纳米光催化空气净化器净化效果的实验研究

目的研究纳米光催化空气净化器在空气试验室和现场两种环境中对空气中甲醛、总挥发性有机物(TVOC)的净化效率，了解其净化效果。方法按照国家标准《空气净化器》(GB／T18801—2002)的步骤进行实验。根据实验结果计算空气净化器的洁净空气量和净化效果。结果纳米光催化空气净化器对空气试验室和现场空气中甲醛及TVOC的净化效率分别为(21．0％，16．7％)和(46．8％，39．2％)．3h在两种环境中对甲醛和TVOC的去除率分别达到54．1％，90．5％(扣除自然衰减影响)和43．8％，72．0％。结论纳米光催化空气净化器对室内装修产生的主要污染物甲醛和TVOC均有一定的净化作用，但对TVOC的净化效率远高于甲醛。     

纳米光催化空气净化器对甲醛及总挥发性有机物净化效果的实验研究

目的 研究纳米光催化空气净化器的两种机型对空气试验室中甲醛、总挥发性有机物(TVOC)的净化效率,了解其净化效果。方法 按照国家标准《空气净化器》(GB/T18801-2002)的步骤进行实验,根据实验结果计算空气净化器的洁净空气量和净化效果。结果 A空气净化器对空气实验室中甲醛和TVOC的洁净空气量和净化效率分别为28.80m~3/h、9.60％和46.80m~3/h、26.00％;B空气净化器对空气实验室中甲醛和TVOC的洁净空气量和净化效率分别为37.80 m~3/h、21.00％和140.40m~3/h、46.80％。结论 纳米光催化空气净化器对室内装修产生的主要污染物甲醛和TVOC有一定的净化作用,增加了活性炭过滤层的B空气净化器净化效果优于A空气净化器。     

钠米光催化空气净化器降解效率的研究

目的研究钠米光催化空气净化器的降解效率,为钠米光催化空气净化器的卫生学评价提供科学依据。方法在模拟实验室挥发有机物质创造污染源环境,开启空气净化器,然后采样进行测定。结果苯的降解效率为91.0%;甲醛的降解效率为78.8%;可吸入颗粒物为93.0%;杀菌率为83.0%。结论纳米光催化技术对室内空气污染物有一定的净化效果。     

光催化去除流水中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯效果评价

目的研究光催化去除连续流水中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）效果。方法设定4种不同流速水流25，65，110，190ml／min。采用4种方式进行处理通O3（经臭氧发生器后产生的气体，流量为0．6L／min）；紫外光（uv）照射；UV照射同时通O3；UV同时通空气。在有光催化剂纳米（TiO2）和无催化剂条件下，进行光解实验，测定水中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的去除率。结果TiO2能够促进DBP迅速光解，流速在190ml／min时，DBP去除率也可达到88．8％。通空气对UV光降解效果不大。甚至降低去除率。紫外光和臭氧共同处理对DBP的降解有一定的协同作用。结论应用光催化在连续流水中可有效降解水中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯。     

纳米TiO2光触媒降解空气中甲醛的实验研究

目的测试一种掺杂铁离子的改性纳米TiO_2光触媒对甲醛的降解效果。方法在试制的实验舱中,分别以黑光灯和日光灯作为激发光源照射喷涂在玻璃板载体上的纳米TiO_2光触媒,测试光源种类、光照强度、甲醛初始浓度对纳米TiO_2光触媒光催化性能的影响。结果黑光灯和日光灯作为照射光源时,黑光灯对甲醛的降解效果好于日光灯,降解率分别达到94.13%和73.02%;在测试的甲醛气体浓度范围内,纳米TiO_2光触媒对初始浓度高的甲醛气体的降解效果好于初始浓度低的甲醛气体;降低黑光灯的光照强度,甲醛的降解率和降解速率也随之降低,但可以通过延长光催化反应时间,提高对甲醛的降解效果。结论为了提高对可见光源的利用率,测试的纳米TiO_2光触媒采用铁离子非均匀掺杂的方式进行了改性,以黑光灯和日光灯作为照射光源时,均能有效降解空气中甲醛。     

几种空气净化技术对室内甲醛污染净化效果对比研究

[目的]探索净化产品净化效果评价方法,并对不同净化产品和净化方式去除甲醛效果进行对比,探索科学有效的甲醛去除方法。[方法]30m~3密闭性良好的试验室,模拟大型环境测试舱测试条件,采用不同方式发生甲醛,分别测定不同空气净化器、不同甲醛去除剂,不同净化方式甲醛去除效果。[结果]使用净化器后甲醛总衰减常数均高于甲醛自然衰减常数,净化器A、B、C总衰减常数分别为0.19436、0.15806、0.06103;12h甲醛去除率分别为:91.74%、89.09%、55.27%。A、B、C3种净化剂在30m~3试验室中对甲醛净化处理后24h去除率分别为:89.79%、88.75%、78.87%。不同净化产品和净化方式由于其作用原理和作用方式不同,对甲醛的去除效率和去除特征有所不同。[结论]去除甲醛应根据室内空气检测结果,采取综合、长期的科学治理方法,才能达到预期效果。     

空气净化器对甲醛净化效果评价时间和测定间隔的研究

目的　提出空气净化器对甲醛净化效果评价的时间和测定间隔。方法　在 30m3和 1 5m3测试舱中进行自然衰减试验和甲醛去除效果试验。结果　自然衰减测试时间为 2 5小时 ,测定间隔为 15分钟 ;总衰减测试时间为 1 2小时 ,测定间隔为 5分钟。当空气净化器风量 <30m3 h或评价无风量空气净化产品时 ,可在 1 5m3测试舱中进行评价 ,自然衰减和总衰减的测试时间均为 6 4min ,测定间隔为 8分钟。结论　不同类型空气净化器对甲醛净化效果评价的测定时间和测定间隔不同     

坑道空气净化技术应用及其装置研制

目的为解决平战时坑道中化学与生物性空气污染对进驻人员身体健康的影响,探讨应用空气净化技术并研制净化装置。方法利用组合净化技术与方法通过高效过滤单元,去除颗粒物;采用低温等离子体和纳米光催化净化单元,消除或杀灭化学污染物和微生物。结果研制的坑道空气净化装置样机对不同浓度的典型空气污染物1 h平均净化率分别为:H2S 100.0%,SO294.9%,NO292.8%,NH384.3%,CO297.6%,CO 68.8%,甲醛100.0%,苯96.4%,甲苯94.5%,二甲苯90.5%,颗粒物91.3%,细菌总数100.0%。坑道现场试用可有效净化空气微生物、总悬浮颗粒物以及CO、CO2、总挥发性有机物TVOC等有害气体。结论研制的空气净化装置可对坑道内典型的化学污染物及大肠杆菌代表的微生物进行有效地去除或杀灭,现场试用结果表明可有效保证坑道空气质量。     

复合纳米TiO2净化典型室内空气污染物的初步研究

目的：研究十余种室内典型空气污染物的光催化净化新方法，为下一步研制空气净化装置奠定实验基础。方法：将纳米级TiＯ2复合某种金属氧化物制成光催化剂，在紫外灯光照下，测定污染物的消除率。结果：组方为90％TiＯ２ 10％金属氧化物的光催化剂对有害气体净化效果最佳，对H2S净化率在97％以上，对SO2净化率99%以上，对NO2、NH3能够全部消除，对CS2平均净化率为81．3％，对苯平均消除率仅为8．8%，对甲苯仅为18．8％，对二甲苯仅为41．6％。结论：研制的光催化剂，可有效消除SO2、H2S、NO2、NH3、CS2等有害气体。但对苯系物及CO、CO2等催化效率较低或没有效果，如何提高光催化剂对这些化合物的净化效率是今后研究工作的重点。     

9种住宅空气净化器的净化效果

[目的]评价目前市场上主要品牌住宅用空气净化器对空气污染物的净化效果。[方法]采用30m3环境测试舱法测试9种家用空气净化器对颗粒物、甲醛、总挥发性有机化合物（TVOC）、氨、二甲苯的净化效果,并以去除率、洁净空气量、净化效能等指标评价上述空气净化器的净化性能。[结果]在所测试的净化器中,对甲醛、TVOC、氨、二甲苯的3h去除率≥80％的净化器分别占测试总数的55．6％、88．9％、33．3％和88．9％。按甲醛、TVOC、氨、二甲苯净化效能符合《空气净化器》（GB／T18801-2008）（≥D级）要求划分的净化器分别占测试总数的77．7％、88．9％、55．6％和100．0％;颗粒物净化效能符合《空气净化器》净化效能A级要求的空气净化器占测试总数的88．9％。[结论]所抽检的家用空气净化器有机污染气体和颗粒物净化的总体性能良好,而对氨类的净化性能不足。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.