胰头后淋巴结钙化误诊为胆总管结石1例分析

对胰头后淋巴结钙化误诊为胆总管结石1例分析如下. 1 病历摘要 女,60岁.因上腹疼痛伴全身皮肤巩膜黄染半月入院.患者无明显诱因出现上腹胀痛,无恶心、呕吐,无寒战、发热,在当地医院行B超检查报告,胆总管增宽,直径1.5 cm,胆总管下端可见一直径2.0 cm结石,超声印象:胆总管结石.实验室检查:血Hb 122 g/L,WBC 7.6×109/L,ALT 56 U/L,GGT 84 U/L,TBIL 63 μmol/L,DBIL 48 μmol/L.诊断为梗阻性黄疸,胆总管结石,拟行胆总管探查取石术.     

急诊开腹胆囊切除术中胆道造影的临床分析

急诊开腹胆囊切除手术中常规行胆道造影 ,对提高胆道手术效果、防止胆道损伤及胆道结石残留起到良好作用。我科 2 0 0 1- 0 1～ 2 0 0 2 - 10共施行急诊开腹胆囊切除术 ,术中行胆道造影 95例 ,现分析如下。1　资料与方法1 1　一般资料　本组男 39例 ,女 5 6例 ,年龄 2 1～ 97岁 ,平均 5 6 1岁。B超提示单纯胆囊结石 93例 ,未见胆囊结石 2例 ,血清ALT、AKP、GGT增高 32例 ,TBIL升高 2 3例 ,血淀粉酶升高 2 1例 ,胆总管轻度扩张 15例。1 2　造影方法　切除胆囊后从胆囊管残端插入一条输液器聚乙烯导管行胆道造影 87例 ;在游离胆囊后 ,…     

内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌柱状气囊扩张术用于胆总管结石取石术中的效果

目的:探讨内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌柱状气囊扩张术(endoscopic papillary balloon dilatation,EPBD)用于胆总管结石取石术中的疗效及安全性。方法:回顾分析应用EPBD治疗的76例胆总管结石患者的临床资料。结果:76例患者中73例成功取出胆总管结石,成功率96.1%,平均手术时间(30±12)min;无肠穿孔发生;术中发生活动性渗血5例,经局部喷洒去甲肾上腺液或黏膜下注射1∶10000肾上腺素液后成功止血;术后并发急性胰腺炎1例,高淀粉酶血症8例,均经保守治疗痊愈;平均住院时间(3±0.5)d。结论:采用EPBD行胆总管结石取石术具有安全、操作时间短、创伤小、恢复快、并发症少等优点。     

腹腔镜治疗胆总管结石(附34例报告)

目的探讨腹腔镜治疗胆总管结石的可行性。方法对收治的34例胆囊结石继发胆总管结石或胆总管结石合并肝内胆管结石或单纯胆总管结石病人行腹腔镜下胆总管切开探查取石，并对其病例资料进行分析。结果Ⅰ期缝合胆总管12例(35．29％)，留置T管引流20例(58．82％)，中转开腹留置T管引流2例(5．9％)；一次性结石取净率为82．35％(28／34)，胆管残石率为11．76％(4／34)。全组病例无1例出现术后并发症，无手术死亡病例。结论腹腔镜治疗胆总管结石安全可行，且具有创伤小、疼痛轻、恢复快、并发症发生率较低及美容等优点。     

十二指肠镜和腹腔镜联合治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石

目的总结联合应用十二指肠镜及腹腔镜治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床经验。方法选择66例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者，先在十二指肠镜下行Oddi括约肌切开取石，之后行腹腔镜胆囊切除，统计两镜联合治疗成功情况、并发症及住院时间。结果64例成功地在十二指肠镜下取出胆总管结石，11例患者术后出现血淀粉酶升高，经抑酶治疗3～5d后均恢复正常，无其他并发症，之后均成功地在全身麻醉下实施了腹腔镜胆囊切除术，无1例发生并发症，住院时间8～17d，平均12．3d。另2例因十二指肠镜下取石失败而改开腹手术。结论两镜联合治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石是一种有效、安全和可靠的治疗模式。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除联合胆总管切开胆道镜取石T管引流术治疗胆囊结石并胆总管结石的临床效果

目的 分析腹腔镜胆囊切除联合胆总管切开胆道镜取石T管引流术治疗胆囊结石并胆总管结石的临床效果。方法选取2016年2月至2020年6月我院接收的120例胆囊结石并胆总管结石的患者作为研究对象,根据手术方式的不同分将其为对照组（60例,开腹胆囊切除+胆总管切开胆道镜取石T管引流术）和观察组（60例,腹腔镜胆囊切除+胆总管切开胆道镜取石T管引流术）。比较两组的手术相关指标、术后并发症发生情况、血清相关指标（TBIL、ALT、ALP、GGT、Na+）及生活质量评分。结果 观察组的手术时间长于对照组,术中出血量少于对照组,腹腔引流时间、肠道功能恢复时间以及住院时间短于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。观察组的术后并发症总发生率为6.67%,显著低于对照组的21.67%,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。术后,两组的血清TBIL、ALT、ALP、GGT及Na+水平均较术前显著降低,且观察组低于对照组（P<0.05）。术后,两组的GIQLI评分均较术前显著升高,且观察组高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 腹腔镜胆囊切除联合胆总管切开胆道镜取石T管...     

急诊科胆道梗阻患者的病因分析和病因鉴别

目的研究急诊科胆道梗阻患者的病因构成,并探讨相关临床指标的病因鉴别能力。方法回顾性地收集2014年9月至2015年1月以"黄疸伴腹痛或发热"等症状就诊于首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院急诊科、诊疗过程中最终诊断为胆道梗阻的患者。收集患者的性别、年龄、主要症状(发热、腹痛、黄疸、恶心或呕吐)、白细胞(WBC)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、总胆红素(TBIL)、直接胆红素(DBIL)及血清淀粉酶(AMY)等数据。结果研究共纳入47例胆道梗阻患者。结合影像学检查结果诊断如下:单纯胆总管结石所致胆道梗阻患者27例(57.45%)、其他原因所致胆道梗阻患者20例(42.55%,胆胰系统恶性肿瘤9例、胆管黏液腺瘤1例、重症胰腺炎1例、诊断不清9例)。其他原因所致胆道梗阻患者的TBIL水平及DBIL水平较单纯胆总管结石所致胆道梗阻患者高,两组间TBIL(P=0.045)及DBIL(P=0.043)水平均具有统计学差异。TBIL和DBIL在诊断其他原因所致胆道梗阻患者受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)下面积分别为0.672和0.674。结论单纯胆总管结石仍是急诊科胆道梗阻患者发病的主要原因。胆红素水平的升高幅度对于鉴别单纯胆总管结石所致胆道梗阻有一定的提示作用,但单一的胆红素指标并不能有效地将单纯胆总管结石所致胆道梗阻与其他原因所致胆道梗阻鉴别开来。     

ERCP治疗高龄患者胆总管巨大结石的护理配合

目的探讨经ERCP途径治疗高龄患者胆总管巨大结石的可行性、护理操作配合及术后护理观察重点。方法对经B超／MRCP证实为胆总管巨大结石（〉15mm）的40例高龄患者（≥70岁），完善术前各项检查及ERCP治疗可行性评估等准备工作，在心电监护下行ERCP取石。观察操作成功率、结石清除率及术后并发症。结果所有患者均成功行ERCP治疗，结石清除率97．5％（39／40），其中，1次取石36例，2次取石3例；发生乳头切口轻度渗血4例，出血1例，急性胰腺炎2例，高淀粉酶血症9例，未发生穿孔及死亡等严重并发症。结论高龄胆总管巨大结石患者，采用ERCP途径治疗是安全有效的。术前正确评估、术中掌握配合技术、术后密切观察、精心护理，是保证疗效的重要条件。     

三镜联合治疗胆囊及胆总管结石并发症的护理

目的探讨三镜联合治疗胆囊及胆总管结石的术后并发症及护理措施。方法对25例胆囊合并胆总管结石的患者行三镜（十二指肠镜、胆道镜及腹腔镜）联合胆总管探查术，并对术后并发症资料作护理分析。结果本组25例病人中术后并发急性胰腺炎1例，内镜术后出血1例，肩背部酸痛2例，伤口疼痛4例。结论三镜联合胆总管探查术治疗胆囊合并胆总管结石是一安全有效的微创手术方法。     

内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开取石术后胰腺炎影响因素分析

目的探讨胆总管结石内镜下十二指肠乳头切开取石术相关内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)术后胰腺炎(PEP)的影响因素。方法回顾分析327例经内镜乳头切开取石术患者的临床资料,就患者的临床表现、伴随疾病、血生化、困难插管、胆总管扩张程度、胆总管结石大小及数量、乳头括约肌切开大小、鼻胆引流(ENBD)及术前用药等20余项指标进行统计学处理,寻找影响PEP的相关因素。结果 327例患者共发生PEP 23例(7.0%),单因素统计处理发现患者伴有胆囊结石、入院时血清总胆红素(TBIL)、直接胆红素(DBIL)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)、胆总管扩张程度PEP组和非PEP组比较P值小于或接近0.05,将这7项有可能影响PEP的指标纳入多因素分析,结果示胆囊结石和胆总管扩张程度是影响PEP发生的独立因素。结论伴有胆囊结石和胆总管不扩张或轻度扩张的胆总管结石患者,行内镜下乳头切开取石术较易并发PEP。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.