检测血清IGF-1和IGFBP-3对儿童生长激素缺乏症的诊断价值

目的：探讨血清胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)和胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-3(IGFBP-3)浓度在诊断生长激素缺乏症(GHD)患儿中的应用价值。方法：用免疫放射分析检测38例GHD患儿和42例对照儿童的血清IGF-1和IGFBP-3,同时进行生长激素(GH)激发试验,用化学发光法检测GH,对两组结果进行比较。结果：GHD组患儿IGF-1和IGFBP-3均显著低于对照组儿童,且在GH激发试验中,GH的增加值也明显低于对照组。结论：检测血清中的IGF-1和IGFBP-3,对诊断GHD儿童具有重要价值。     

矮小症患儿生长激素激发试验与治疗反应的相关性

目的分析生长激素缺乏症(GHD)和特发性矮小症(ISS)患者生长激素激发试验结果,及其与重组人生长激素(rhGH)治疗反应之间的关系。方法回顾性分析36例GHD和24例ISS左旋多巴和胰岛素低血糖生长激素激发试验结果,rhGH治疗后身高增长情况,进行相关性分析。结果 GHD组两种激发试验峰值、曲线下面积(area under curve, AUC)与身高标准差比值(SDS)呈正相关(P0.001),校正性别、年龄、骨龄、体质量SDS后,左旋多巴激发试验峰值及AUC与身高SDS仍呈正相关(r=0.471和0.427,P0.05);ISS组并无此相关性。两组治疗前身高SDS无差异,治疗第2年GHD组身高SDS显著高于ISS组(P0.05)。两组治疗后GV均明显增加,但治疗第2年GV较第1年有所下降。GHD组治疗第1年GV与治疗前两种激发试验峰值、AUC呈负相关,而ISS组并无相关性。结论 rhGH可显著改善GHD和ISS患儿身高,但随着治疗的延长GV有下降趋势;治疗前GH激发试验可一定程度预测GHD患儿rhGH治疗效果,但不能预测ISS患儿rhGH治疗效果。     

16例伴生长激素缺乏的多种垂体激素缺乏患者的临床特点及生长激素治疗效果分析

目的探讨伴生长激素缺乏(GHD)的多种垂体激素缺乏症(MPHD)患者的临床特点以及生长激素(GH)治疗效果。方法回顾性分析16例伴有生长激素缺乏的多种垂体激素缺乏患者的临床资料。结果本研究纳入了16例MPHD的患者,其中伴甲状腺功能减退症9例、伴低促性腺激素性性腺功能低减13例和伴肾上腺皮质功能减退6例。臀位、足先露和难产等不良生产史患者10例。骨龄(11.0±3.5)岁,明显落后实际年龄。L-Dopa-GH激发试验GH峰值为(0.14±0.17)ng/m L,GH治疗平均剂量(0.11±0.02)IU/kg。治疗后IGF-1水平及生长速度均明显增加。结论排除下丘脑、垂体占位等病变后,伴GH缺乏的MPHD患者在纠正其他轴系激素缺乏后,使用GH治疗可明显改善身高,并且无严重不良事件发生。     

左旋多巴激发试验对儿童生长激素缺乏症的临床价值

目的:探讨左旋多巴激发试验在诊断儿童生长激素缺乏症(GHD)的临床价值。方法:对330例身材矮小儿童应用左旋多巴激发试验,采用化学发光法进行生长激素(GH)检测。以测得的GH最高值为峰值,峰值≥10ng/ml为GH不缺乏,激发试验阳性;10ng/ml>峰值≥5ng/ml为GH部分缺乏,峰值<5ng/ml为GH缺乏,激发试验阴性。结果:激发后峰值强度为(12.23±8.10)ng/ml;峰值出现在(30～90)min者占96%,出现在120min者占4%(阳性3例),两者峰值有显著性差异(P<0.01);GH完全缺乏者占21%,部分缺乏者占22%,完全不缺乏者占57%。结论:左旋多巴激发试验可应用于临床GHD的诊断,但其诊断敏感度低,需要联合其它激发方式和其它指标对GHD患者进行综合评价。     

Silver-Russell综合征病例报道一例并文献复习

目的通过报道罕见的Silver-Russell综合征病例1例,并文献复习,了解该疾病的研究进展。方法对1例Silver-Russell综合征患儿的临床表现、实验室检查进行观察与分析并复习相关文献。结果确诊Silver-Russell综合征1例。结论 Silver-Russell综合征临床极少见,临床有遇到（1）宫内及生后生长发育迟缓;（2）典型面部特征：相对巨颅、三角脸等;（3）躯体不对称畸形;（4）喂养困难的患儿应警惕本病可能。本疾病临床表现非特异性,临床诊断困难,对高度可疑本病的患儿应行基因检查,一旦确诊应尽早采取重组人生长激素（GH）替代治疗等综合治疗,以改善患儿生存质量。     

生长激素释放激素和胰高血糖素对成人及生长激素缺乏患者生长激素分泌的影响

本文报告正常成人和成年生长激素缺乏(GHD)患者血清生长激素(GH)对GH释放激素(GHRH)和胰高血糖素(G1u)的反应。肌注G1u后血糖失升高后降低,血糖下降是兴奋GH分泌的因素。联合注射G1u/GHRH后的血清GH峰值部GH反应曲线下面积等于单独注射G1u和GHRH的和。二例对GHRH有GH分泌反应的GHD患者,对单独注射G1u无GH分泌反应。他们的GH分泌对联合注射G1u/GHRH与单独注射GHRH的反应相同。作者认为注射G1u引起的血糖下降可能是通过抑制下丘脑释放生长抑素从而引起GH的分泌。     

云南地区89例儿童特纳综合征临床与细胞遗传学研究

目的 观察分析云南地区89例儿童特纳综合征（TS）染色体核型及临床特征。方法 选择2013—2022年在昆明市儿童医院诊断为TS的儿童89例，对患儿临床表现与染色体核型进行分析。结果 89例患者平均诊断年龄（10.7±3.3）岁，平均身高（119.6±14.2）cm，身高落后（3.8±1.5）SDS。核型表现为单体型51例（56.7%），单纯结构异常型7例（7.8%），单纯嵌合型8例（8.8%），嵌合+结构变异型24例（26.7%），发现1例45,X/47,XXY嵌合型；3例小标记染色体。单体型（45,X）和其他核型的生长激素激发峰值转换为正态分布后，使用两独立样本t检验（t=–2.363,P=0.021），提示差异无统计学意义。45例患儿使用了重组人生长激素（rhGH）治疗，起始治疗年龄（11.4±3.3）岁。28人治疗满1年，年生长速率（8.0±1.6）cm;12人治疗满2年，年生长速率（6.7±1.4）cm;3人治疗满3年，年生长速率（7.3±3.1）cm。结论 特纳综合征临床诊断年龄较晚，需提高临床医生的临床意识，生长激素激发试验对TS患者诊治的指导意义有限，矮小联合高促卵泡生...     

IGF-Ⅰ、IGFBP-3诊断矮小儿童生长激素缺乏的价值

目的:探讨胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ ( IGF-Ⅰ)和胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-3 ( IGFBP-3)诊断矮小儿童生长激素缺乏的价值.方法:①对64例身材矮小患儿用精氨酸激发试验和左旋多巴激发试验检测其血清生长激素(GH)水平,两项药物激发试验GH峰值均＜10ng/ml诊断为生长激素缺乏(GHD组,40例),其中有一项激发试验GH峰值＞10ng/ml,即可确实诊断为特发性矮小症( ISS组,23例).选取45例健康儿童作为对照组.②用化学发光法检测血清IGF-Ⅰ和IGFBP-3水平.结果:①血清IGF-Ⅰ水平,GHD组为(80.35±32.46)ng/ml,ISS组为(123.26±62.13)ng/ml,正常对照组为(362.20±78.21)ng/ml;血清IGFBP-3水平,GHD组为(2.67±1.32)ng/ml,ISS组为(3.62±1.524)ng/ml,正常对照组(6.39±1.06)ng/ml.②GHD组和ISS组患儿血清IGF-Ⅰ和IGFBP-3水平显著低于健康对照组(P<0.05) ;GHD组比ISS组患儿血清IGF-Ⅰ、IGFBP-3水平减低有显著性差异(P<0.05).③按正常对照组x-2s作为临界值诊断GHD,IGF-Ⅰ的阳性率为95%; IGFBP-3的阳性率为92.5%;IGF-Ⅰ、IGFBP-3水平同时评价时,阳性率为87.50%.结论:IGF-Ⅰ、IGFBP-3检测可用于诊断身材矮小儿童的生长激素缺乏.     

小儿Turner综合征30例临床分析

为了进一步了解Turner综合征的核型、生长激素（GH）、胰岛素样生长因子（IGF-1）、胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白3（IGF-BP3），我们总结了30例特纳综合征患者，发现大部分患者都有GH、IGF-1、IGF-BP3缺乏，45，XO为其主要核型。     

特纳综合征患者的染色体核型及临床表现特点

目的:分析特纳综合征(Turner syndrome,TS)患者的染色体核型及临床特点,以提高对此病的认识和诊疗水平,为早期发现特殊核型提供临床依据.方法:对确诊患者的临床表现、性激素水平、骨龄及染色体核型等进行分析和总结.结果:24例确诊为TS患者,首发临床表现均为身材矮小,有50％骨龄比实际年龄延后;50％具有TS典型体征,83.33％有促性腺激素水平明显偏高,50％未见卵巢组织;染色体核型分析提示33.33％为45,XO,50％为45X嵌合体,其余为其他类型;16.67％的患者有垂体瘤,8.33％有心血管结构异常,部分患者心电图有异常,8.33％有促甲状腺激素水平增高;PCR检测SRY基因均阴性,未发现Y染色质.结论:TS患者因细胞核型的不同,临床表现有所差异,且各种核型与临床表现有时并不完全相对应;对于矮小症女童,应常规行染色体核型分析;对于出现不能由传统核型分析鉴定的特殊染色体或者核型为45,XO的患者尽早行Y染色体检测,有利于发现异常的Y染色体,为是否需要预防性切除性腺提供依据.     

A case report of Noonan syndrome‐like disorder with loose anagen hair 2 treated with recombinant human growth hormone

Protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit beta (PPP1CB) is a disease‐causing gene of Noonan‐like syndrome, which acts via the RAS/MAPK pathway. To date, only 17 patients diagnosed with PPP1CB‐related Noonan‐like syndrome have been reported around the world, with few reports in Asia. Twelve reported patients are of short stature and only one patient was treated with growth hormone (GH); however, follow‐up data is lacking. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported patient with complete recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) treatment follow‐up data; the patient has a de novo c.146C>G (p.Pro49Arg) mutation in the PPP1CB gene. The hair pattern of the patient (coarse, curly, slow growing, and fragile) combined with Noonan dysmorphic features, developmental delay, and congenital heart disease, are highly consistent with the typical features observed in Noonan syndrome‐like disorder with loose anagen hair 2 (NSLH2). rhGH treatment, administered for 3 years and 8 months, promoted the patient's linear growth. Our findings expand the data regarding the treatment of short stature in patients with NSLH2 caused by PPP1CB mutation. Clinical manifestation, growth and development process, and rhGH therapy effect data will aid in future revision of the relevant diagnosis and treatment guidelines.     

Heart rate variability and nonlinear dynamic analysis in patients with stress-induced cardiomyopathy

Complexity-based analyses may quantify abnormalities in heart rate variability (HRV). The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical and prognostic significances of dynamic HRV changes in patients with stress-induced cardiomyopathy Takotsubo syndrome (TS) by means of linear and nonlinear analysis. Patients with TS were included in study after complete noninvasive and invasive cardiovascular diagnostic evaluation and compared to an age and gender matched control group of healthy subjects. Series of R–R interval and of ST–T interval values were obtained from 24-h ECG recordings after digital sampling. HRV analysis was performed by ‘range rescaled analysis’ to determine the Hurst exponent, by detrended fluctuation analysis to quantify fractal long-range correlation properties, and by approximate entropy to assess time-series predictability. Short- and long-term fractal-scaling exponents were significantly higher in patients with TS in acute phases, opposite to lower approximate entropy and Hurst exponent, but all variables normalized in a few weeks. Dynamic HRV analysis allows assessing changes in complexity features of HRV in TS patients during the acute stage, and to monitor recovery after treatment, thus complementing traditional ECG and clinically analysis.     

Exclusion of PTPN11 mutations in Costello syndrome: further evidence for distinct genetic etiologies for Noonan,cardio-facio-cutaneous and Costello syndromes

Costello syndrome (CS) is a rare, multiple congenital anomaly syndrome with characteristic dysmorphic features, cardiac anomalies and a tendency to develop certain cancers. Phenotypically there is some overlap with other genetic disorders, notably cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome and Noonan syndrome (NS), suggesting that these syndromes may be allelic. We recently identified PTPN11, which encodes the non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase, SHP-2, as a major NS disease gene. In this report, we screened a cohort of 27 patients, with the clinical diagnosis of CS, for PTPN11 mutations using denaturing high performance liquid chromatography analysis. No mutations of the PTPN11 gene were found in the CS patients. Common polymorphisms in introns 6 and 7 and exon 8 were identified in four individuals. With our previous exclusion of PTPN11 mutations in CFC syndrome, these data suggest distinct genetic etiologies for Noonan, CFC and Costello syndromes.     

Traboulsi syndrome caused by mutations in ASPH: An autosomal recessive disorder with overlapping features of Marfan syndrome

Traboulsi syndrome, otherwise known as facial dysmorphism, lens dislocation, anterior-segment abnormalities and spontaneous filtering blebs, is an autosomal recessive condition associated with characteristic ocular features including dislocated crystalline lenses, anterior segment abnormalities and in some individuals, non-traumatic conjunctival cysts. There is a distinctive facial appearance which includes flattened malar region with convex nasal ridge. Alterations in the aspartate beta-hydroxylase (ASPH) gene are known to be the cause of the condition.We report seven further individuals from six unrelated families with characteristic ocular and facial features. Five individuals had aortic root dilatation, with childhood onset in some, and one undergoing aortic root repair aged 47 years for severe aortic regurgitation and aortic root dilatation. Interestingly, inguinal hernias were commonly reported. Although some skeletal features were seen, these were not consistent. One of the patients had mild deficiency of factor VII on clotting studies. The ASPH protein hydroxylates specific asparagine- and aspartate-residues in epidermal growth factor (EGF)-domain containing proteins including coagulation factors and associated genes including FBN1. We propose this as an explanation for the overlap in clinical features with Marfan syndrome and conclude that Traboulsi syndrome is an important differential diagnosis. We strongly recommend echocardiography surveillance for patients with Traboulsi syndrome.     

Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hair associated with growth hormone insensitivity and atypical neurological manifestations

Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hair (NS/LAH; OMIM 607721), recently related to the invariant c.4A>G missense change in SHOC2, is characterized by features reminiscent of Noonan syndrome. Ectodermal involvement, short stature associated with growth hormone (GH) deficiency (GHD), and cognitive deficits are common features. We report on a patient with molecularly confirmed NS/LAH exhibiting severe short stature associated with GH insensitivity (GHI), and chronic complex tics, a neurological feature never described before in this syndrome. IGF1 generation test revealed only a blunted increase in IGF1 after exogenous GH treatment, revealing mild GH insensitivity associated with proper STAT5 activation. Most common causes of secondary tics in childhood were excluded.     

Genetic landscape of RASopathies in Chinese: Three decades' experience in Hong Kong

RASopathies are a group of genetic disorders due to dysregulation of the RAS‐MAPK signaling pathway, which is important in regulating cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. These include Noonan syndrome (NS), Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML), cardiofaciocutaneous (CFC) syndrome, and Costello syndrome (CS), clinical manifestations include growth retardation, developmental delay, cardiac defects, and specific dysmorphic features. There were abundant publications describing the genotype and phenotype from the Western populations. However, detailed study of RASopathies in Chinese population is lacking. We present here the largest cohort of RASopathies ever reported in Chinese populations, detailing the mutation spectrum and clinical phenotypes of these patients. The Clinical Genetic Service, Department of Health, and Queen Mary Hospital are tertiary referral centers for genetic disorders in Hong Kong. We retrospectively reviewed all the genetically confirmed cases of RASopathies, including NS, NSML, CFC syndrome, and CS, over the past 29 years (from 1989 to 2017). Analyses of the mutation spectrum and clinical phenotypes were performed. One hundred and ninety‐one ethnic Chinese patients with genetically confirmed RASopathies were identified, including 148 patients with NS, 23 NSML, 12 CFC syndrome, and eight CS. We found a lower incidence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in individuals with NSML (27.3%), and NS caused by RAF1 mutations (62.5%). Another significant finding was for those NS patients with myeloproliferative disorder, the mutations fall within Exon 3 of PTPN11 but not only restricted to the well‐known hotspots, that is, p.Asp61 and p.Thr731, which suggested that re‐evaluation of the current tumor surveillance recommendation maybe warranted.     

Correlation between exon 3 polymorphism of growth hormone receptor gene and the responses to rhGH therapy

Objective: To investigate the correlation between the exon 3 polymorphism of growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene and the responses to the recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) therapy in children with short stature. Methods: Forty-five growth hormone deficiency (GHD) children (male: 30, female: 15, aged 10.39±2.73 yrs) and twenty-five idiopathic short stature (ISS) children (male: 15, female: 10, aged 10.58±2.56 yrs) admitted to our hospital were included. The polymorphism of exon 3 of GHR gene was determined using multiple PCR amplification. Treatment duration for each subject was at least 12 months. On this basis, we evaluated the correlation between treatment efficiency of rhGH therapy and GHR exon 3 polymorphism, GHD, and treatment duration. Results: Significant difference was noted in the growth velocity (GV) of GHD children with a genotype of GHRfl compared with those with a genotype of GHRd3 (9.44±2.35 vs. 11.36±2.49, P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the GV of ISS patients with a genotype of GHRfl were remarkably decreased compared with those with a genotype of GHRd3 (8.74±2.36 vs. 11.18±2.44, P < 0.05). For the children with peak GH response of less than 5 ng/ml, statistical difference was noted in the GV of children with a genotype of GHRfl compared with those with a genotype of GHRd3 (9.55±2.76 vs. 10.84±1.53, P < 0.05). For the patients with peak GH response to clonidine or pyridostigmine bromide of > 5 ng/ml, a satisfactory response to rhGH therapy was noted in children with a genotype of GHRd3 compared with those of GHRfl (P < 0.05). Conclusions: GHRd3 was correlated with the response to rhGH therapy in children with short stature. For the patients with the same genotype, GHD caused no obvious effects on the final height. However, for the patients with peak GH response of > 5 ng/ml, a satisfactory response to rhGH therapy was noted in children with a genotype of GHRd3 compared with those of GHRfl (P < 0.05). A higher treatment efficiency was obtained in those received rhGH at an early age.     

Molecular and phenotypic spectrum of Noonan syndrome in Chinese patients

Noonan syndrome (NS) is a common autosomal dominant/recessive disorder. No large-scale study has been conducted on NS in China, which is the most populous country in the world. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to identify pathogenic variants in patients that exhibited NS-related phenotypes. We assessed the facial features and clinical manifestations of patients with pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in the RAS-MAPK signaling pathway. Gene-related Chinese NS facial features were described using artificial intelligence (AI).NGS identified pathogenic variants in 103 Chinese patients in eight NS-related genes: PTPN11 (48.5%), SOS1 (12.6%), SHOC2 (11.7%), KRAS (9.71%), RAF1 (7.77%), RIT1 (6.8%), CBL (0.97%), NRAS (0.97%), and LZTR1 (0.97%). Gene-related facial representations showed that each gene was associated with different facial details. Eight novel pathogenic variants were detected and clinical features because of specific genetic variants were reported, including hearing loss, cancer risk due to a PTPN11 pathogenic variant, and ubiquitous abnormal intracranial structure due to SHOC2 pathogenic variants. NGS facilitates the diagnosis of NS, especially for patients with mild/moderate and atypical symptoms. Our study describes the genotypic and phenotypic spectra of NS in China, providing new insights into distinctive clinical features due to specific pathogenic variants.