Idiopathic adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: a review

Many terms have been used to describe what has been called idiopathic adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. This pathology is defined as a self-limiting condition of unknown etiology. The natural history is 18–30 months even though a high-percentage of patient present impaired range of movement even at long-term follow-up. The diagnosis is mainly clinical and no significant changes are normally present at MRI or CT scan. Several treatment options have been tried over the years with different approaches and results.     

Computed tomography imaging of vena cava filter complications: a pictorial review

Caval filters are widely used in the prevention of pulmonary embolism. Filters have proved to be effective, but the complication rate is not negligible. Computed tomography (CT) provides a complete evaluation of the filter, including both caval and extracaval complications. In this review, we describe the normal CT aspect of cava filters, the classification of complications and their CT findings. Technical considerations for adequate CT imaging are also highlighted.     

Simultaneous bilateral posterior dislocation of the shoulder: diagnostic problems and management

We present the case of a patient who sustained simultaneous bilateral posterior dislocation of the shoulder after a possible epileptic fit. The confirmation of the diagnosis was reached only by a computed tomography (CT) scan, after the clinical suspicion. Under general anesthesia, close reduction of both shoulder dislocations was done. Posterior dislocation of the shoulder—especially the bilateral one—is very rare. When the history describes an electric shock or convulsive seizure, any shoulder injury demands a careful clinical and radiological evaluation. It is usually associated with reverse Hill-Sachs lesion (an impression defect of the anteromedial aspect of the humeral head), in which the size determines the treatment options.     

What are the costs of glenohumeral osteoarthritis in the year prior to a total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA)?

ABSTRACT

Objectives: To identify patterns of health-care utilization and costs associated with management of glenohumeral osteoarthritis in the year prior to undergoing an anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (ATSA).

Methods: The PearlDiver Humana database, an administrative database of Medicare Advantage (MA) and Commercial insurance beneficiaries was queried for active records of patients undergoing a primary ATSA from the fourth quarter of 2010–2015. Pre-operative health-care utilization was categorized as 1) Procedures & Anesthesia, 2) Office visits, 3) Radiology, 4) Injections – a) Steroid injections and b) Hyaluronic Acid (HA) injections, 5) Physical Therapy, 6) Non-opioid pain medications and 7) Opioids. Overall costs/reimbursement and Per-patient average reimbursements (PPARs) were calculated for each category.

Results: A total of 3,920 patients (MA = 3,691; Commercial = 229) undergoing primary ATSA were retrieved. Based on defined categories, the total costs prior to ATSA were $368,137 and $2,812,617 for Commercial and MA beneficiaries, respectively. Overall 1-year PPAR for each category was as follows: Procedures & Anesthesia (MA = $1765; Commercial = $5333), Office visits (MA = $441; Commercial = $396); Radiology (MA = $253; Commercial = $558), Injections (MA = $117, Commercial = $173), Physical therapy (MA = $473; Commercial = $372), Non-opioid pain meds (MA = $49; Commercial = $147) and Opioids (MA = $26; Commercial = $49). The highest utilization was seen in the three months prior to ATSA with 42–81% of overall PPAR being accounted for various categories.

Conclusion: A high utilization of all health-care resource categories was noted within three months prior to surgery. Providers should consider judicious use of such interventions, particularly in patients which ultimately require surgery in a short frame of time, to reduce the costs associated with the overall episode of care.     

Arthroplasty treatment of proximal humerus fractures: 14-year trends in the United States

Objectives: Proximal humerus fractures are a common injury in the elderly population that can usually be managed non-operatively. However, arthroplasty has become increasingly utilized for complex fractures and poor bone quality. We evaluated national trends in treatment, specifically looking at the adoption of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty.

Methods: The incidence of proximal humerus fractures was calculated from the Nationwide Emergency Department Database (NEDD) from 2006 to 2012. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) was used to select patients from 2000 to 2013 with proximal humerus fractures treated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA), reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RSA), and hemiarthroplasty (HSA). RSA and TSA shared the same ICD-9 code until 2010.

Results: The incidence of proximal humerus fracture was stable from 2006 to 2012. Hemiarthroplasty was the majority treatment choice for arthroplasty in the early 2000’s. However, in 2008, there was a large decrease in utilization, to 51.3% in 2013. During this period, utilization of TSA greatly increased, coinciding with a large increase of RSA. By 2013, RSA made up 45.1% of arthroplasty procedures.

Conclusion: The rate of proximal humerus fracture appears stable, while we observed both an overall increase in operative intervention. RSA appears to be increasingly chosen over HSA for arthroplasty treatment of proximal humerus fractures, an observation more pronounced in older patients. While clinical results appear promising, it is important to remember that most proximal humerus fractures may be treated successfully with conservative management, and rapid adoption of new technology should be watched carefully to ensure appropriate use.     

Pseudotumors of the shoulder invited review

This paper discusses the main types of MRI pseudotumors in and around the shoulder region. Some unusual types of pseudotumor will also be mentioned. Suggestions on how to improve awareness and diagnosis are also given.     

Scapulohumeral rhythm in patients after total shoulder arthroplasty compared to age-matched healthy individuals

PurposeThe coordination of the glenohumeral joint and the shoulder girdle has been known as scapulohumeral rhythm. The effects of anatomical total shoulder arthroplasty (aTSA) are still subject to research. Former studies showed a higher amount of scapula lateral rotation to compensate for reduced glenohumeral elevation. The purpose of the present study was to confirm this mechanism and examine additional effects on the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints’ kinematics.Methods3D motion analysis was used to examine 23 shoulders of 16 patients with a mean age of 71.2 (SD: 5.2) years with a mean follow up of 5.4 (SD: 2.1) years after aTSA and to compare kinematics and coordination to 22 shoulders of 11 healthy age-matched individuals with a mean age of 69.6 (SD: 5.3) years while performing elevation movement in frontal and sagittal plane.ResultsThe ratio of glenohumeral to shoulder girdle contribution was reduced compared to healthy individuals: Shoulder girdle contribution to elevation was 36.5% (SD: 8.1) in the aTSA group vs. 28.5% (SD: 8.2) in the control group in the sagittal plane and 38.1% (SD: 9.1) vs. 30.2% (SD: 7.1) in the frontal plane. Kinematics of the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints showed significantly different patterns.ConclusionPatients after aTSA showed altered shoulder girdle kinematics and higher contribution of the shoulder girdle towards elevation. Whether this is a result of the surgery, of limited glenohumeral range of motion or due to the preoperative status remains unclear. Further investigation with a prospective study design is necessary.     

Osteochondroma: MR imaging of tumor-related complications

Osteochondromas can be complicated by mechanical irritation, compression or injury of adjacent structures, fracture, malignant transformation, and postoperative recurrence. Magnetic resonance imaging represents the most valuable imaging modality in symptomatic cases, because it can demonstrate typical features of associated soft tissue pathology, which can be differentiated from malignant transformation. Reactive bursae formation presents as an overlying fluid collection with peripheral contrast enhancement. Dislocation, deformation, and signal alterations of adjacent soft tissue structures can be observed in different impingement syndromes caused by osteochondromas. Magnetic resonance imaging provides excellent demonstration of arterial and venous compromise and represents the method of choice in cases with compression of spinal cord, nerve roots, or peripheral nerves, depicting changes in size, position, and signal intensity of the affected neural structures. Malignant transformation as the most worrisome complication occurs in approximately 1 % of solitary and 5–25 % of multiple osteochondromas. Magnetic resonance imaging is the most accurate method in measuring cartilage cap thickness, which represents an important criterion for differentiation of osteochondromas and exostotic (low-grade) chondrosarcomas. Cartilage cap thickness exceeding 2 cm in adults and 3 cm in children should raise the suspicion for malignant transformation. Finally, MR imaging can detect postoperative recurrence by depiction of a recurrent mass presenting typical morphological features of a cartilage-forming lesion. Received: 16 July 1999; Revised: 27 September 1999; Accepted: 29 September 1999     

COVID-19 ARDS: a review of imaging features and overview of mechanical ventilation and its complications

Emergency Radiology - The first cluster of cases of COVID-19 pneumonia was reported on December 31, 2019. Since then, this disease has spread rapidly across the world, and as of September 17, 2021,...     

Painful poststroke shoulder: Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging and high frequency ultrasonography

Background

The use of high frequency ultrasound has been increased in the diagnosis of musculoskeletal abnormalities.

Aim

To detect the structural abnormalities in patient with poststroke painful shoulder as a first objective, and the second objective to assess the diagnostic accuracy of US in detecting these abnormalities.

Patients and methods

The study included 106 patients (62 men; mean age, 57 ± 13 years) with shoulder pain after 1st attack of stroke, the patients examined separately by two radiologists, within three months of stroke development with ultrasound and MRI which was done in the same day or as maximum as three days after US examination, the images were reviewed for any abnormalities in rotator cuff, biceps tears, tendinopathies and atrophy, subacromial bursa fluid, and acromioclavicular capsular hypertrophy. MRI results were considered as gold slandered. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values kappa coefficients of the US in comparison with that of the MRI were measured.

Results

Different structural abnormalities detected in our patients and the agreement between ultrasound and magnetic resonance image in detecting these pathologies was good for rotator cuff tear, subacromial bursitis and glenohumeral effusion and very good for biceps tendon pathology, and it was poor for rotator cuff atrophy, ultrasound shows higher sensitivity (90.9%) in detecting full thickness tear of rotator cuff more than partial tear (80%) and with (98.6%) and (97.5%) specificity respectively. The sensitivity for both technique ranging from 90.9% for full thickness tear of rotator cuff to 64.3% for rotator cuff atrophy and the specificity between 98.9% and 97.1%.

Conclusion

high frequency ultrasound provide a high diagnostic accuracy in diagnosing poststoke shoulder pain and it was non expensive and less time-consuming, suitable as screening patients who are obese, have contraindication to MRI examination, allergy to contrast medium, or claustrophobic, and it can be done at bed side in critical patients.     

The Oxford unicompartmental knee prosthesis: a 2–14 year follow-up

Our medium- and long–term results obtained with the Oxford unicompartmental knee prosthesis for unicompartmental knee osteoarthrosis are presented. Ninety–seven prostheses were evaluated (87 medial, 10 lateral) in 86 patients, with the Hospital for Special Surgery knee score after 2–14 years (mean follow-up: 6 years 9 months). Five prostheses were lost to follow-up. Eight patients died, not related to surgery; none had undergone a revision. Fourteen revisions (of which one bilateral UKP), 11 medial and three lateral, were performed. The mean HSS score of the 69 UKPs was 178.8 (80% excellent, 10% good, 4% fair, 6% poor). These findings confirm the good results reported in other studies, regarding proper patient selection and a consistent operative technique.     

Clinical evaluation of nonarthritic shoulder pain: Diagnosis and treatment

Shoulder pain and dysfunction is a complex problem frequently encountered by primary care physicians. Common nonarthritic conditions seen in the primary care setting include rotator cuff syndrome, impingement, posttraumatic stiffness, adhesive capsulitis, and instability. A thorough history and physical examination can aid in the diagnosis of many common shoulder complaints. Pain and instability are the most common shoulder complaints. Pain that is sharp or burning is commonly radicular in origin, whereas pain caused by tendinitis is often dull, diffuse, and aching. Instability is frequently found in patients with a history of dislocation, but also may occur with no prior history. Imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging can be helpful for more advanced pathology. However, many common shoulder conditions can be diagnosed without imaging, and may be initially treated with a short course of rest, ice, topical analgesics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, directed and supervised physical therapy, and occasionally subacromial corticosteroid injections. As always, a detailed history and a thorough physical exam by a primary care physician are vital for diagnosis. When conservative measures fail, referral to an orthopaedic surgeon may be necessary for further patient management.     

全髋置换术后首次X线平片在评估假体稳定性中的临床价值

目的研究全髋置换术后首次X线平片在评估假体稳定性中的临床价值。方法初次全髋置换术患者53例,观测术后首次术侧髋关节正位片中假体周围骨质情况、人工髋臼的前倾角和外展角、假体柄位置;与其后1 a内复查片对比,观察假体的变化。结果术后1 a内发生假体不稳定共6髋,其中脱位3髋,假体周围骨折1髋,假体与骨界面之间出现连续宽度大于等于2 mm的透亮线2髋。术后首次X线平片中的假体周围骨质情况、人工髋臼的前倾角和外展角、假体柄位置均与假体稳定性的判断密切相关,P<0.05。结论全髋关节置换术后首次X线平片能预测短期内发生假体不稳定的风险,具有重要的临床价值。     

Clinical impact of shoulder magnetic resonance imaging

The clinical impact of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the shoulder is dependent upon the clinical diagnosisand clinical indications for surgical management. MRI of the shoulder is very useful in defining the anatomic pathology associated with shoulder pain and disability. The clinical impact of MRI is improved when it is obtained under well defined criteria which should be based upon clinical treatment algorithms. Shoulder MRI is best used to define the anatomic pathology associated with rotator cuff tears and traumatic glenohumeral instability.     

Risk factors for shoulder pain and injury in swimmers: A critical systematic review

Swimming is one of the most popular recreational and competitive sporting activities. In the 2013/2014 swimming season, 9630 men and 12,333 women were registered with the National Collegiate Athletics Association in the USA. The repetitive nature of the swimming stroke and demanding training programs of its athletes raises a number of concerns regarding incidence and severity of injuries that a swimmer might experience during a competitive season. A number of risk factors have previously been identified but the level of evidence from individual studies, as well as the level of certainty that these factors predispose a swimmer to pain and injury, to our knowledge has yet to be critically evaluated in a systematic review. Therefore, the primary objective of this review is to conduct a systematic review to critically assess the published evidence for risk factors that may predispose a swimmer to shoulder pain and injury. Three electronic databases, ScienceDirect, PubMed and SpringerLink, were searched using keywords “(Injury OR pain) AND (Swim*)” and “(Shoulder) AND (Swim*)”. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 2731 unique titles were identified and were analyzed to a final 29 articles. Only articles with a level of evidence of I, II and III were included according to robust study design and data analysis. The level of certainty for each risk factor was determined. No studies were determined to have a high level of certainty, clinical joint laxity and instability, internal/external rotation, previous history of pain and injury and competitive level were determined to have a moderate level of certainty. All other risk factors were evaluated as having a low level of certainty. Although several risk factors were identified from the reviewed studies, prospective cohort studies, larger sample sizes, consistent and robust measures of risk should be employed in future research.     

Drug-related complications in infants and children: imaging features

Iatrogenic disorders continue to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality in infants and children. Most adverse drug reactions have no distinctive radiologic features. Of those with radiologic manifestations, it is usually impossible to differentiate iatrogenic disorders from their spontaneously occurring counterparts. However, certain iatrogenic disorders have distinctive imaging characteristics that allow their recognition in specific patient populations. This review considers a variety of drug-related disorders and phenomena that have been the subject of original articles in the English language literature since 1984.