成人气管和支气管异物的诊治

目的 探讨成人气管支气管异物的临床特点以及诊治.方法 回顾性分析我院1996年1月至2010年1月收治的24例成人气管支气管异物的病例资料,其中男16例,女8例,年龄18~85岁.结果 成人气管支气管异物种类多样,临床表现各异,容易漏诊,其中有1例漏诊长达7年之久.24例中,有10例行硬质支气管镜下取出异物;7例纤维支气管镜下取出异物;3例患者入院后自行咳出异物;1例在支撑喉镜下取出异物;1例急诊行气管切开异物取出术;共治愈22例,死亡2例.结论 成人气管支气管异物少见,临床表现各异,容易误诊.绝大多数成人气管和支气管异物可通过纤维支气管镜或硬性气管镜处理而痊愈.     

成人支气管异物的支气管镜下表现和介入治疗方式探讨

目的 探讨成人支气管异物支气管镜下表现和介入治疗方式。方法 回顾性分析空军军医大学唐都医院呼吸与危重症医学科2014年1月－2019年4月129例经支气管镜检查确诊的成人支气管异物患者支气管镜下表现、介入治疗方式及预后等临床资料。结果 129例患者中,88例为局麻经鼻进镜,33例患者全麻完成检查治疗,8例患者局麻下发现异物后经全麻下取出异物。取出异物的128例患者中,29例直视下可见异物,未造成管壁管腔黏膜改变;65例直视下见部分异物伴周围肉芽组织增生;23例管壁肉芽组织生长致管腔堵塞,清除部分肉芽后异物暴露;6例患者气道分泌物致管腔堵塞,吸除分泌物后见异物;4例异物嵌顿;1例超细支气管镜下未见异常,后经支气管内超声导向鞘引导（EBUS-GS）探及明显边界回声灶,活检钳钳夹确定为异物。129例异物患者中取出128例,镜下吸引取出2例。使用一种介入手段取出95例,较为常用的手段包括冷冻（28例）、活检钳（27例）、异物钳（25例）、异物网篮（10例）;使用两种介入手段取出25例,最常用的手段包括活检钳+冷冻（11例）;使用三种及以上介入手段取出6例。所有患者术后无出血、气胸、穿孔及窒息等严重并发症发生。所有患者中124例痊愈,1例因本身合并气道狭窄,多次镜下治疗后病情好转,3例异物吸入时间过长导致原异物所在部位形成局部支气管扩张,1例患者因全麻支气管镜下采用多种方式仍无法取出异物,建议手术,患者家属放弃治疗。结论 支气管镜检查是诊断及治疗成人支气管异物安全有效的方法,值得推广。     

Comparison of pediatric airway foreign bodies over fifty years

Prevention and early recognition remain critical factors in the treatment of foreign body inhalation in children. Accidental inhalation of both organic and nonorganic foreign body material continues to be a cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. The University of North Carolina Department of Otolaryngology has collected foreign bodies acquired from the airways of young children since its inception in 1954. The authors reviewed 26 foreign bodies removed bronchoscopically from the airways of children during the years 1955 to 1960, and compared these to 27 foreign bodies collected from 1999 to 2003. Findings showed remarkable similarities in the types of foreign bodies aspirated. Organic foreign bodies were most commonly found. Differences existed in the type of organic foreign body aspirated, with popcorn being retrieved in 15% of cases during the later time period. Also, an increase in bronchoscopically removed small toy parts was found in the later group.     

气管支气管异物取出术临床体会

目的探讨气管支气管异物的临床特点及治疗方法。方法对本院1998-2007年间收治的气管支气管异物病例进行回顾性分析。结果144例气管支气管异物患者中，81．9％为3岁以下儿童，异物种类以花生类为最多，占51．4％，89．6％的患儿在全身麻醉下经支气管镜取出异物。结论在全身麻醉下经支气管镜行气管支气管异物取出术是一种安全可靠的手术方法。     

支气管检查在胸部影像学正常咯血患者诊断中的应用

目的探讨支气管镜检查在胸部影像学正常咯血患者病因诊断中的价值。方法回顾性分析1991—12—2004—12168例胸部影像学正常咯血患者的临床资料、支气管镜下所见、镜下活检、刷检并灌洗液的病理及细菌学检查结果。结果168例患者，经支气管镜检查诊断142例，阳性率为84．5％。其中炎症75例，占44．6％，居首位，其他依次为支气管肺癌24例（14．3％）、支气管内膜结核19例（11．3％）、支气管扩张11例（7．7％）、支气管息肉4例（2．4％）、支气管异物3例（1．8％）、支气管霉菌感染和支气管结石各2例（1．2％）。结论支气管检查能提高胸部影像学正常咯血患者病因诊断率，尤其对支气管肺癌、支气管内膜结核、支气管息肉、异物、结石等有非常重要的诊断价值。     

16层螺旋CT在呼吸道异物诊断及术后随访中的应用价值

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT（MSCT）对呼吸道异物的诊断价值及在术后随访中所具有的优势。方法：利用Siemens Sensation16螺旋CT对104例临床疑为呼吸道异物的患者进行胸部容积扫描,将原始数据传至工作站进行多平面重建（MPR）、容积重建（VR）及仿真内窥镜（CTVB）等多种技术相结合进行诊断,其中66例诊断为呼吸道异物,9例行MSCT随访。结果：66例中MSCT诊断8枚异物位于气管,右侧支气管及其分支为39枚,左侧支气管及其分支19枚。经临床支气管镜证实61例,其余5例：1例为黏液团,3例仅见脓液、未见明显成形异物,1例为炎性栓子。9例随访病例中发现2例异物未完全取出。结论：临床拟诊呼吸道异物时,由于MSCT无创、快捷、准确率高,在术前诊断及术后随访中可作为首选。     

病史隐匿的成人支气管异物15例分析

目的：探讨病史隐匿的成人支气管异物的临床特点，以及处理经验与教训。方法：总结分析自1992年11月～2001年11月间收治的15例此类病例。其中男9例、女6例；年龄34～66岁；左侧4例，右11例。5例经纤支镜检查明确为支气管内异物，3例因活检钳触及硬物始疑及异物可能，余7例经开胸手术明确。除金属异物病例外，其余病例均有首诊误诊情况。结果：经第1次纤支镜检查取出异物2例，抗感染2周后第2次纤支镜检查取物成功4例，开胸手术治疗9例。作肺叶切除者3例；支气管剖开、异物取出术者4例，一侧全肺切除术2例。结论：应重视病史不确切的成人气管异物的诊断，尽量作纤支镜不导物取，而避免外科手术创伤。     

多层螺旋CT对儿童气管、支气管异物的诊断价值

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT对儿童气管、支气管异物的诊断价值。方法:20例气管、支气管异物病例行多层螺旋CT检查,结合后处理重建图像分析,全部病例经纤维支气管镜或临床证实。结果:1例位于气管;19例位于支气管,异物有瓜子、花生米碎片18例;小虾及塑料管各1例。结论:多平面重建、CT仿真支气管镜、表面遮盖显示、最小密度投影、容积再现能显示气管、支气管异物的位置、形态、异物与支气管粘膜的关系等。     

气管、支气管内特殊异物取出术的临床研究

目的探讨气管、支气管内特殊异物的手术方法,提高手术成功率。方法气管、支气管内特殊异物30例,分别应用支气管镜、气管切开及开胸手术等不同方法将异物取出。结果93.3%(28/30)异物在支气管镜下取出,其中应用反张钳取异物占33.3%(10/30),成功率为90.0%(9/10);应用鳄鱼嘴钳取异物占20.0%(6/30),成功率为83.3%(5/6);应用普通异物钳取异物占30.0%(9/30),成功率为100%(9/9);应用尖嘴钳取异物占6.7%(2/30),成功率为100%(2/2);应用成人食管镜钳取异物占10.0%(3/30),成功率为100%(3/3);支气管镜下未取出病例分别经气管切开及开胸手术取出,成功率为100%(2/2)。结论只有根据异物特点选择合适异物钳,并设计合理的手术方法才能将气管、支气管内特殊异物顺利取出。     

电子支气管镜检查在慢性咳嗽中的病因诊断

目的对原因不明的慢性咳嗽患者进行电子支气管镜检查。评价电子支气管镜在不明原因的慢性咳嗽中的应用价值。方法对慢性咳嗽8周以上的21例患者,经临床检查排除咳嗽变异性哮喘、胃食道反流、鼻后滴流综合征、嗜酸粒细胞综合征等疾病。结果 21例患者中包括支气管黏膜慢性炎症11例,支气管内膜结核1例,支气管肺癌2例,支气管异物2例,支气管息肉1例,未见异常4例。结论原因不明的慢性咳嗽患者进行电子支气管镜检查有重要诊断意义。     

呼吸道异物184例临床分析

目的:探讨呼吸道异物的诊断和治疗要点。方法:对1983～2000年我科收治的184例呼吸道异物进行了总结和分析,本组男117例,女67例,男女比例为1.7:1;年龄4月～61岁,其中5岁以下164例,占89.3％;就诊时间半小时～3年,其中发病7天内就诊占60.5％;异物的部位,喉异物占20.9％,气管异物占24.3％,支气管异物占51.4％,同时有气管和支气管异物占3.4％;异物以花生、瓜子、黄豆和鱼骨等为主。结果:本组184例中,一次手术取出异物152例,二次手术取出25例,三次手术取出3例,开胸手术取出3例。共治愈183例,死亡1例,死亡原因为呼吸循环衰竭。结论:正确及时的诊断和抢救是治疗成功的关键。     

A rare case of type II negative pressure pulmonary edema following extraction of inhaled peanuts in a 21-month-old boy

To date, only one case of pediatric type II negative pressure pulmonary edema (NPPE) caused by removal of an endobronchial foreign body has been documented. We report another case of type II NPPE that developed after extraction of inhaled peanuts. A 21-month-old boy who presented with wheezing and intermittent cough for 1 month after eating peanuts was admitted to our department. A chest computed tomographic scan showed foreign bodies lodged in the right main bronchus. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy was performed, and three pieces of peanuts were removed. Fifteen minutes after this procedure, the child grew restless and started coughing with frothy pink sputum. Tachypnea and rales were observed. A chest radiograph showed patchy opacification in both lungs, especially in the right lower zone, leading to the diagnosis of type II NPPE. Intravenous furosemide and dexamethasone were immediately administered, followed by non-invasive continuous positive airway pressure ventilation. Twelve hours later, the patient recovered uneventfully and was discharged home the following day. In conclusion, pediatric type II NPPE rapidly occurs following the relief of upper airway obstruction. Clinicians need to be aware of the acuteness and manifestations of type II NPPE to make an early diagnosis and initiate prompt treatment.     

多层螺旋CT图像后处理在诊断儿童气道透X线异物中的应用

目的探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)三维重建技术在诊断儿童气管、支气管(透X线)异物中的价值。方法对30例临床疑诊为气管、支气管异物患儿行MSCT检查,然后用多平面重建(MPR)、CT仿真支气管镜(CTVB)、容积再现(VR)技术进行原始图像处理并分析其影像表现。结果共检出异物30例,其中气管异物2例,左侧支气管异物13例,右侧支气管异物14例,双侧支气管异物1例,全部病例经纤维支气管镜证实。后处理图像清晰地显示了异物形状、位置及异物与支气管黏膜的关系等。结论 MSCT是一种有价值的无创性诊断气管、支气管异物且易为儿童所接受的检查方法 。     

Longstanding endobronchial foreign body

There are many circumstances in which the diagnosis of endobronchial inhalation of a foreign body (FB) can be missed. Generally, in such cases, within weeks or at most months from the event, clinical bronchopulmonary symptoms develop which allow a correct diagnosis to be made and significant complications to be avoided. We report the case of a patient in whom an endobronchial FB remained undiagnosed, because of lack of symptoms, for almost three years, and then caused signifiicant complications before being identified and removed. Problems related to diagnosis and therapy are discussed.     

Simultaneous bilateral aspiration of foreign bodies

Aspiration of foreign bodies into the bronchial lumen continues to be a potential hazard especially in children. Bronchiectasis, lung abscesses, emphysema, or pleuropulmonary fistula may develop if untreated. The treatment of choice is extraction by bronchoscopy under general anesthesia. Our patient simultaneously aspirated two squirrel vertebrae, neither of which produced obstruction. The patient's symptoms were due mainly to the partial obstruction secondary to the formation of granulation tissue. One aspirated vertebra was extracted during the diagnostic fiberoptic bronchoscopy, but a rigid Jackson bronchoscope was necessary to remove the other foreign body. The patient has since been asymptomatic.     

支气管镜介入治疗在支气管结核治疗中的价值

目的探讨支气管镜介入治疗在支气管结核治疗中的价值。方法回顾性分析152例经支气管镜检查确诊后通过支气管镜介入治疗的支气管结核(EBTB)患者的临床资料。结果 152例患者经支气管镜检查确诊为支气管结核,通过全身抗结核药物治疗联合支气管镜下气道病变部位灌注抗结核药物、球囊扩张气道成形术、腔内冷冻等治疗后病情明显改善。结论通过支气管镜介入下局部灌注抗结核药物、球囊扩张气道成形术、腔内冷冻等治疗在支气管结核治疗中具有重要的价值。     

A review of gastrointestinal foreign bodies

Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) foreign bodies represent a significant clinical problem in the Emergency Department, causing a high degree of financial burden, morbidity and mortality. A large variety of foreign bodies are accidentally ingested or inserted into the GIT in different age groups. This a retrospective review of 38 patients who presented to the Emergency Department with GIT foreign bodies between January 2001 and December 2004. Computer database and case note search of patients' personal data, nature of the foreign objects and mode of entry to the GIT were recorded. There were 30 males and eight females (M : F ratio of 3.75:1) with an age range of 10 months to 87 years (median age 25.5 years). Foreign body ingestion/insertion was accidental in 14 patients, deliberate in 11, for anal erotism in 11 and as a result of assault in two cases. The median time before presentation was 12 h, and the mean length of hospital stay was 1.7 days. Treatment was conservative in 15 patients; five patients had gastroscopic retrieval; 15 patients underwent examination under anaesthetic, retrieval and proctosigmoidoscopy and three patients underwent laparotomy for impacted foreign bodies. GIT foreign body ingestion or insertion is common; however, majority of cases can be successfully managed conservatively.     

Value of bronchoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of foreign bodies of the trachea and bronchi

10-year experience gained at the Moscow Endoscopic Center attached to S. P. Botkin City Hospital with bronchoscopic investigations for tracheobronchial pathology verification covers 14542 procedures. Foreign bodies were detected in 38 patients, of these 12 patients had aspirated the bodies long before the investigation. There were 18 males and 20 females aged from 15 to 85 years. To remove the foreign bodies, a bronchofibroscope was used in 34, a rigid bronchoscope in 4 patients. Sharp bodies and dentures were extracted with a metal loop, those of complex configuration were pulled out by a forked forceps. The removal was followed by toilet bronchoscopy. Complications due to the diagnostic or therapeutic bronchoscopy in patients with foreign bodies were not recorded.     

多层螺旋CT及图像后处理技术在小儿气管支气管异物中的应用

目的：探讨多层螺旋cT及图像后处理技术在小儿气管支气管异物中的影像诊断价值。材料与方法：对226例经支气管镜手术证实的病例,分析其多层螺旋CT及后处理图像对异物的显示情况及诊断价值。结果：多层螺旋CT及后处理图像对支气管镜证实的77例位于左侧主支气管内异物正确显示74例（96．1％）;89例位于右侧主支气管内异物正确显示87例（97．8％）;53例位于气管内异物正确显示49例（92．5％）;6例多发异物的正确显示4例（66．7％）。结论：多层螺旋cT及图像后处理技术对气管支气管异物具有很高的显示率和很重要的临床应用价值。     

特殊类型食管异物的处理

目的：探讨特殊类型食管异物安全、有效、方便的处理方法。方法：回顾分析1997年1月～2002年6月收治的12例特殊类型食管异物(带金属钩义齿10例，剃须刀1例，金属玩具小飞机1例)的处理过程。结果：5例义齿开胸取出；3例义齿剖腹胃内取出；1例义齿、1例剃须刀、1例金属玩具小飞机异物食管镜取出，1例义齿电子胃镜取出。11例治愈，1例死亡。结论：特殊类型食管异物应尽早尽快手术取出，术前应明确异物种类、取出难易程度、做好应变准备，先行食管镜和电子胃镜试取，试取时宜选择全身麻醉试取失败后应向下推入胃内，剖腹胃内取出异物；下推失败后应尽快开胸取出异物