三种游离穿支皮瓣修复足背及前足组织缺损

目的探讨游离膝降动脉穿支皮瓣、隐动脉穿支皮瓣及股前外穿支皮瓣修复足背及前足软组织、复合组织缺损的疗效。方法纳入2010年8月至2014年10月35例足背及前足组织缺损患者,创面面积为9 cm×4.5 cm~26 cm×13 cm。采用游离膝降动脉穿支皮瓣修复12例(A组),游离隐动脉穿支皮瓣修复8例(B组),游离股前外穿支皮瓣修复15例(C组)。若为开放性损伤,则在皮瓣移植术前应用负压封闭引流装置覆盖5~7 d。结果术后34例皮瓣全部成活,仅1例(女童,7岁)股前外穿支皮瓣远端1/3坏死,2周后经削痂植皮后创面愈合。术后随访3~38个月,平均12.3个月。皮瓣修复后外形大多令人满意,术后3个月A组有3例、B组有2例进行二次修薄手术。A组有1例出现小腿持续肿胀,1例出现供区切口愈合不良;B组有5例出现供区肢体持续肿胀,3例出现供区切口愈合不良,4例供区远端出现皮疹。结论游离膝降动脉穿支皮瓣及游离隐动脉穿支皮瓣修复后大多需行二次修薄手术。游离股前外穿支皮瓣质地好,切取面积大,可避免二次修薄手术,受区影响较小,但仅可用于单纯足背或前足软组织覆盖。游离膝降动脉穿支皮瓣可制备皮-骨或皮-肌(肌腱)复合瓣用于修复足部复合组织缺损。     

穿支皮瓣修复肢体软组织缺损的疗效观察

目的探讨肢体穿支皮瓣修复肢体皮肤软组织缺损的方法及疗效。方法 2002年6月-2009年12月收治肢体皮肤软组织缺损81例。男69例,女12例;年龄13～75岁,平均54岁。外伤创面35例,伤后至入院时间为1h～45d;肢体体表肿瘤切除术后缺损19例,烧伤后瘢痕切除术后缺损27例。部位:小腿及足部56例,前臂及手25例。缺损范围3cm×3cm～23cm×18cm。采用腓动脉穿支皮瓣26例,桡动脉穿支皮瓣18例,足底内侧动脉穿支皮瓣18例,旋股外侧动脉穿支皮瓣19例。皮瓣切取范围为4cm×3cm～25cm×18cm。供区直接拉拢缝合或植皮修复。结果术后3～7d4例皮瓣部分坏死,均经换药、植皮修复后愈合;其余皮瓣及植皮均完全成活,创面Ⅰ期愈合。患者术后均获随访,随访时间1～16个月,平均9个月。皮瓣外形、质地、颜色与受区相匹配。肿瘤患者无复发。结论肢体穿支皮瓣手术操作简便,是修复肢体皮肤软组织缺损的有效方法之一。     

CDFI定位下游离膝降动脉穿支皮瓣修复手部皮肤缺损

目的探索彩色多普勒血管成像技术(CDFI)定位下游离膝降动脉穿支皮瓣修复手部皮肤缺损的方法和效果。方法自2014年3至2016年12月应用游离膝降动脉穿支皮瓣修复手足部皮肤缺损11例,皮瓣面积6.0cm×9.0cm至9.0cm×22.0cm,5例以膝降动脉主干为蒂,6例以肌皮穿支为蒂。结果 11例皮瓣全部成活,随访3~12个月,皮瓣外观质地良好。结论 CDFI定位下膝降动脉穿支皮瓣血管蒂恒定,血管口径大小适中,皮瓣质地厚薄适中,是修复手部皮肤缺损较适用的方法。     

以膝降动脉为蒂的游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复小腿保肢术后创面的临床效果

目的探讨以膝降动脉为蒂的游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复小腿保肢术后创面的临床效果。方法采用回顾性观察性研究方法。2019年1月—2021年6月, 苏州瑞华骨科医院收治12例符合入选标准的小腿保肢术后创面患者, 其中男6例、女6例, 年龄17～74岁, 原始创面面积为17 cm×9 cm～40 cm×15 cm, 5例患者创面有感染。创面均采用对侧游离大腿股前外侧穿支皮瓣(面积为18 cm×10 cm～37 cm×9 cm)修复, 皮瓣动脉均吻合于膝降动脉, 供区创面直接缝合;7例患者另移植对侧大腿刃厚皮片覆盖皮瓣无法覆盖的剩余创面, 供区创面予油纱覆盖。术中记录皮瓣携带的穿支类型、受区动静脉类型。术后记录皮瓣成活和血管危象发生情况、皮片成活情况、供受区创面愈合情况、皮瓣移植术后患者住院时间。随访记录皮瓣色泽和质地、小腿再次感染情况及骨折愈合情况。末次随访时根据陈中伟断肢再植的功能评定标准评价患者的保肢效果。结果皮瓣携带的穿支类型:仅携带旋股外侧动脉降支者6例, 仅携带旋股外侧动脉斜支者3例, 携带旋股外侧动脉降支+旋股外侧动脉斜支并吻合穿支进行内增压者3例。皮瓣受区动脉类型:膝降动脉主干者1...     

携带少量肌袖的胸背动脉穿支皮瓣的临床应用

目的 探讨携带少量肌袖的胸背动脉穿支皮瓣修复缺损创面的手术方法及临床效果.方法 自2005年3月至2009年12月,应用携带少量肌袖的游离胸背动脉穿支皮瓣修复10例皮肤缺损患者,其中头颈部肿瘤切除术后皮肤缺损者3例,四肢部位皮肤缺损者7例.在游离皮瓣过程中,将胸背神经和大部分背阔肌留存于供区.根据创面缺损情况设计携带穿支血管处的少量背阔肌肌袖的胸背动脉穿支皮瓣,皮瓣大小为4.5 cm×7.0 cm～6.5 cm×12.0 cm.供区直接拉拢缝合.结果 术后随访10例患者2～41个月,游离移植的皮瓣成活良好,缺损修复后其外形较满意;供区余留的背阔肌其收缩功能仍存在,切口愈合良好.结论 该术式中保留的部分背阔肌肌袖,既有利于保护穿支皮瓣,又可改善皮瓣的臃肿外形;保留了胸背神经和大部分背阔肌,使供区损伤较小,符合皮瓣切取原则.     

跨区供血小腿前外侧皮瓣修复足部皮肤软组织缺损

目的 探讨应用跨区供血小腿前外侧皮瓣修复足部皮肤软组织缺损的方法及疗效.方法 采用跨区供血小腿前外侧皮瓣逆行转移修复足部皮肤软组织缺损12例,皮瓣切取面积32cm×17cm～15cm×7cm.以腓动脉终末穿支为蒂8例,以腓动脉终末穿支降支为蒂4例.结果 皮瓣完全成活11例,1例术后发生静脉回流障碍,皮瓣远端部分坏死(面积约1.0cm×1.5cm),经换药伤口愈合.随访时间6个月～3年,皮瓣外形满意,供区植皮无溃疡或磨损,行走步态接近正常.结论 采用跨区供血小腿前外侧皮瓣修复足部皮肤软组织缺损,手术操作相对简单,不损伤主干血管,皮瓣供血可靠,是修复足部大面积皮肤软组织缺损的理想皮瓣.     

游离旋股外侧动脉降支穿支皮瓣修复前臂大面积皮肤缺损

目的探讨采用游离旋股外侧动脉降支穿支皮瓣修复前臂大面积皮肤缺损的临床疗效。方法自2014年11月至2019年9月,采用游离旋股外侧动脉降支穿支皮瓣修复外伤致前臂大面积皮肤缺损患者12例,缺损面积为20 cm×19 cm～25 cm×9 cm,皮瓣切取面积为37 cm×10 cm～25 cm×9 cm。采用单叶皮瓣修复6例,分叶组合皮瓣修复6例。术中将皮瓣血管蒂动、静脉与前臂尺桡动脉及其伴行静脉吻合,其中7例保留的皮瓣内股前外侧皮神经与受区皮神经吻合;供区直接闭合。术后随访时观察皮瓣的成活、外观、质地、血运以及供受区皮肤愈合情况,同时测量皮瓣感觉恢复、肌力以及膝关节活动情况。结果 12例患者的皮瓣均成活,未发生感染、血管危象及下肢筋膜室综合征等并发症。随访6～36个月,皮瓣的外观、质地与周围组织相似,双侧上下肢体均较对称,无明显臃肿,血运良好,受区无明显的瘢痕增生;供瓣区切口较隐蔽,缝合后仅留线性瘢痕,肢体肌力正常,膝关节屈、伸活动正常。皮瓣感觉恢复S3级7例,S2级4例,S1级1例。结论采用游离旋股外侧动脉降支穿支皮瓣修复前臂大面积皮肤缺损,可获得较满意的功能恢复及外形,同时能减轻供区的损伤。     

小型腓浅动脉穿支皮瓣在手指软组织缺损中的应用

目的探讨应用小型腓浅动脉穿支皮瓣修复手指皮肤软组织缺损的临床疗效。方法 2016年10月-2018年12月,应用小型游离腓浅动脉穿支皮瓣修复手指皮肤软组织缺损8例,其中5例皮瓣携带部分腓浅神经移植。分别采用面积为1.0 cm×1.5 cm～3.0 cm×4.0 cm的小型游离腓浅动脉穿支皮瓣,移植修复手指软组织缺损,小腿供区直接Ⅰ期缝合。结果术后8例皮瓣顺利成活,Ⅰ期愈合6例,2例皮瓣边缘出现坏死,经清创换药后Ⅱ期愈合。其中4例皮瓣臃肿择期行皮瓣整形修薄。小腿供区切口全部Ⅰ期愈合良好。术后随访3～9个月,平均5.6个月。皮瓣外观良好,质地柔软,其中携带神经移植感觉恢复良好。结论小型游离腓浅动脉穿支皮瓣厚度适中,解剖较恒定,血供可靠,切取容易,不牺牲动脉主干,可携带腓浅神经分支与受区指神经接合,同时修复受区感觉,供区相对隐蔽,直接缝合愈合良好,是修复手指皮肤软组织缺损的有效方法。     

穿支皮瓣游离移植修复足部创面缺损

目的 探讨应用穿支皮瓣游离移植修复足部创面缺损的临床疗效.方法 2006年3月至2009年12月,应用下肢4种穿支皮瓣游离移植修复20例足部创面缺损患者,男15例,女5例;年龄18～61岁,平均28.5岁;左侧7例,右侧13例.缺损创面部位:足背12例,足跟足底部5例,足踝部3例;创面大小为2.0 cm×3.5 cm～12.0 cm×18.0 cm.皮瓣选择:股前外侧穿支皮瓣5例,股前内侧穿支皮瓣7例,腓浅动脉穿支皮瓣5例,腓动脉穿支皮瓣3例. 结果 本组20例患者皮瓣全部成活,术中2例患者出现血管危象,经及时处理后血运恢复.20例患者术后获3～6个月(平均5.2个月)随访,皮瓣质地、外观均良好,其中13例吻合皮神经恢复了保护性感觉,供区愈合可,功能无影响.结论 应用穿支皮瓣游离移植修复足部创面缺损,临床效果满意,是修复此类创面的较理想选择.     

健侧跨区供血骨(膜)皮瓣交腿桥式修复小腿皮肤及骨缺损

目的 探讨健侧胫后动脉穿支与膝降动脉隐支联合跨区供血骨(膜)皮瓣交腿桥式转移修复患侧胫骨缺损并大面积皮肤软组织缺损的临床疗效. 方法 采用以健侧胫后血管远端为蒂切取跨区供血胫骨骨(膜)皮瓣,皮瓣切取范围可为健侧胫后动脉供血区皮瓣和膝降动脉隐支供血区皮瓣之和,携带胫骨骨膜支血管,交腿桥式转移修复患侧胫骨长段骨缺损并小腿大面积皮肤软组织缺损.骨(膜)切取面积7 cm×12 cm～10 cm×16cm.皮瓣切取面积:10 cm ×25 cm ～20 c m ×41 cm. 结果 本组17例,12例获得随访.所有骨皮瓣均成活,分别于术后14 ～ 55 d伤口愈合,4～12个月骨折线消失,骨折全部愈合. 结论 健侧跨区供血骨皮瓣交腿桥式转移修复术式,不需吻合血管,手术成功率高,疗效肯定,是一种较理想的治疗方法.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.