肥厚梗阻性心肌病合并二尖瓣病变的外科治疗

目的 分析肥厚梗阻性心肌病合并二尖瓣病变的病理特点,探讨外科治疗策略.方法 1996年10月至2009年6月,外科手术治疗62例肥厚梗阻性心肌病病人,其中男41例,女21例;年龄6～68岁,平均(34.05±15.26)岁;体重27～83 kg,平均(60.42±12.71)kg.术前超声心动图(UCG)均提示二尖瓣SAM征,50例合并不同程度的二尖瓣关闭不全(MR).手术在全麻低温体外循环下完成,按常规经主动脉切口行室间隔心肌切除术,同期完成二尖瓣置换术(MVR)12例,二尖瓣成形术(MVP)9例.围术期常规UCG、心电图及X线胸片检查,评价左心房(LA)、左心室(LV)、左窒流出道流速及压差(LVOT)、左室射血分数(EF)、二尖瓣的结构和功能.结果 全组体外循环40～290 min,平均(104.23±47.14)min,主动脉阻断20～195 min,平均(66.76±36.32)min;气管插管5～21 h,平均(13.23±11.76)h.LA术前(43.46±7.21)mm,术后(34.56±5.23)mm;左室流出道压差术前(103.84±44.04)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),术后(23.54±17.78)mm Hg;室间隔厚度术前(26.93 ±5.23)mm,术后(17.12±5.67)mm,均显著下降(P＜0.05).术后MR和SAM症基本消失或显著减轻.手术死亡4例(6.4%,4/62例),主要死因为严重低心排综合征、严重心律失常及急性肾功能衰竭.主要并发症有完全左束支传导阻滞(33例)、室内传导阻滞(7例)、完全性房室传导阻滞(6例)、左前分支阻滞(5例)、Ⅰ度房室传导阻滞(5例)、心房颤动(4例).远期随访生存者症状消失,生活质量明显改善,心功能Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,二尖瓣结构功能良好;无远期死亡、并发症或再次手术.结论 肥厚梗阻性心肌病常常合并二尖瓣病变,室间隔肥厚心肌切除术,充分的疏通左心室流出道可基本消失MR和SAM征;如二尖瓣本身有严重先天性发育异常或继发性病变,首选MVP,疗效满意,因人工心脏瓣膜及术后抗凝治疗并发症,MVR不作为常规手术方式.     

梗阻性肥厚型心肌病的外科治疗

目的 总结肥厚室间隔切除联合二尖瓣置换术治疗梗阻性肥厚型心肌病的手术效果和经验体会.方法 2000年1月至2007年6月,共对22例合并有中度以上二尖瓣反流的OHCM患者实施肥厚室间隔切除联合二尖瓣置换术.其中男性20例,女性2例;年龄28～51岁,平均(36±5)岁.左心室流出道压差55～120 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),平均(88.0±15.8)mm Hg.分析比较患者术前超声心动图,术中经食管心脏超声,以及术后10 d,6个月、1年超声心动图的结果 .结果 术后因顽固性室性心律失常死亡1例.术中经食管超声示所有患者二尖瓣前叶收缩期前向运动现象消失.存活的21例患者均获随访,术后各时间点左心室流出道压差和室间隔厚度均较术前下降(P<0.01).结论 肥厚室间隔切除联合二尖瓣置换术治疗合并中度以上二尖瓣反流的梗阻性肥厚型心肌病,近中期手术效果可靠,并发症少.     

经导管二尖瓣缘对缘修复在肥厚型心肌病患者治疗中的应用现状与思考

对于药物治疗无效的梗阻性肥厚型心肌病患者, 目前主要采用室间隔减容治疗, 如室间隔心肌切除术、室间隔乙醇消融术等。随着对理论知识认识的加深和介入治疗的飞速发展, 先后有学者尝试应用经导管二尖瓣缘对缘修复治疗高危肥厚型心肌病患者, 在梗阻性和非梗阻性患者中均取得满意的治疗效果, 但亦存在不少亟待解决的问题, 如缺乏动物试验数据及大型队列研究数据、中远期治疗效果未知等。经导管二尖瓣缘对缘修复为肥厚型心肌病患者的诊疗带来了新的思路, 一方面或可作为单独疗法, 另一方面或可联合新型分子靶向药物或以肥厚室间隔为靶点的新兴微创治疗方式进行治疗, 值得我们进一步关注与探索。     

二尖瓣成形术治疗二尖瓣反流89例临床分析

目的总结二尖瓣成形术治疗二尖瓣反流患者的临床经验,分析其疗效。方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2011年7月中国医科大学附属第一医院采用二尖瓣成形术治疗89例二尖瓣中重度反流患者的临床资料,其中男51例,女38例;年龄21～64(48.6±13.6)岁;病程1周～21年。术前经食管超声心动图及术中探查发现二尖瓣中度反流(Ⅲ级)40例,重度反流(Ⅳ级)49例。56例二尖瓣脱垂,脱垂病变累及A2区4例、A3区5例、P2区25例、P3区14例,累及多处8例;其中二尖瓣腱索断裂37例,腱索冗长脱垂19例;瓣环扩大42例。手术方式:前叶腱索转移4例,前叶人工腱索6例,前叶裂缝合2例,交界部缝合6例,后叶矩形切除加Sliding(滑行)技术43例,后叶折叠缝合成形14例,后叶人工腱索12例,缘对缘成形10例和心包补片修补瓣叶穿孔1例,其中2种以上修复方式9例。全部患者均使用成形环加固瓣环。手术中应用注水试验和食管超声心动图检查评价成形效果。结果无围术期死亡。术后心脏超声心动图提示:二尖瓣无反流(0级)15例,微量反流(Ⅰ级)41例,轻度反流(Ⅱ级)23例,轻至中度反流(Ⅲ级)10例。所有患者均无二尖瓣狭窄。术后随访77例(86.52%),随访时间3～58(12.3±18.7)个月。随访期间1例死于脑血管意外;1例行二尖瓣置换术。结论综合运用多种二尖瓣成形技术治疗二尖瓣中重度反流,可获得良好的临床疗效。     

经皮心肌内室间隔射频消融治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病进展

肥厚型梗阻性心肌病（HOCM）以左心室流出道动态性梗阻为特征,可引起心源性猝死;早期干预对于改善预后至关重要。经皮心肌内室间隔射频消融（PIMSRA）为室间隔减容治疗HOCM提供了新的选择。本文围绕PIMSRA治疗HOCM进行综述。     

室间隔心肌切除术治疗肥厚梗阻型心肌病的远期效果

目的 探讨室间隔心肌切除术治疗药物难治性肥厚梗阻型心肌病,分析其远期效果及影响预后的危险因素.方法 1996至2009年,连续外科手术治疗86例药物难治性肥厚梗阻型心肌病患者.男51例,年龄6～67岁,平均(37±16)岁,术前左心室流出道收缩压差(LVOTPG)为61～150mm Hg(1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa),平均(98±27) mm Hg.手术均采用经升主动脉切口的室间隔心肌切除术.围术期采用经胸及经食管超声心动图和心导管检查评价心脏结构和功能.术后随访0.75～ 12.5年,平均(4.8±3.3)年.结果 术后院内死亡4例,另外有2例分别于手术后4个月及1年时于院外发生猝死.随访74例患者,术后3个月时生存70例(94.6％),1年时69例(93.2％),5年时68例(91.9％).随访中有63例术后症状缓解,56例患者静息状态下LVOTPG小于30 mm Hg.63例患者术后心功能NYHA分级Ⅱ～Ⅱ级,其中Ⅱ级的比例大于65％.结论 外科治疗肥厚梗阻型心肌病具有较好的远期生存率,可明确地解除患者的临床症状,提高生活质量.手术中彻底疏通左室流出道,避免完全房室传导阻滞及其它并发症是手术成功及术后恢复的关键.     

室间隔心肌切除术治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病的早期结果(附27例疗效分析)

目的总结肥厚型梗阻性心肌病病人的临床特征,分析室间隔心肌切除术疗效。方法 2018年6月～2021年7月本中心就诊的肥厚型梗阻性心肌病病人27例,行单纯室间隔心肌切除术24例。有17例病人术前存在二尖瓣中度以上反流,其中2例同期完成二尖瓣成形,1例同期完成二尖瓣置换,总结临床特征及手术方式,分析室间隔心肌切除术的近期效果。结果术后14例病人恢复至无或轻度反流。左室流出道峰值压差由术前(65.9±47.5)mmHg下降至术后(13.8±10.2)mmHg,室间隔厚度由(22.2±7.3)mm下降至术后(15.9±6.3)mm,差异均有统计学意义。病人症状改善明显,25例病人术后恢复至纽约心脏协会心功能分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级。未出现术后新发传导阻滞和室间隔穿孔等并发症,无围手术期死亡。结论室间隔心肌切除术可以缓解或根治肥厚型梗阻性心肌病。术前及术中需仔细评估二尖瓣及瓣下结构,多数术前伴发的二尖瓣反流可随左室流出道疏通而得到缓解,无器质性病变的二尖瓣反流多无需成形或置换。     

胸腔镜辅助下室间隔心肌切除术治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病4例

回顾性分析2016年11月至2019年5月在本院收治的4例肥厚型梗阻性心肌病(HOCM)合并二尖瓣关闭不全患者的临床资料。患者均接受胸腔镜辅助下经右侧腋下小切口(5 cm)手术,股动静脉插管建立体外循环,经左心房和二尖瓣前叶基部切口行胸腔镜辅助下室间隔心肌切除术(SM)并二尖瓣成形术。全组患者均顺利完成手术,无术后心力衰竭、恶性心律失常和低氧血症等并发症。术后经胸超声心动图随访结果提示左心室流出道梗阻解除满意,二尖瓣闭合功能良好。随访期内无需要再次手术干预的患者。胸腔镜辅助右腋下小切口治疗HOCM是安全可行的,可以为解除左心室流出道梗阻和二尖瓣及瓣下装置的异常提供良好的手术视野。     

二尖瓣修复术治疗感染性心内膜炎所致二尖瓣反流患者

目的探讨二尖瓣修复及置换术对感染性心内膜炎所致二尖瓣反流患者的疗效。 方法选取2014年1月至2016年1月于淄博市中心医院就诊的126例感染性心内膜炎所致二尖瓣反流患者为研究对象,根据治疗过程中手术方式不同分为研究组和对照组（各63例）,研究组患者采取二尖瓣修复术进行治疗,对照组患者采取二尖瓣置换术进行治疗。详细记录入组患者的气管插管时间、入住重症加强护理病房（ICU）时间、感染发生率、手术患者病死率、住院天数、住院花费等;记录患者心脏超声检查结果：左心室射血分数、左心室舒张末期直径、左心室收缩末期直径、左心房直径及二尖瓣反流得分,并记录随访指标。 结果与对照组患者相比,研究组患者气管插管时间[（16.48 ± 8.06）h]、入住ICU时间[（2.12 ± 0.86）h]、术后病死率（1.59%）、住院时间[（22.46 ± 10.34）d]、栓塞发生率（4.76%）以及住院花费[（10.63 ± 3.57）万元]差异均有统计学意义（t = 1.35、P = 0.04,t = 3.68、P = 0.02,χ² = 4.67、P = 0.01,t = 4.03、P = 0.01,χ² = 1.69、P = 0.04,t = 3.06、P = 0.03）;研究组患者术后左心室射血分数[（49.06 ± 10.24）%]、左心房直径[（43.25 ± 8.98）mm]和二尖瓣反流得分[（1.12 ± 0.31）分]均小于对照组患者,左心室舒张末期直径[（52.46 ± 7.42）mm]和左心室收缩末期直径[（39.70 ± 8.09）mm]均大于对照组患者,差异均有统计学意义（t = 1.23、2.84、3.89、1.34、2.01,P = 0.04、0.02、0.01、0.03、0.02）。随访显示,研究组患者左心室射血分数[（61.38 ± 8.61）%]大于对照组患者（t = 5.31、P = 0.01）,左心室舒张末期直径[（48.69 ± 9.57）mm]和随访病死率（4.76%）均小于对照组,差异有统计学意义（t = 3.24、P = 0.02,χ² = 2.91,P = 0.03）。单因素方差分析显示入住ICU时间、插管时间和心功能衰竭史均为感染性心内膜炎患者手术死亡危险因素（t = 2.34、P = 0.01,t = 1.09、P = 0.03,χ² = 1.61、P = 0.02）。 结论二尖瓣修复术对感染性心内膜炎所致二尖瓣反流疗效和预后较好,能够缩短患者住院时间和降低入院费用。     

经主动脉联合心尖切口室间隔心肌切除术治疗复杂性肥厚型梗阻性心肌病的早期效果

目的:评价经主动脉联合心尖切口心肌切除术治疗复杂性肥厚型梗阻性心肌病(HOCM)的早期手术效果。方法:回顾性分析2019年1月至2019年10月在阜外医院接受手术的357例HOCM患者资料,其中接受经主动脉联合心尖切口心肌切除术治疗的复杂性HOCM共20例。将此20例患者纳入研究并评价经主动脉联合心尖切口心肌切除术治疗...     

Combined anterior mitral valve leaflet retention plasty and septal myectomy in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

Objectives: Septal myectomy is the treatment of choice for patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) with significant left-ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction. In some HOCM patients, however, systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the anterior mitral leaflet significantly contributes to LVOT obstruction, resulting in mitral regurgitation and insufficient release of the obstruction after myectomy. We, therefore, developed a strategy of combined myectomy and anterior leaflet retention plasty (ALRP), and investigated its results in adult HOCM patients with manifest SAM. Methods: Subaortic septal myectomy and ALRP were performed in 25 adult HOCM patients with significant SAM, as assessed by echocardiography (mean age = 48.5 ± 15 years). All patients received cardiac catheterization and echocardiography evaluation prior to the operation, before discharge, and at follow-up. Follow-up ranged between 0.8 and 14 years (median = 2.5 years). Results: All patients survived the operation, and the Kaplan–Meier estimated survival was 100% at 1 year and 82 ± 6% at 5 years. Freedom from re-operation at 5 years was 83 ± 8%. The mean LVOT pressure gradient decreased from 84 ± 32 to 19 ± 11 mmHg postoperatively (p < 0.001), and only two patients had mild residual or recurrent SAM at follow-up. Mitral regurgitation and New York Heart Association classification were also markedly improved at follow-up. Conclusions: Combined subaortic septal myectomy and ALRP is a safe and effective therapy in HOCM patients with significant SAM. ALRP can help prevent residual or recurrent LVOT obstruction and improves mitral regurgitation.     

Anesthetic management of two patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy for percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation

We experienced anesthetic management of two patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) for percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation (PTSMA). PTSMA had been performed more than a year earlier in both cases, and symptoms and exercise tolerance were improved after PTSMA. Laparotomy for suspected ovarian cancer in one patient and thoracotomy for metastatic lung cancer in the other patient were proposed. Preoperative echocardiography showed reduced left ventricular outflow tract pressure gradient (from 90 mmHg before PTSMA to 10 mmHg and from 81 mmHg to 17 mmHg, respectively) and decreased septal wall thickness. Systolic anterior movement of mitral valve apparatus had disappeared. General anesthesia in the former and general anesthesia combined with epidural anesthesia in the latter were employed. Anesthesia was induced with propofol and fentanyl. A laryngeal mask was used to minimize hemodynamic fluctuations during induction and emergence in the former. Anesthesia was maintained with propofol, sevoflurane and supplemental fentanyl. Epidural anesthesia was also used to maintain anesthesia in the latter. The postoperative course was uneventful in each case. PTSMA for HOCM might be useful to prevent perioperative cardiac events.     

Subvalvular procedure for functional mitral regurgitation in a patient with dilated-phase hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Surgical correction of the subvalvular apparatus to reduce tethering, along with mitral annuloplasty, has recently been highlighted in the treatment of functional mitral regurgitation. However, because of anatomical differences in the subvalvular apparatus between cases of progressive cardiomyopathy, a uniform procedure to reduce tethering has not been established. We report a case-specific reconstructive method consisting of procedures mainly on papillary muscles for a rare case of dilated-phase hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with moderately severe mitral regurgitation.     

超声心动图评价肥厚型心肌病的研究进展

肥厚型心肌病(HCM)是一种常见的遗传性心血管疾病,早期诊断和准确评估对于HCM的治疗和预后至关重要.本文对国内外关于HCM的超声心动图研究现状、各种新技术的临床应用及研究进展进行综述.     

Concomitant ablation for atrial fibrillation during septal myectomy in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

Objective

The appearance of atrial fibrillation is associated with significant clinical deterioration in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; therefore, maintenance of sinus rhythm is desirable. Guidelines and most articles have reported the results of catheter ablation and pharmacologic atrial fibrillation treatment; nevertheless, data regarding concomitant procedures during septal myectomy are limited. The aim of this study was to assess the outcomes of concomitant atrial fibrillation treatment in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.