唐山地区人体内有机氯农药蓄积水平调查

目的探讨唐山地区女性体内有机氯农药的蓄积水平。方法选择2006年4月～2007年6月在唐山市各大医院就诊,且在唐山地区居住10年以上的女性居民,收集其血清样品1ml,用气相色谱法测定血清中有机氯农药滴滴涕(DDT)和六六六(HCH)的残留量。结果唐山地区女性血清中HCH和DDT检出率均在80%以上,检出水平较高,各种HCH异构体的含量顺序为β-HCH﹥δ-HCH﹥α-HCH﹥γ-HCH,DDT异构体中以p,p’-DDT和p,p’-DDE为主;血清中p,p’-DDE、p,p’-DDT、γ-HCH、β-HCH及δ-HCH残留水平在不同年龄组差异有统计学意义;不同居住地区血清中有机氯农药残留水平比较差异无统计学意义;唐山震后农药不同暴露地区血清中p,p’-DDE及δ-HCH残留水平差异有统计学意义,高暴露地区高于低暴露地区。结论唐山地区女性血液中有机氯农药DDT及HCH有一定的蓄积。     

松花江肇源段水和沿岸土壤及作物中六六六和DDT的残留水平

目的了解松花江上游肇源江段水和沿岸农田土壤、粮食中有机氯农药的残留状况。方法于2008年6月,在松花江上游肇源江段10个断面采集水、沿岸土壤(稻田、菜地、绿化带)、粮食样本,分别测定六六六类和DDT类农药及其各种异构体残留量。结果松花江上游肇源江段水、土壤、粮食(玉米、大米、高粱、小米、黄豆、绿豆)中六六六类、DDT类农药均被检出。水中六六六类农药浓度水平有高至低依次为δ-六六六β-六六六α-六六六γ-六六六,DDT类农药浓度水平由高至低依次为p,p’-DDEp,p’-DDTo,p’-DDT。松花江沿岸农田土壤中六六六类农药残留量由高至低依次为菜地稻田绿化带。与菜地土壤比较,绿化带和稻田土壤中DDTs类农药残留水平均较低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。松花江沿岸粮食样品中六六六类和DDT类农药的同分异构体含量依次为δ-六六六α-六六六β-六六六,p,p’-DDEp,p’-DDTp,p’-DDD。无论是松花江沿岸水、土壤还是粮食中DDT类农药的残留量都高于六六六残留量,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论松花江上游肇源江段水体、不同土壤、粮食中仍有六六六类和DDT类农药残留,虽未超过国家标准,但对人体健康的潜在威胁仍不能忽视。     

舟山海岛地区土壤中有机氯化合物的区域分布特征研究

目的:了解舟山海岛地区农田土壤中各种有机氯化合物的含量;探讨土壤各种有机氯化合物含量的地区分布特征。方法:选择舟山市定海区农村地区作为研究点,将其划分为东部、中部、西部3大区域,共抽取10个有代表性的乡镇。每个乡镇随机抽取7户人家,作为研究点。每户人家采集该户的稻田土壤1 kg。利用描述性分析来描述舟山海岛土壤中有机氯化合物含量。结果:78份土壤样品总HCH检出率为89.74%,中位数为3.46×10-3mg/kg;总DDT检出率为96.15%,中位数为11.68×10-3mg/kg;总PCBs检出率为46.15%,第75百分位数为6.37×10-4mg/kg。根据地区间的比较发现,东部地区土壤中的总PCBs较高,中部其次,西部最低(χ2=26.79,P=0.000);中部地区土壤中总DDT残留较高(χ2=6.85,P=0.032)。东部、中部及西部地区土壤γ-HCH的比重均较大(东部:57.83%;中部:66.62%;西部:55.55%)。结论:舟山海岛地区稻田土壤、大米中存在HCH、DDT、PCBs残留,但其含量均低于国家残留限量标准,东部、中部地区有机氯化合物污染相对较高。舟山海岛地区东部、西部、中部的稻田土壤中γ-HCH的比重均较大,提示可能存在使用林丹的现象。     

孝感地区人体有机氯农药蓄积水平

目的了解孝感地区人体脂肪、血液中有机氯农药的蓄积水平。方法于2001年在孝感市医院住院患者中选择孝感市粮食、蔬菜产区一般居民,采集其腹部大网膜或肠系膜脂肪50g和血液20ml,按GB/T5009.19-1996测定HCH(666)和DDT的含量。结果HCH、DDT在人体脂肪中检出率分别为93.33%、100%,血液中检出率分别为100%、86.7%。脂肪中HCH(187.67μg/kg)和DDT含量(298.47μg/kg)均高于血液中HCH(5.96μg/L)和DDT含量(3.61μg/L)。脂肪中HCH异构体含量为β-666>α-666>γ-666>δ-666,血液中为β-666>δ-666>α-666;脂肪中检出DDT的3种异构体,血液中检出DDT的2种异构体。结论孝感地区人体脂肪、血液中HCH和DDT的含量虽然已经明显低于中国允许残留量标准,但仍有一定蓄积。     

环境与食品中有机氯农药残留及降解的调查分析

目的了解农产品生产基地、个体农产品生产户粮食、蔬菜、水、土壤及养殖鱼、猪肉有机氯农药残留及降解状况。方法按国标食品卫生检验方法对11类401份食品样品,水55份,土壤65份检测HCH和DDT。结果粮食、蔬菜中未检出有机氯,其中4类食品HCH检出率是7.7%,DDT的检出率是6.23%,个体农户农产品种植土壤HCH、DDT检出10份,检出率为47.6%;水样3份检出HCH和DDT,检出率为16.6%,HCH、DDT残留量与2001年结果比较,除水中降解速度缓慢外,土壤、鱼、鲜猪肉中HCH,DDT则降解较快。结论有机氯农药禁用30多年了,由于在自然环境中降解困难,其残留通过生物体的放大作用,影响了食品质量安全,造成了对人体的危害。     

浙江省嘉善县人群结直肠癌发病与有机氯污染的关系

目的 探讨有机氯污染与结直肠癌发病的关系。方法 采用分阶段整群随机抽样的方法,按结直肠癌标化发病率高低在嘉善县抽取11个乡镇,再随机抽取行政村、自然村,采集各自然村的大米和稻田土壤样品,测定其中各有机氯指标的含量,结合各乡镇的结直肠癌发病资料,用Spearman等级相关进行统计分析。结果 大米和土壤中农药六六六(六氯环己烷,HCH)、滴滴涕(二氯二苯三氯乙烷,DDT)含量均未超过国家标准。各乡镇的结直肠癌标化发病率、各乡镇大米中的δ-HCH、γ-HCH、五氯酚钠以及土壤中δ-HCH含量差异存在显著性;结直肠癌标化发病率与大米中总DDT含量、直肠癌标化发病率与大米中总DDT、1,1-双(对-氯苯基)二氯乙烯(PP’-DDE)含量、结肠癌标化发病率与大米中多氯联苯(PCB_s)的1245组分含量之间存在统计学上的显著相关关系,相关系数分别为0.636、0.691、0.716、0.658,P值均<0.05。结论 直肠癌与有机氯农药(主要是大米中总DDT、PP’-DDE)含量存在统计学上显著的相关关系,而结肠癌与大米中PCB_s的1245组分含量存在显著相关关系。但作为生态学研究,其结论还有待于进一步的确证。     

广东省部分食物中有机氯农药残留分析

食物中有机氯农药污染是近年来食物监测计划中的重要项目。虽然我国已于1983年停止生产和使用有机氯农药六六六(HCH)和滴滴涕(DDT)，然而．由于这类农药半衰期长．不易降解的特性，在环境中的残留仍有可能保持较长时间，为了解食物中HCH和DDT的残留状况，对我省部分地区送检的各类食物中HCH和DDT含量进行了调查。     

土壤与大米中有机氯污染及其关系研究

目的 研究嘉善县稻田土壤和大米中有机氯农药的残留情况。方法 将嘉善县以红旗塘、沪杭铁路为界线划分为北部、中部、南部3个区域，并随机抽取相应区域中有代表性的乡镇共11个并布点，采集各点的稻田土壤和大米作为代表环境和食品的检测对象，检测其中的各有机氯指标的残留量。数据用Excel录入计算机，用统计软件进行统计分析。结果 145份土壤样品和143份大米样品中各有机氯指标的残留量均未超过国家标准，但总体上高于全省和全国的平均水平；各区域之间大米中γ－HCH和五氯酚钠的含量分布不均衡，稻田土壤中δ－HCH、pp′-DDT、总HCH的含量不全相等；土壤和大米中只有多氯联苯的1244组分和五氯酚钠含量有统计学的正相关关系。结论 经过将近20年的降解过程，嘉善县有机氯农药的残留量已基本降到安全水平；南中北3个区域的有机氯农药污染有统计学显著差异；大米和土壤中有机氯农药污染相关关系不是很明显，有待于进一步研究。     

有机氯化合物与女性乳腺癌关系的病例-对照研究

目的研究有机氯化合物二氯二苯三氯乙烷(DDT)、六氯环乙烷(HCH)和多氯联苯(PCBs)在宁夏女性人群中的内暴露水平及与乳腺癌患病风险的关系。方法采用1∶1的病例-对照研究,收集确诊的新发乳腺癌患者和同一医院的非肿瘤患者各92名。采用问卷调查表收集病例及对照的乳腺癌相关危险信息。采用气相色谱-电子捕获(GC-ECD)方法检测血清中有机氯化合物的残留水平。运用条件Logistic回归模型分析有机氯化合物的血清水平与乳腺癌患病风险的相对危险度(OR)。结果 15种有机氯农药残留物在病例和对照血清中均有检出,其中β-HCH、δ-HCH、p,p’-DDE、PCB28及PCB52的检出率高于90%;β-HCH、p,p’-DDE和PCB52的检出水平在乳腺癌组和对照组间差异有显著性(P<0.05);控制了混杂因素后,β-HCH、p,p’-DDE和PCB52暴露与乳腺癌患病呈正相关(OR>2,P<0.05)。结论有机氯残留物(DDT、HCH和PCB)可能增加妇女患乳腺癌的风险。     

有机氯农药及谷胱甘肽转移酶M1基因多态性与乳腺癌关系的研究

目的 研究血清中有机氯农药水平及谷胱甘肽转移酶M1(GSTM1)基冈多态性对女性乳腺癌患病风险的交互作用.方法 自2006年9月至2007年10月,在唐山市5所二甲以上医院收集经病理学确诊的乳腺癌患者70例.选取病例所在医院同期住院的女性患者,年龄相差不超过2岁,按相近居住地Ⅸ进行1:1配比作为对照.采用气相色谱-电子捕获(GC-ECD)方法检测血清中有机氯农药[滴滴涕(DDT)包括4种同分异构体:P,P'DDE、P,P'DDT、o,p'DDT、P,P'-DDD;六六六(HCH)包括4种同分异构体:α-HCH、β-HCH、γ-HCH、δ-HCH]残留水平,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测GSTMl基因多态性,根据交互作用系数(γ)判断交互作用存在与否以及不同的基因.环境作用类型.结果 GSTM1基因多态性与DDT及HCH间存在一定的交互作用,交互作用系数分别为1.237、1.379,交互作用分别表现为次相乘模型和超相乘模型.结论 乳腺癌的发生是环境和遗传因素综合作用的结果.GSTM1基因多态性与环境危险因素DDT、HCH的暴露在乳腺癌发生中存在一定的交互作用.

Abstract：

Objective To study the potential effect of gene-environment interaction between glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) and serum organochlorines residues on the risk of breast cancer in women, in China. Methods Seventy newly pathologically diagnosed female patients with breast cancer from September 2006 to October 2007 were selected as the cases from five large hospitals in Tangshan. The controls were identified at the same hospital as cases. 1:1 matched case-control study. Between the cases and controls, the difference of age was not over two years and the residence was similar. The organochlorine residues levels in the serum were measured by gas chromatography (GC). Genotypes of GSTM1 polymorphisms were analyzed by multiplex allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Interaction indexes (γ) were calculated to determine the type of gene-environment interaction. Results After confounding factors adjusted, the result showed that interaction existed in genetic polymorphisms of GSTM1 and DDT, HCH residues, and interaction indexes (γ) value were 1.237 and 1.379. Conclusion GSTM1 genetic polymorphisms and DDT, HCH may present an interaction in the development of breast cancer.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

芜湖地区儿童隐孢子虫病调查

1989年5月~9月,对安徽省芜湖市五所医院儿科就诊的腹泻患儿进行隐孢子虫病调查。粪检腹泻患儿3 498人,卵囊检出率1.9%。男女检出率无差异;6个月内的患儿中未检出卵囊阳性者;86.2%的卵囊阳性者分布于7个月~4岁年龄段;乡村患儿的卵囊检出率2倍于城市患儿;病例呈高度散发状态;卵囊检出率从6月下旬开始上升,在本调查中,92.5%的病例分布于6月下旬~9月。所见病例,从临床表现到大便性状均无特殊,且均呈自限性,病程似较文献报道者为短。     

Correlation among cadmium levels in river sediment, in rice, in daily foods and in urine of residents in 11 prefectures in Japan

Objective: The objective of this study is to examine if overall correlation exists among cadmium levels (Cd) in the general environment, dietary Cd intake, and Cd body burden of local residents. Methods: Eleven prefectures in Japan were selected as the areas where large-scale data on Cd levels in urine of adult women (40–49 and 50–59 years of age, respectively) were available to calculate geometric mean (GM) values for each of the prefecture. Other data were cited from published or previously established databases on Cd in the sediments of river bottoms (as a representative of Cd in the environment), Cd in rice for local consumption, and Cd in daily food duplicate samples collected from local women populations, and calculated for GM values for the prefectures. The GM values were subjected to correlation matrix and regression analysis. Results: Marginally significant (P<0.10) correlation was detected between Cd in sediment and Cd in rice. Furthermore, correlation of Cd in sediment was significant with Cd in total foods (P<0.05) and possibly with Cd in urine (P<0.05–0.10). Importance of data on Cd in rice paddy soil as a missing link is discussed. Conclusions: Correlation was demonstrated in the flow of Cd transport from the environment (expressed as Cd contents in river sediments) to humans (in terms of Cd in urine) among general populations in Japan.     

2003年汕头市住院婴儿住院情况分析

目的调查住院婴儿疾病分布情况。方法利用SAS8．0对汕头市2003年住院婴儿2923例病例进行统计分析。结果婴儿住院的病因包括：早产、新生儿窒息、呼吸道及消化道感染、新生儿黄疸以及先天性疾病等；造成婴儿死亡的前5位病因主要是出生窒息、窘迫、先天性肺炎、新生儿吸人性肺炎以及先天性心脏畸形；婴儿的住院时间越长，入院情况越危急，受到医院感染的机会越大；入院婴儿平均住院日为7．089天，平均住院费用3717．834元。结论婴儿发病入院主要由于先天性疾病以及后天感染，这是家庭及社会进行婴儿健康干预与促进的重点。     

谈神经内科医院感染危险因素及护理对策

目的：了解引起神经内科住院患者医院感染的危险因素，采取有效的护理措施，以降低医院感染的发生率和死亡率。方法：结合多年临床经验，对医院感染不同的危险因素进行分析及提出护理对策。结论：神经内科医院感染发病率较高，获得途径以外源为主，针对主要危险因素的发生原因，我们应加强病房管理，严格执行消毒隔离制度，合理应用抗生素，加强基础护理和健康教育，缩短住院天数，以降低神经内科医院感染的发病率。     

Musculoskeletal pain in ragpickers in a southern city in Brazil

BACKGROUND: Ragpickers are informal workers who collect recyclable materials to earn a small wage. Their life and working conditions are extremely precarious. The ergonomic hazards and musculoskeletal pain in a sample of ragpickers in Pelotas, a city in southern Brazil are examined. METHODS: Two comparison groups were available: a matched sample of non-ragpickers from the same poor neighborhoods, and a random sample of the general population of the city. The cross-sectional study gathered data by interview on 990 individuals in 2004. Musculoskeletal pain was assessed using the Standardized Nordic Questionnaire. RESULTS: Ragpickers reported higher prevalences for most awkward postures and ergonomic exposures compared to neighbors with other demanding manual jobs. The prevalence within the last 12 months of low back pain (LBP), lower extremity pain (LEP), and upper extremity pain (UEP) among ragpickers were 49.2%, 45.1%, and 34.9%, respectively; levels similar to those reported by neighborhood controls. Both ragpickers and non-ragpickers reported considerably higher ergonomic exposures, and more prevalent LBP, than the general population. CONCLUSIONS: Ragpickers experience many occupational hazards and ergonomic stressors. Their overall prevalence of musculoskeletal pain was similar to a comparison group with other physically demanding manual jobs. For LBP, this prevalence was substantially higher (49% vs. 35%) than in the general population.     

Changes in social inequalities in health in the Basque Country

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent of the inequalities in self reported health between socioeconomic groups and its changes over time in the Basque Country (Spain). DESIGN: Cross sectional data on the association between occupation, education and income and three health indicators was obtained from the Basque Health Surveys of 1986 and 1992. Representative population samples were analysed. In 1986 the number of respondents was 24 657 and in 1992, 13 277. SETTING: Basque Country, Spain. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The effect of socioeconomic position on health and the magnitude of social inequalities in health were quantified using the odds ratios based on logistic regression analysis, and the Relative Index of Inequality. RESULTS: As was expected, social inequalities in self reported health existed in both surveys, but the social gradient was greater in 1992. Social differences varied according to gender and health indicator. According to education an increase in social inequalities was observed consistently in all the health indicators except long term conditions in women. A consistent increase in inequalities in limiting longstanding illness was also observed according to all socioeconomic indicators. CONCLUSIONS: These results agree to a large extent with those of previous studies in other countries. In this context the unequal distribution of material circumstances and working conditions between socioeconomic groups seem to play a major part in health inequalities. The worsening of the labour market during this period and the onset of a new economic recession may explain the increase in social inequalities over time.