Cerebral tissue oxygenation index and superior vena cava blood flow in the very low birth weight infant

Background: Superior vena cava (SVC) flow assesses blood flow from the upper body, including the brain. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) provides information on brain perfusion and oxygenation.
Aim: To assess the relationship between cerebral tissue oxygenation index (cTOI) and cardiac output measures in the very low birth weight (VLBW) infant in the first day of life.
Methods: A prospective observational cohort study. Neonates with birth weight less than 1500 g (VLBW) were eligible for enrollment. Newborns with congenital heart disease, major congenital malformations and greater than Papile grade1 Intraventricular Haemorrhage on day 1 of life were excluded. Echocardiographic evaluation of SVC flow was performed in the first 24 h of life. Low SVC flow states were defined as a flow less than 40 mL/kg/min. cTOI was measured using NIRO 200 Hamamatsu.
Results: Twenty-seven VLBW neonates had both echocardiography and NIRS performed. The median (range) gestation was 29/40 (25 + 3 to 31 + 5 weeks) and median birth weight was 1.2 kg (0.57–1.48 kg). The mean (SD) TOI was 68.1 (7.9)%. The mean (SD) SVC flow was 70.36(39.5) mLs/kg/min. The correlation coefficient of cerebral tissue oxygenation and SVC flow was r = 0.53, p-value 0.005. There was a poor correlation between right and left ventricular output and cTOI which is not surprising considering the influence of intra- and extracardiac shunts.
Conclusion: There is a positive relationship between cerebral TOI values and SVC flow in the very low birth infant on day one of life.     

极低出生体质量儿远期神经系统发育状况的研究

极低出生体质量儿(very low birth weight,VLBW)的出生率逐年增高,其存活率也随着NICU先进技术的发展日益上升,但VLBW的预后已成为社会关心的问题.近年来越来越多的研究证实,与足月儿相比,VLBW脑结构改变主要表现为脑容积、脑灰质容积和脑白质减少.因此,部分VLBW在儿童期出现了神经系统发育障...     

Transthyretin levels are not related to Apgar score in low birth weight and very low birth weight infants

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported an increased incidence of thyroid dysfunction in premature/low birth weight infants. The cord blood concentrations of transthyretin (TTR), a thyroid hormone binding protein, have also been found to be decreased in preterm infants. While thyroid hormone concentrations are decreased in sick infants, it is not known if physical condition influences TTR levels. Serial concentrations of TTR following birth have not previously been reported. AIMS: To measure serial serum concentrations of TTR in premature infants following birth, and determine whether TTR levels are related to physical condition. METHODS: A cohort of 65 premature very low birth weight (VLBW) and LBW infants were studied. Serum samples were obtained on the day of birth, and for 8 weeks following birth. Apgar scores at birth as well as the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) were noted. RESULTS: Baseline serum T4 concentrations and Apgar scores were significantly lower in VLBW infants, while the severity of RDS was significantly higher in the VLBW group. Multivariate analyses revealed that T4 levels were negatively associated with RDS, while TSH concentrations were positively related to gestational age. TTR concentrations were not related to gestational age at birth, Apgar score, or RDS, and did not change markedly over 8 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that serum TTR concentrations are not related to birth weight/gestational age and are not associated with either clinical condition at birth (as assessed by Apgar score) or the occurrence of RDS. Reference values for TTR concentrations in VLBW and LBW infants are provided from birth to 8 weeks of age.     

极低及超低出生体重儿的预后因素分析

目的 分析极低及超低出生体重儿（出生体重≤ 1 200 g）的临床资料,为其预后及临床干预提供预警指标。方法 回顾性分析108 例极低及超低出生体重儿的母孕期病史、新生儿出生时情况、诊治经过及预后,采用非条件logistic 回归分析筛选预后的影响因素。结果 108 例极低及超低出生体重儿,出生体重范围在结论 极低及超低出生体重儿的病死率较高,且随着日龄的增加,影响早产儿生存的预后因素不同,临床上应针对这些因素制定合理的管理方案,提高早产儿生存率。     

母乳喂养质量改进对极低和超低出生体重儿亲母母乳喂养率的影响

目的 探讨NICU 中母乳喂养质量改进措施对极低和超低出生体重儿亲母母乳喂养率的影响。方法 回顾性调查收集2014 年7 月至2015 年7 月收治的极低和超低出生体重儿（质量改进前组）以及实施母乳质量改进措施后的2015 年8 月至2016 年6 月的极低和超低出生体重儿（质量改进后组）资料。对两组患儿住院期间亲母母乳喂养情况（喂养率、喂养量、喂养时间）、静脉营养持续时间、达到全肠道喂养的时间,喂养不耐受发生率等指标进行比较。结果 实施质量改进后,亲母母乳喂养率和喂养量均明显增高,母乳强化剂添加时间、静脉营养时间、达全肠道喂养时间均较改进前提前,喂养不耐受的发生率较改进前有所改善,差异有统计学意义。结论 亲母母乳喂养质量改进措施可提高NICU 亲母母乳喂养率,改善早产儿消化系统相关并发症。     

极低出生体质量儿闪光视觉诱发电位检测的临床意义

目的 研究极低出生体质量儿闪光刺激视觉诱发电位(FVEP)检测的临床意义.方法 应用英国Oxford公司Medelecsynergy诱发电位仪对43例极低出生体质量儿进行FVEP检测,并选择56例正常足月儿做对照.结果 极低出生体质量儿N1、P1、N2波潜伏期值分别为(181.43±26.73)ms、(217.27±26.54)ms、(249.21±26.49)ms,足月儿分别为(159.51±18.27)ms、(200.26±13.94)ms、(231.56±5.72)ms,两组比较差异有显著性(P＜0.05,P＜0.001).极低出生体质量儿P1波的异常率为75.6%,足月儿为0.极低出生体质量儿P1波异常相关影响因素的主效应模型为3.898-2.861颅内病变,颅内病变是独立影响因素(OR=0.057,95%CI 0.006～0.579,P=0.015).结论 极低出生体质量儿FVEP检测P1波异常率高,FVEP异常改变与颅内病变关系密切.极低出生体质量儿在生后1个月内和矫正胎龄42周后至少进行两次FVEP检查,动态观察FVEP改变.     

极低及超低出生体重儿肺出血的影响因素及预后分析

目的 探讨极低及超低出生体重(出生体重≤1200g)早产儿肺出血的影响因素及预后.方法 回顾性分析2010年1月至2015年12月于中国医科大学附属盛京医院第二新生儿科住院、出生体重≤1200g、住院期间发生肺出血的极低及超低出生体重儿临床资料,同期住院、相同体重范围非肺出血早产儿作为对照组.比较两组母孕期及新生儿期特点,多元回归分析探讨肺出血影响因素,了解肺出血新生儿的近期预后.结果 肺出血新生儿(肺出血组)71例,对照组364例.肺出血发生于 3d 以内者57例(占80.3%),肺出血组胎龄(28.2±1.7)周、出生体重(936±192)g,均明显低于对照组[(29.5±2.1)周,(1033±134)g,t分别为4.776、-5.145,P<0.01].肺出血组呼吸窘迫综合征(RDS)(76.1%)、肺表面活性物质治疗(76.1%,其中≥2次使用率9.9%)、动脉导管未闭(PDA)(66.2%)比例均明显高于对照组[41.2%、30.8%(4.1%)和38.7%,χ2值分别为33.457、28.970(4.074)和32.798,P<0.05].肺出血组产前类固醇激素治疗率(21.1%)亦明显低于对照组(41.2%,χ2=10.177,P<0.01).多因素Logistic逐步回归分析显示,RDS(OR=3.739,95%CI 1.383-10.113,P<0.05)、PDA(OR=2.206,95%CI 1.205-4.093,P<0.05)及5 min Apgar评分<7(OR=2.851,95%CI 1.191-6.828)是肺出血的独立危险因素;出生体重大(OR=0.998,95%CI 0.996-1.000,P<0.05)及母孕期应用激素 (OR=0.432,95%CI 0.224-0.834,P<0.05)是肺出血的保护因素.肺出血组颅内出血、早产儿视网膜病及重度支气管肺发育不良发生率(16.9%、12.7%及18.3%)明显高于对照组(5.8%、4.4%及2.2%,χ2值分别为36.824、7.520及33.568,P<0.01).肺出血组病死率(49.3%)亦明显高于对照组(14.0%,χ2=46.634,P<0.01).结论 多种围生期因素与肺出血有关;预防早产及产前类固醇激素治疗有助于预防肺出血;肺出血新生儿不良预后发生率高.     

超低和极低出生体重儿神经发育结局及影响因素分析

目的 评估超低/极低出生体重儿 （ELBWI和VLBWI） 在纠正年龄 （CA） 18月时神经发育结局,探讨影响神经发育结局的因素。方法 收集2013年1月至2014年6月入住新生儿重症监护病房并存活出院的ELBWI和VLBWI病例,在CA40周、1、3、6、12、18月定期随访,评估神经发育结局。按神经发育状况分为神经发育正常组和神经发育异常组,比较两组临床资料的差异,分析ELBWI和VLBWI神经发育的危险因素。结果 共338例ELBWI和VLBWI纳入研究,15例在住院期间死亡。CA18月时,145例 （44.9%） 存活且随访资料完整,75例 （23.2%） 死亡,失访103例 （31.9%）。CA18月时,145例患儿中神经发育损伤71例 （49.0%）,3例 （2.1%） 脑性瘫痪;未发现单眼或双眼失明的视觉损伤及需要助听器的听觉损伤。Logistic回归分析发现BPD和败血症是ELBWI和VLBWI神经发育异常的独立危险因素 （OR=3.530,P < 0.001;OR=2.528,P=0.035）,BPD发生程度越重,神经发育异常的发生率越高。结论 败血症、BPD （尤其是重度BPD） 是ELBWI和VLBWI神经发育异常的危险因素。     

极低/超低出生体重儿迟发型败血症发生情况及其危险因素分析

目的探讨新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)极低/超低出生体重儿迟发型败血症(LOS)的发生情况及危险因素。方法收集2011年1月至2013年12月入住NICU的极低或超低出生体重儿的临床资料,根据是否合并LOS分为两组:LOS组和无LOS组。回顾性分析LOS的发生率、病死率、常见病原菌及危险因素。结果纳入的226例极低/超低出生体重儿中,117例(51.8%)发生了LOS,其中45例为确诊LOS,72例为临床诊断LOS。LOS组患儿病死率为13.7%(16/117),明显高于无LOS组(5/109,4.6%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。共培养出51株病原菌,其中32株(63%)为革兰阴性细菌,16株(31%)为革兰阳性细菌,3株(6%)为真菌。多因素logistic回归分析显示,胎龄、小于胎龄儿、肠外营养持续时间、经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管(PICC)、机械通气是极低/超低出生体重儿LOS发生的独立影响因素(OR分别为:0.84、1.59、1.34、3.11、4.55,均P0.05)。结论极低/超低出生体重儿LOS的发生率及病死率较高。LOS常见病原菌为革兰阴性细菌。胎龄低、肠外营养持续时间长、小于胎龄儿、PICC或机械通气的极低/超低出生体重儿LOS的发生危险可能增加。     

极低/超低出生体重儿甲状腺功能减退的临床分析

目的 分析极低/超低出生体重（VLBW/ELBW）患儿甲状腺功能减退的危险因素和治疗情况。方法 选择2018年9月至2019年12月诊断为甲状腺功能减退的VLBW/ELBW患儿为病例组（n=29）,按照1：3比例匹配甲状腺功能正常的VLBW/ELBW患儿作为对照组（n=87）,比较两组患儿的临床特征,分析甲状腺功能与出生胎龄、出生体重的相关性及甲状腺功能减退的危险因素。结果 符合纳入标准的VLBW/ELBW患儿共162例,其中病例组29例,甲状腺功能减退发生率为17.9%。出生体重越低,甲状腺功能减退发生率越高（P < 0.05）;三碘甲状腺原氨酸（T3）、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸（FT3）与出生胎龄呈正相关（P < 0.05）,T3、游离甲状腺素（FT4）与出生体重呈正相关（P < 0.05）。小于胎龄儿、多胎、孕母≥35岁、使用多巴胺是发生甲状腺功能减退的独立危险因素（P < 0.05）。病例组中16例患儿给予左旋甲状腺素（每日5~10 μg/kg）治疗,甲状腺功能在治疗2周后恢复正常。结论 VLBW/ELBW患儿甲状腺功能减退的发生率较高,小于胎龄儿、多胎、孕母高龄、应用多巴胺是其发生甲状腺功能减退的危险因素,应用左旋甲状腺素治疗的患儿需定期随访,以保证用药剂量适宜。     

Percutaneous central venous catheter use in the very low birth weight neonate

A retrospective study was carried out comparing 61 very low birth weight infants (VLBW) with percutaneous central venous catheters with 92 infants managed with peripheral cannulae. Eighteen infants developed one or more episodes of catheter-associated bacteraemia. In 70% of cases the infection was successfully treated with the line in situ. Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine risk factors for bacteraemia. The duration of intravenous fluids and of intermittent positive pressure ventilation were both significant risks for infection (odds ratios and 95% confidence limits 4.4, 2.7–12.0 and 2.5, 1.0–6.1 respectively), but the presence of a silastic catheter was not an independent risk factor (odds ratio 0.6, 95% confidence limits 0.1–3.0).     

极低出生体重儿呼吸系统并发症的临床分析

目的探讨极低出生体重儿呼吸系统并发症的发生情况,认识呼吸监测的必要性。方法对近5年收治的96例极低出生体重儿临床资料进行回顾性分析,并按出生体重分为三组分别进行比较。结果呼吸窘迫综合征(RDS)42例(43.8%),呼吸暂停74例(77.08%),肺炎27例(28.1%),慢性肺疾病(CLD)4例(4.2%);治愈81例(84.4%);体重越低,RDS、呼吸暂停、肺炎的发生率越高,各组比较有显著差异(P<0.05)。体重≤1 000 g者病死率为27.2%,明显高于其他两组(6.67%和5.45%)。结论极低出生体重儿必须收入NICU病房密切监护,早发现并发症,早处理;表面活性物质的应用能减少RDS的发生,提高生存率。     

Excessively high bilirubin and exchange transfusion in very low birth weight infants

Aim: To evaluate the performance of exchange transfusion in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants with excessively high serum bilirubin levels. Methods: A population‐based observational study using data collected by the Israel National VLBW Infant Database. The study sample comprised 13 499 infants. Two definitions of excessively high‐peak bilirubin levels that might be considered as threshold levels for performance of exchange transfusion were used. First, a bilirubin level of ≥15 mg/dL for all infants (PSB‐15), and second, incremental bilirubin levels ranging from 12 to 17 mg/dL according to gestational age (PSB‐GA). Results: Four hundreds sixty‐eight (3.5%) and 1035 infants (7.7%) infants in the PSB‐15 and in the PSB‐GA groups respectively had peak serum bilirubin levels above thresholds for exchange transfusion. Exchange transfusions were performed in 66 (14.1%) of these infants in the PSB‐15 group and 91 (8.8%) in the PSB‐GA group. Using logistic regression analysis, peak serum bilirubin was found as an independent factor for performing exchange transfusion. Conclusion: Exchange transfusion was performed in only 9–14% of VLBW infants with excessively high bilirubin levels. We speculate that this may be a result of an absence of definitive guidelines or the possible belief that the risks of exchange transfusion outweigh the potential risk of bilirubin‐induced neurological injuries.     

极低出生体重儿颅内出血危险因素的分析

目的：颅内出血是造成极低出生体重（VLBW）儿智力及运动障碍主要原因之一,了解其发病的危险因素、及早预防,可减少残疾、提高生存质量。方法研究169例极低出生体重儿,对产前因素及生后因素进行分析,采用SPSS12.0对数据进行卡方检验,有意义因素再进行logistic回归分析,得出回归方程。结果胎膜早破、1分钟Apgar评分≤7分、使用PS及呼吸机治疗、上机时间＞3 d、入院时PT＞20 s、生后1 d和2 d低钠血症及生后1 d pH值＜7.25为VLBW颅内出血危险因素。结论1分钟Apgar评分≤7分和使用呼吸机治疗是VLBW儿颅内出血的主要危险因素,而凝血功能和内环境紊乱均与缺氧窒息有关。因此,作好产前保健,减少窒息及生后合并症发生,有利于降低VLBW儿颅内出血发生率,提高患儿生存质量。 ［中国当代儿科杂志,2007,9（4）：297-300］     

Role of gestational age and body weight on Doppler transmitral flow velocity pattern in very low birth weight infants

Doppler transmitral flow velocity was measured in premature infants. The early diastolic peak velocity, the peak velocity of early diastole/peak velocity of atrial contraction ratio, and total flow velocity–time integral increased significantly with advancing gestational age and body weight. The peak filling rate normalized to stroke volume (NPFR) did not correlate with gestational age or body weight. Moreover, mean NPFR was not significantly different between premature and term infants. Thus NPFR demonstrates that changes in the left ventricular filling patterns with advancing gestational age and increasing body size are related to the progressive increase in loading conditions, rather than to sequential changes in myocardial properties.     

极低/超低出生体重儿晚发败血症的临床分析

目的 分析极低/超低出生体重（VLBW/ELBW）早产儿晚发败血症（LOS）的临床特征及病原菌情况。方法 在2012年1月至2016年12月收治的VLBW/ELBW早产儿（胎龄<32周）中,选取发生LOS的患儿作为LOS组,每例LOS患儿匹配2例非败血症患儿作为对照组。根据是否发生院内死亡,将LOS组分为死亡亚组和存活亚组,分析LOS发生的危险因素、临床特征、病原菌分布、耐药情况及死亡危险因素。结果 共收治VLBW/ELBW早产儿513例,LOS组65例,对照组130例,LOS发生率为12.7%。LOS组死亡6例,存活59例。LOS组出生体重低于对照组（P < 0.05）,LOS组经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管（PICC）时间、机械通气时间、住院时间长于对照组（P < 0.05）。LOS组小于胎龄儿（SGA）、机械通气、新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎、死亡比例高于对照组（P < 0.05）。低出生体重、SGA、PICC时间长为VLBW/ELBW早产儿发生LOS的危险因素（分别OR=1.396、2.550、1.068,P < 0.05）。合并化脓性脑膜炎是VLBW/ELBW早产儿LOS死亡的危险因素（OR=13.443,P < 0.05）。LOS组共培养出65株病原菌,39株（60%）为革兰阴性菌,其中15株为产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）菌,67%（10/15）感染ESBLs菌的LOS患儿发病2周前应用过抗生素,高于非耐药菌（29%,7/24）（P < 0.05）。结论 出生体重低、SGA、PICC时间长为VLBW/ELBW早产儿发生LOS的危险因素,合并化脓性脑膜炎的LOS患儿更容易发生死亡。LOS病原菌以革兰阴性菌多见,发病2周前应用过抗生素可能会增加ESBLs菌感染。     

Unusual site for oesophageal perforation in an extremely low birth weight infant

A male infant born at 26 weeks gestation became unwell at 10 days of age with blood-stained pharyngeal aspirates. The chest radiograph revealed a feeding tube in the right pleural cavity, indicating a perforation of the thoracic oesophagus. The infant had had a chest drain inserted on the right side on two previous occasions. These had been allowed to remain across the mediastinum at the site of the subsequent perforation. The infant was successfully managed conservatively with no long-term sequelae The unusual site of the perforation led us to conclude that pressure necrosis from the drains was a contributing factor in the aetiology. Conclusion Oesophageal perforations in the neonate, in contrast to the adult, can be managed conservatively. Received: 11 March 1997 and in revised form 24 February 1998 / Accepted: 3 March 1998