小剂量MK-801对大鼠参照记忆、空间工作记忆和逆反学习能力的影响

目的 探讨腹腔注射N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸 (NMDA )受体拮抗剂地卓西平马来酸盐(MK-801)对大鼠认知功能的影响.方法 成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为MK-801组和对照组,分别腹腔注射小剂量生理盐水或MK-801(0.1 mg/kg)20 min后在Morris水迷宫中评定MK-801对大鼠参照记忆、空间工作记忆和逆反学习能力的影响.结果 参照记忆任务中,与对照组相比MK-801组逃避潜伏期延长(P<0.05),且在目标象限的探索时间百分比[(22.7±2.9)%]与相邻象限[(24.0±0.9)%]和对立象限[(29.3±2.4)%]的差异无统计学意义 (P>0.05);空间工作记忆任务中,对照组匹配试次潜伏期显著短于样本试次[(37.6±6.0) vs (61.5±6.3),P<0.05],而MK-801组两试次潜伏期差异无统计学意义[(53.8±7.8) vs (62.2±7.1),P>0.05];逆反学习任务中,与对照组相比MK-801组潜伏期明显延长(P<0.05),且在空间探索中新旧目标象限探索时间百分比差值小于对照组[(-0.01±4.7) vs (23.5±6.2),P<0.01].结论 腹腔注射小剂量MK-801破坏了大鼠的参照记忆、空间工作记忆和逆反学习,提示其在多个认知维度上可模拟精神分裂症患者的认知缺陷.     

缺血后处理通过NMDA受体对全脑缺血大鼠的神经保护作用

目的观察缺血后处理对大鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤的神经保护作用,并探讨NMDA受体在该过程中的作用。方法采用4-VO法制备全脑缺血模型,将30只SD大鼠完全随机分为假手术组(S组)、全脑缺血(15 min)再灌注组(I/R组)、缺血后处理组(15 s/15 s,3cycle)(IP组)、NMDA受体阻滞剂MK-801预处理组(IP+MK-801组)、NR2B选择性受体阻滞剂ifenprodil预处理组(IP+ifenprodil组),以水迷宫、旷场实验及神经功能缺损评分评价其对行为学的影响,以尼氏染色法观察大鼠海马CA1区存活细胞的变化。结果与全脑缺血组大鼠相比,缺血后处理组大鼠逃避潜伏期缩短,穿越平台增加,旷场试验评分及神经功能缺陷评分更低,病理形态学改变减轻,每250μm存活神经元数增多,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);上述改变均被MK-801阻断,与缺血后处理组有统计学差异(P<0.05),IP+ifenprodil组的表现与缺血后处理组未见差异。结论 NMDA受体可能参与缺血后处理对全脑缺血大鼠的神经保护作用。     

多巴胺D1和谷氨酸NMDA受体参与调控异动症大鼠纹状体△FosB蛋白的表达

目的研究多巴胺D1和D2受体以及谷氨酸NMDA受体对△FosB蛋白表达水平的影响,由此探讨它们在左旋多巴诱导的异动症(Levodopa-induced Dyskinesia,LID)发病机制中的作用。方法对单侧黑质纹状体6-羟多巴胺(6-OHDA)损毁致帕金森病(PD)大鼠给予左旋多巴治疗28d制作LID模型,将大鼠分为7组:正常对照组、PD组、LID组、SCH23390治疗组、MK-801治疗组、raclopride治疗组和非LID组,分别观察各组行为学改变并进行异常不自主运动(abnormal involuntary movement,AI M)评分,用免疫组化和免疫印迹方法测定各组△FosB蛋白表达水平。结果多巴胺D1受体阻断剂SCH23390和谷氨酸NMDA受体阻断剂MK-801明显减轻LID大鼠行为学异常,而多巴胺D2受体阻断剂raclopride对异常不自主运动无明显影响;LID大鼠损毁侧纹状体△FosB蛋白表达较PD大鼠和非LID大鼠明显增加;与LID大鼠相比,MK-801和SCH23390均使△FosB蛋白表达显著下降,而raclopride没有这种效应;各组大鼠健侧纹状体△FosB蛋白表达水平没有显著差异。结论多巴胺D1受体和谷氨酸NMDA受体均通过参与调控纹状体△FosB蛋白的表达而影响大鼠LID的发生。     

快感缺失相关的精神分裂症阴性症状动物模型的研究

目的在精神分裂症NMDA受体功能低下神经发育假说基础上,建立快感缺失相关的精神分裂症阴性症状动物模型。方法将新生大鼠随机分6组,每组8～10只,NS-NS组,NS-HAL(氟哌啶醇)组,NS-RIS(利培酮)组,MK801-NS组,MK801-HAL组,MK801-RIS组。大鼠出生后第5～14天分别给予生理盐水及MK-801,在大鼠成年期给予抗精神病药利培酮及氟哌啶醇干预,亚慢性给药2周后进行糖水实验,检测糖水消耗量及糖水偏爱度。结果新生期暴露于MK-801的动物糖水偏爱度(0.63±0.046)显著低于对照组(0.838±0.047),P0.05,利培酮干预组动物的糖水偏爱度(0.86±0.060)显著高于氟哌啶醇干预组(0.631±0.055),P0.05。结论新生期暴露于NMDA受体拮抗剂MK-801可导致动物出现快感缺失,利培酮可逆转该损害。NMDA受体功能低下神经发育模型可作为快感缺失相关的精神分裂症阴性症状动物模型。     

NMDA受体拮抗剂MK-801对新生大鼠室管膜下区胶质纤维酸性蛋白表达的影响

目的研究N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(NMDA)受体拮抗剂MK-801对新生7 d大鼠室管膜下区(SVZ)胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)表达的影响。方法将40只新生SD大鼠分成对照组和MK-801组,各组按出生后(P)时间点再随机分成4个亚组:P7 d、P14 d、P21 d、P28 d组。新生大鼠均于生后第3天给药,MK-801组腹腔注射MK-801 10 mg.kg-1;对照组腹腔注射同量生理盐水。通过免疫组化学方法观察大鼠SVZ区GFAP阳性细胞数。结果①对照组GFAP阳性细胞数于P14 d开始增加,至P21 d达最大值;但P28 d时阳性细胞迅速下降;②MK-801组GFAP阳性细胞数与对照组相比,P7 d和P28 d无明显差异,P14 d(65.40±6.11)和P21 d(239.60±12.92)细胞数明显减少;而对照组P14 d(79.20±5.26)、P21 d(265.20±7.40)GFAP阳性细胞数明显增多,差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论 NMDA受体拮抗剂MK-801对正常新生大鼠SVZ区GFAP的表达有抑制作用,能够抑制SVZ区神经干细胞的增殖和分化。     

N-Methyl-D-Aspartate受体拮抗剂对大鼠海马神经干细胞内源性激活的实验研究

目的研究N-Methyl-D-Aspartate(NMDA)受体拮抗剂MK-801对大鼠神经干细胞(NSC)内源性激活的作用.方法将不同年龄阶段(10 d、3月、10月)的SD大鼠分为实验组和对照组,实验组腹腔注射MK-801,对照组腹腔注射生理盐水,用免疫组织化学方法测定两组大鼠海马齿状回颗粒层(SGZ)的Brdu阳性细胞、Nestin阳性细胞表达数.结果2组的10 d幼鼠,Brdu阳性细胞、Nestin阳性细胞增殖均不明显,2组无显著差异(P＞0.05),而在3月成年鼠实验组Brdu阳性细胞7 d达高峰,Nestin阳性细胞11 d达高峰,较对照组增殖较明显(P＜0.05);实验组10月老龄鼠Brdu阳性细胞、Nestin阳性细胞表达更明显,并可持续到18 d,2组比较统计学有显著意义(P＜0.01).结论NMDA受体拮抗剂MK-801可明显促进3月成鼠、10月老年鼠脑中NSC的增殖、分化.     

MK-801对左旋多巴诱导异动症大鼠模型基底节区神经元活性的影响

目的:研究NMDA(N-methyl-D-aspartate)受体拮抗剂MK-801对左旋多巴诱导的帕金森病大鼠异常不自主运动行为学及其基底节区Fos表达的影响,探讨谷氨酸对长期左旋多巴治疗后帕金森病大鼠基底节输出通路活性改变的影响。方法:帕金森病大鼠给予左旋多巴治疗28d,第29d左旋多巴治疗前15min腹腔注射MK-801一次。观察其行为学变化,并用免疫组织化学方法观察尾壳核和苍白球Fos表达情况。结果:长期间断左旋多巴治疗后,帕金森病大鼠出现刻板运动和进行性增加的对侧旋转等行为学改变。提前用MK-801抑制了其刻板动作,而增加了对侧旋转行为。与左旋多巴治疗组比较,MK-80l治疗组损毁侧尾壳核区Fos表达明显增多而苍白球区Fos表达明显减少。结论:慢性间断性左旋多巴治疗诱导帕金森病大鼠异常不自主运动和旋转期缩短是帕金森病患者左旋多巴诱导异动症和疗效减退的啮齿类动物模型,谷氨酸在其发生机制中发挥重要作用,NMDA受体拮抗剂可能通过逆转直接通路的活动而抑制异动症和疗效减退的发生。     

NMDA受体拮抗剂剂量与脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马内源性神经干细胞的增殖

背景：脑缺血再灌注后,过度释放的兴奋性氨基酸可通过NMDA受体激活内源性神经干细胞,促使其增殖、分化,修复神经细胞,但同时也导致细胞内钙离子超载,引起神经细胞的损伤。通过控制NMDA受体活化的程度,刺激内源性神经干细胞激活的同时把损伤减到最小。 目的：观察NMDA受体拮抗剂MK-801质量浓度对脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马内源性神经干细胞增殖的影响。 方法：健康雄性SD大鼠54只随机数字表法分为对照组(不进行任何处理)、手术组(缺血模型制作)及不同剂量MK-801组。采用大鼠四条血管阻断方法(Pulsinelli-4VO法)制备大鼠全脑缺血再灌注模型。不同浓度MK-801组在模型制作前30 min按照0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0 ,1.2 mg/kg侧脑室注射MK-801。Western-blot、RT-PCR技术检测各组nestin蛋白及mRNA水平及表达。 结果与结论：MK-801剂量在0.8 mg/kg以下时,nestin mRNA及蛋白的表达差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05),呈现高表达;当剂量为0.8 mg/kg时,可明显抑制内源性神经干细胞增殖;在0.8mg/kg以上,对神经干细胞的抑制作用随着剂量的升高呈递增趋势;在1.2 mg/kg时,大鼠有躁动、共济失调等严重不良反应。nestin mRNA表达结果与蛋白表达趋势相吻合。说明MK-801的剂量与脑梗死后神经功能的修复有一定的关系,实验中0.6 mg/kg是一个比较合适的实验应用剂量,在此剂量下既可使MK-801减少兴奋性氨基酸对神经元的毒性作用,保护神经细胞,又使内源性神经干细胞的增殖不受较大影响。     

左旋多巴诱导异动症大鼠模型纹状体棘状神经元电活动的研究

目的研究左旋多巴诱导异动症(levodopa induced-dyskinesias LID)大鼠模型纹状体棘状神经元的自发性电活动变化。方法帕金森病(Parkinson disease PD)大鼠模型应用左旋多巴(L-dopa)治疗28d诱发LID大鼠模型,29d L-dopa治疗前15min腹腔注射N-methyl-D-aspartic acid(NMDA)受体拮抗剂地佐环平(MK-801)1次。采用微电极细胞外记录技术检测大鼠模型纹状体棘状神经元的电生理活动。结果LID大鼠纹状体神经元的自发性电活动较对照组(P<0.01)及PD组(P<0.05)明显增多,MK-801治疗后显著减少(P<0.01)。结论纹状体棘状神经元的自发性电活动改变是LID的重要发病机制之一,NMDA受体拮抗剂可能通过逆转纹状体棘状神经元的电活动抑制LID的发生。     

地卓西平马来酸盐对雄性大鼠自发活动和前脉冲抑制及再认记忆的影响

目的 观察急性腹腔注射N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(NMDA)受体拮抗剂地卓西平马来酸盐(MK-801)刘大鼠自发活动、感觉运动门控和物体再认记忆的影响,探讨MK-801模拟精神分裂症不同内表现型的适宜剂量.方法 成年雄性SD大鼠共104只,按照体质量采用分层随机化方法进行分组.(1)取SD大鼠48只,分为MK-801小剂量组、MK-801中剂量组、MK-801高剂量组和对照组,每组12只,观察不同剂量MK-801 (0.1、0.2、0.4 mg/kg)对大鼠自发活动的影响;(2)取SD大鼠32只,分为MK-801小剂量组、MK-801中剂量组、MK-801高剂量组和对照组,每组8只,观察不同剂量MK-801(0.1、0.2、0.4 mg/kg)对大鼠前脉冲抑制(PPI)的影响;(3)取SD大鼠24只,分为MK-801小剂量组和对照组,每组12只,观察小剂量MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg)对大鼠物体辨别测试的影响.结果 (1)中高剂量MK-801 (0.2,0.4 mg/kg)呈剂量依赖性诱导大鼠自发活动的增加以及PPI的损害(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),小剂量(0.1 mg/kg)组在自发活动和PPI上与对照组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(2)小剂量MK-801组在物体辨别测试中对新物体的偏爱指数显著低于对照组[(57.79±10.66)％比(73.34±18.52)％,P＜0.05].结论 中高剂量MK-801可引起自发活动和感觉运动门控功能异常,而小剂量在排除运动系统异常的前提下可特异性地破坏大鼠的再认记忆,提示MK-801模拟精神分裂症的不同内表现型时应根据研究目的选择适宜剂量.     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

Origins of the sympathetic innervation of the cervical end of the uterus in the rat

A retrograde neuronal tracer (Fast Blue) was injected in the cervical end of the uterine horn of virgin rats. The majority of the retrogradely labeled post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons were found in the sympathetic chain (74%). The superior mesenteric ganglia, inferior mesenteric ganglia and suprarenal ganglia accounted for 22, 3 and <1%, respectively. The distribution of neurons in the sympathetic chain labeled from the uterus resembles that described for other pelvic organs.     

Sexual pheromones and the evolution of the reward system of the brain: the chemosensory function of the amygdala

The amygdala of all tetrapod vertebrates receives direct projections from the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, and the strong similarities in the organization of these projections suggest that they have undergone a very conservative evolution. However, current ideas about the function of the amygdala do not pay sufficient attention to its chemosensory role, but only view it as the core of the emotional brain. In this study, we propose that both roles of the amygdala are intimately linked since the amygdala is actually involved in mediating emotional responses to chemical signals. The amygdala is the only structure in the brain receiving pheromonal information directly from the accessory olfactory bulbs and we have shown in mice that males emit sexual pheromones that are innately attractive for females. In fact, sexual pheromones can be used as unconditioned stimuli to induce a conditioned attraction to previously neutral odorants as well as a conditioned place preference. Therefore, sexual pheromones should be regarded as natural reinforcers. Behavioural and pharmacological studies (reviewed here) have shown that the females' innate preference for sexual pheromones is not affected by lesions of the dopaminergic cells of the ventral tegmental area, and that the systemic administration of dopamine antagonists do not alter neither the attraction nor the reinforcing effects of these pheromones. Anatomical studies have shown that the vomeronasal amygdala gives rise to important projections to the olfactory tubercle and the islands of Calleja, suggesting that these amygdalo-striatal pathways might be involved in the reinforcing value of sexual pheromones.     

Topographical organization of the motoneuron pools that innervate the muscles of the pinna of the cat

The topographical organization of the 22 motoneuron pools that innervate the pinna muscles of the cat was examined by injecting the B-subunit of cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase into individual muscles. All 22 pools are found in the facial nucleus, organized as rostro-caudally oriented columns, and arranged according to the action of the muscles they innervate. Pools innervating muscles that pull the pinna dorsally are located in the dorsal two thirds of the medio-dorsal subdivision, and those innervating muscles that pull the pinna ventrally are located in the ventral one half of the nucleus. Motoneurons innervating muscles that pull the pinna cranially are located laterally, those that pull the pinna caudally are located medio-ventrally, and those that change the shape of the pinna are located along the entire dorso-ventral extent in the center of the medio-dorsal subdivision. This topographical layout is consistent with the somatotopic organization of the entire facial nucleus as demonstrated in a variety of species. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Histochemical methods for the further characterisation of the tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary

Summary The granular cell tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary possess neuraminic acid containing carbohydrate. After removal of neuraminic acid with neuraminidase and exposure to FITC (Fluorescein isothiocyanate) labelled peanut agglutinin (Arachis hypogaea) (PNA), intracellular receptor structures could be demonstrated. The significance of the findings is discussed.