemangiomatous benign lesions) in 235 patients (140 male and 95 female; mean age ± SD, 56 ± 11 years) who underwent CEUS after sulfur hexafluoride‐filled microbubble injection. The digital cine clips recorded during the arterial (10–35 seconds from injection), portal (50–120 seconds), and late (130–300 seconds) phases were analyzed by 6 independent observers without experience (group 1, observers 1–3) or with 2 to 10 years of experience in CEUS (group 2, observers 4–6). Specific training in the diagnostic and interpretative criteria was provided to the inexperienced observers. Each observer used a 5‐point scale to grade diagnostic confidence: 1, definitely benign; 2, probably benign; 3, indeterminate; 4, probably malignant; or 5, definitely malignant on the basis of the enhancement pattern during the arterial phase and enhancement degree during the portal and late phases compared with the liver (hypoenhancement indicating malignant and isoenhancement to hyperenhancement indicating benign). Results. The analysis of observer diagnostic confidence revealed higher intragroup (κ = 0.63–0.83) than intergroup (κ = 0.47–0.63) observer agreement. The experienced observers showed higher diagnostic performance in malignancy diagnosis than did inexperienced observers (overall accuracy: group 1, 63.3%–72.8%; group 2, 75.9%–93.1%; P < .05, χ² test). Conclusions. The diagnostic performance of CEUS in liver tumor characterization was dependant on the observer's level of experience.     

超声弹性成像对浅表软组织良恶性肿块的鉴别诊断价值

目的 探讨超声弹性成像对浅表软组织良恶性肿块的鉴别诊断价值.方法 应用超声弹性成像技术对48例患者共67个浅表软组织肿块进行检查,对弹性图进行分析并分级,将弹性图分级结果 与手术病理结果 作对比.结果 浅表软组织良性肿块的弹性分级以0～Ⅱ级多见,而恶性肿块的弹性分级以Ⅲ～Ⅳ级多见,良恶性肿块之间弹性分级的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).以Ⅲ级作为鉴别浅表软组织良恶性肿块的诊断界点,超声弹性成像鉴别诊断浅表软组织良恶性肿块的敏感性、特异性和准确性分别为85.71%、86.96%和86.57%.结论超声弹性成像为鉴别诊断浅表软组织良恶性肿块提供了一个新的方法 ,有助于浅表软组织肿块良恶性的鉴别.     

Diagnosis of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma using contrast-enhanced harmonic gray-scale imaging with enhancement agents (Levovist): Correlation with helical CT and US angiography

We compared contrast-enhanced harmonic gray-scale imaging with helical CT and US angiography to evaluate vascularity in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Contrast-enhanced harmonic gray-scale imaging using Levovist (Nihon Schering, Tanabe) as the contrast agent and enhanced helical CT were performed on 38 patients with 45 lesions (29 men and 9 women aged 41 to 83 years; mean age, 66 years; mean maximum tumor diameter, 30.5±23.0 mm), and angiography was performed to evaluate 37 lesions from 32 of these 38 patients (24 men and 8 women, aged 41 to 79 years; mean age, 65 years; mean maximum tumor diameter, 27.9±17.9 mm). Contrast-enhanced harmonic gray-scale imaging showed hypervascular enhancement in 41 of the 45 lesions; the other 4 lesions were not visualized as hypervascular because 3 of the them could not be detected with non-enhanced US and the remaining lesion was situated deep in the liver and more than 11 cm from the surface of the body. Helical CT showed areas of high attenuation in 40 of the 45 lesions, leaving the other 5 lesions equivocal, while US angiography achieved positive enhancement in 36 of 37 lesions. Intratumoral vessels were visualized with contrast-enhanced harmonic gray-scale imaging in 25 of the 45 lesions; however; intratumoral vessels were seen in only 4 of the 45 lesions examined with helical CT. In evaluating vascularity in advanced HCC, contrast-enhanced harmonic gray-scale imaging with Levovist was as effective as US angiography and more effective than helical CT. Motion artifacts produced by the heart make it difficult to evaluate vascularity in advanced HCC located in the left lobe of the liver with Doppler sonography. Contrast-enhanced harmonic gray-scale imaging can show intratumoral vessels and hypervascular enhancement of the tumor without motion artifacts, however, even when the tumor is located near the heart or large vessels. Contrast-enhanced harmonic gray-scale imaging is useful for evaluating vascularity in advanced HCC when the tumor can be visualized with non-enhanced US.     

Hepatocellular carcinoma: Prospective assessments of the T-factor with CT, US, and MR imaging

The capabilities of computed tomography (CT), ultrasonography (US), and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging were studied in order to determine the role of each of these noninvasive examinations for estimating the T-factor of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). Fifty-one patients with surgically proven HCCs received CT (50 patients), US (46 patients), and MR (44 patients). The images of CT, US, and MR were prospectively evaluated for main tumor size, intrahepatic metastases, and vascular invasion, which compose the T-factor of HCC, and compared to pathological results. The sizes of the main tumor were estimated correctly by all examinations. For estimating intrahepatic metastases, US (74%) and MR (73%) were superior to CT (65%). For estimating portal invasion, CT (79%) was superior to US (70%) and MR (66%), because CT could demonstrate the segmental staining caused by portal invasion. The estimates of hepatic venous invasion were difficult during any of the examinations. We conclude that presurgical evaluations of the T-factor require the use of US and CT or MR and CT.     

CT增强扫描及CTA在脑出血早期微创治疗中的应用

目的探讨CT增强扫描(CTE)及CT血管造影(CTA)在脑出血微创治疗中的价值。方法86例脑出血经CTE或/和CTA检查后,在CT引导下选择避开较大的血管处直接定位,后行颅骨钻孔引流术,并进行定期CT随访观察;6例因发现严重动静脉畸形(AVM)或动脉瘤(AN)出血而放弃微创治疗,行开颅手术或保守治疗。结果86例颅骨钻孔定位准确,引流量20～90ml,占血肿量的40～70%,其中3例因钻孔引流术后血肿扩大而行开颅手术。5例术后住院期间死亡(病死率5.8%);81例术后3月内CT随访复查,血肿消失或大部分消失,最后遗留脑软化灶。术后6月随访生存良好者71例(良好率87.7%)。结论CTE和CTA有助于脑内血肿微创治疗病例的选择和定位,是一种安全可靠、有实用价值的方法。     

螺旋CT血管造影及最大信号强度投影重建技术在颅内动脉瘤诊断中的应用价值

目的在于探讨ＣＴ血管造影及最大信号强度投影重建技术检查颅内动脉瘤的准确性以及ＳＣＴＡ取代常规血管造影的可能性。方法２５例临床疑诊颅内动脉瘤的病人中２３例接受了ＳＣＴＡ和常规血管造影。２例单独经ＳＣＴＡ诊断后直接手术治疗。结果２５例动脉瘤中,ＳＣＴＡ准确检出了２３例另２例小于３ｍｍ的动脉瘤未被ＳＣＴＡ检查发现。与传统血管造影相对照,ＳＣＴＡ的诊断准确率为９２％。对于检测血栓性动脉瘤ＳＣＴＡ优于传统血管造影。结论本组研究表明ＳＣＴＡ结合ＭＩＰ图像重建技术能较准确地诊断３ｍｍ以上的颅内动脉瘤,并判断其大小,形态,瘤颈以及瘤内血栓的存在。