9例肾移植术后尿瘘的治疗

目的探讨肾移植术后尿瘘并发症的合理治疗方法。方法共治疗9例尿瘘患者,3例单纯经尿道留置Foley导尿管治愈,2例原引创口流口管置入普通导尿管 留置膀胱Foley导尿管双向引流,1例经膀胱镜逆行置入输尿管支架 留置膀胱Foley导尿管、1例行尿性囊肿切排术加留置膀胱Foley导尿等方法治愈,1例进行了开放手术输尿管膀胱重新吻合术 置入输尿管支架,1例行输尿管膀胱肌瓣吻合术无效后,行自体输尿管与移植肾输尿管吻合术。结果所有病例尿瘘治愈,随访1个月～3年,无一例发生输尿管并发症。结论对于肾移植术后尿瘘治疗,可以先采用无创或微创治疗手段,在无创或微创的治疗手段无效后及时采取手术干预。     

肾移植术后输尿管并发症17例临床分析

目的 总结肾移植术后输尿管并发症的诊治经验.方法 回顾分析济南军区总医院诊治的17例肾移植术后输尿管并发症患者的临床资料.结果 17例患者伴有不同程度的少尿和局部肿胀不适等症状,实验室检查血清肌酐（Scr）升高,彩色多普勒超声（彩超）检查示移植肾积水、移植肾输尿管扩张,经磁共振水成像或计算机断层摄影术（CT）尿路成像明确诊断.其中输尿管膀胱吻合口狭窄15例,输尿管坏死2例.治疗经过：14例行开放性手术,包括行移植肾输尿管膀胱重新吻合术12例,移植肾输尿管-自体输尿管吻合1例,移植肾输尿管游离、重新放置输尿管支架管1例.3例行非开放性手术治疗,包括输尿管皮肤造瘘1例、腔内球囊导管扩张术1例、软膀胱镜下逆行输尿管支架管插管治疗1例.疗效：14例开放手术治疗患者与1例输尿管皮肤造瘘患者的移植肾肾盂与膀胱的连接部恢复通畅,移植肾功能均明显改善.另2例非开放手术治疗患者,包括1例腔内球囊导管扩张术及1例行软膀胱镜下逆行输尿管支架管插管术患者术后复发,行开放手术治疗.结论 彩超及磁共振成像水成像或CT尿路成像等影像学检查是确诊移植肾输尿管并发症的主要方法.肾移植术后输尿管并发症应以预防为主,确诊后视具体情况行开放性手术或非开放性手术治疗,开放手术治疗的疗效较佳.     

自体肾盂输尿管在肾移植术中的应用

目的 报告自体肾盂输尿管在肾移植术中的应用。方法 应用自体肾盂输尿管治疗各种移植肾输尿管并发症18例，男13例，女5例，年龄28～56岁，平均42岁。10例尿瘘患者，3例行自体输尿管与移植肾盂成形术，2例行自体输尿管与移植肾输尿管吻合术，5例行自体肾盂移植、肾盂成形术；5例移植肾输尿管过短术中均行自体输尿管与移植肾输尿管吻合术；3例移植肾输尿管狭窄均行自体输尿管与移植肾输尿管吻合术。结果 术后随访3个月～8年，2例因慢性排斥反应，移植肾失功，余16例移植肾功能正常。结论 自体肾盂输尿管是治疗某些肾移植后输尿管并发症的一种有效方法。     

移植肾输尿管长段坏死的诊治

报告６例肾移植患者术后发生输尿管长段坏死，坏死长度均为８－１０ｃｍ，５例经Ｂ超发现。４例行移植肾输尿管与自体输尿管吻合及双Ｊ管作支架和内引流治愈，２例行移植肾切除。本文结果提示，Ｂ超用于诊治输尿管坏死简便实用，移植肾输尿管与自体输尿管吻合效果满意。     

改良膀胱壁瓣输尿管成形术治疗婴幼儿供肾肾移植术后输尿管坏死的临床分析

目的探讨采用改良膀胱壁瓣输尿管成形术（改良Boari术）治疗婴幼儿供肾肾移植术后输尿管长段坏死的疗效。方法回顾性分析济南军区总医院泌尿外科2012年1月至2014年4月施行婴幼儿供肾肾移植术后发生移植肾输尿管长段坏死的3例受者临床资料。第1例为婴儿供者双肾整块移植。第2例和第3例为同一名幼儿供者双侧供肾分别移植给2例成人受者。3例受者分别于术后21,23,26d出现移植肾区肿胀、疼痛,切口渗液或阴囊水肿,以及血清肌酐升高;行移植肾彩色多普勒超声示。肾周积液增多;1例受者行CT尿路造影示造影剂大量外漏、单侧肾积水、输尿管扩张。手术探查切除坏死的输尿管后行改良Boari术,将移植肾输尿管残端插入自体膀胱管状瓣内1-2cm,不作吻合,仅行黏膜和浆肌层缝合加固。术后酌情选用抗生素控制尿路感染,定期行肾功能检测和移植肾彩色多普勒超声检查,术后6个月复查CT尿路造影。结果3例患者均成功进行改良Boari术,手术时间分别为85,90,115min,术中无明显出血,术后切口愈合良好。3例患者分别在术后12,13,16周顺利拔除双J管,血清肌酐均下降至正常范围。截至2014年3月,术后随访6-18个月,复查移植。肾彩色多普勒超声和CT尿路造影均未发现移植肾积水、肾周积液、尿漏或尿液返流等异常。结论改良膀胱壁瓣输尿管成形术是治疗婴幼儿供肾肾移植术后输尿管长段坏死的有效方法。     

移植肾输尿管长段缺损的预防和外科处理

本文总结了我院１９７８－１９９３年年９６９例肾移植中１４例输尿管长段缺损的治疗情况。治疗手段包括输尿管膀胱吻合，自体输尿管与供肾肾盂或输尿管吻合，膀胱瓣与供明肾盂或输尿管吻合，移植肾切除。手术治愈１０例，术后发生尿漏３例。认为应根据正常输尿管的残留长度、自身僵尿管情况、伤口内有无合并感染等决定手术方式。     

移植肾输尿管膀胱的吻合口瘘

目的：有效地减少或避免同种异体肾移植术后移植肾输尿管膀胱吻合口瘘,延长移植肾的存活期。方法：从病因,诊断和处理方面回顾性分析30例肾移植患者术后移植肾输尿管膀胱吻合口瘘的临床资料。结果：4例采用保守治疗,2例做单纯瘘口修补。11例切除血供差,水肿严重的移植肾输尿管远端,或调整移植肾的位置,做移植肾输尿管膀胱再吻合。13例膀胱翻瓣后,用20－24Foley尿管连接供肾的肾盂和受者膀胱瓣,其中9例无法实现残留的移植肾输尿管与膀胱瓣无张力的间断缝合,只能待移植肾肾盂或上段输尿管沿Foley尿管爬行,形成隧道。受者1年存活率96.7%(29/30),移植肾1年存活率为86.7%(26/30)。结论：肾移植的任何步骤处理不当都可以引起移植肾输尿管膀胱吻合口瘘;术后应根据输尿管血液供应,水肿情况,瘘口大小和输尿管的长度来选择不同的术式,以确保无张力的可靠吻合。     

移植肾输尿管炎的诊治二例

我院在2006年9月至2007年9月间收治了2例移植肾输尿管炎的患者,现将诊治体会总结如下. 临床资料 例1 为女性,40岁.肾移植后4个月,血清肌酐(Cr)为170μmol/L,经B型超声波检查提爪移植肾积水,经皮肾镜顺行在移植肾输尿管内留置支架管,术中见输尿管轻度狭窄,留置支架管后移植肾积水减轻,血清cr降至150μmol/L,支架管留置1个月后自行脱落,再次出现移植肾积水.血清Cr升高至180 μmol/L,磁共振尿路造影(MRU)提示移植肾肾盂与输尿管连接部狭窄.再次手术探查,术中见移植肾输尿管与膀胱的吻合口无狭窄,狭窄段位于输尿管近肾盂处,局部输尿管僵硬瘢痕化,管腔狭窄仅能通过4F输尿管导管.移植肾肾盂内尿液压力高.     

输尿管下端狭窄诊治体会

目的:探讨输尿管下端狭窄的诊治方法.方法:回顾性分析13 例输尿管膀胱连接部狭窄的临床资料.男5例,女8例.平均年龄45 岁.左侧4 例,右侧7例,双侧2例.膀胱壁间段狭窄11例;膀胱前段狭窄2例,膀胱隧道式输尿管膀胱吻合术,术中留置双J 管10例,输尿管膀胱角吻合术2例,膀胱瓣输尿管下端成形术,术中留置双J 管1例.结果:13例术后随访2 个月～6 年,全组无输尿管狭窄,治愈率69%,无效率31%.其中膀胱隧道式输尿管膀胱吻合术70%(7/10),好转率30%(3/10);输尿管膀胱角吻合术50%(1/2),好转率50%(1/2);膀胱瓣输尿管下端成形术治愈率100%(1/1).膀胱造影无膀胱输尿管返流.结论 膀胱隧道式输尿管膀胱吻合术和输尿管膀胱角吻合术治疗输尿管膀胱连接部狭窄创伤小,疗效满意.     

肾移植术后尿瘘的治疗策略研究(附72例报告)

目的探讨肾移植术后尿瘘并发症的治疗策略。方法回顾性分析2008年6月至2012年12月在解放军第309医院全军器官移植研究所接受同种异体肾移植术的1 228例患者中,术后发生尿瘘的72例患者的临床资料。结果本组尿瘘发生率为5.86%。患者确诊后,首先保持输尿管支架管留置状态,并采取留置Foley导尿管的方法,在确认无效后在原创口或引流口置入普通导尿管或乳胶管引流,最后采取手术治疗,均采用无张力吻合。72例尿瘘患者中,46例经保守治疗后治愈,26例保守治疗无效后采用手术治疗,其中12例行瘘口修补术+留置膀胱Foley导尿管、10例行输尿管-膀胱重新吻合术+置入输尿管支架治愈,4例行输尿管-膀胱肌瓣吻合术无效后,行自体输尿管-移植肾输尿管吻合术后治愈。2例出现局部伤口感染,经加强引流及抗感染治疗后治愈。结论肾移植术后尿瘘预防胜于治疗,早期诊断、正确选择治疗措施是成功救治的关键。患者确诊后,首先采用保守治疗,确认无效后采取手术治疗,遵循无张力吻合原则。     

膀胱瓣成形术治疗肾移植术后输尿管梗阻和尿瘘6例分析

目的：探讨膀胱瓣成形（Board术治疗输尿管梗阻的应用价值。方法：对同种异体肾移植术后3例长段或者多节段的输尿管梗阻患者以及3例经保守治疗无效的尿瘘患者行Boari术。结果：6例患者输尿管均得到重建,随访1年,复查静脉肾盂造影未见梗阻或者狭窄复发,输尿管再通率100％,人、肾存活率均为100％。结论：Boari术是治疗肾移植术后输尿管梗阻或者尿瘘的有效方法。     

Experiences in kidney transplantation with duplicated ureters

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the complications of duplicated ureters in renal transplant recipients. METHODS: Between 1983 and 2004, 12 patients (median age 34 years) received renal transplants from donors with duplicated ureters. In four patients the ureter to bladder anastomoses were performed separately according to the method described by MacKinnon, including two cases transplanted with ureteral catheters because of narrow widths. In the following cases of eight duplicated ureters an anastomosis was performed between the distal part of each ureter to form a common ureteral ostium, which was connected to the urinary bladder. A ureteral catheter was used to the splint ureterovesical anastomosis. RESULTS: No graft loss to ureteral complications was observed. There was no ureteral necrosis in the postoperative period. No clinical symptoms of ureteral junction obstruction were revealed after removing the ureteral catheter. By ultrasound examination four patients showed a slight temporary pyelocaliectasis was observed and four patients developed temporary urinary fistulas. CONCLUSION: Our ureterocystoneostomy procedures with duplicated ureters were safe and useful in kidney transplantation.     

Percutaneous management of transplant ureteral fistulae is feasible in selected cases

INTRODUCTION: Ureteral fistulae in renal transplants may develop as a consequence of compromised ureteral vascularity or from a technical factor related to the ureteroneocystostomy, the latter typically developing within the first 72 hours posttransplant. Recently, percutaneous nephrostomy drainage has been used with increasing frequency for the initial management. It alone can lead to resolution of the fistula in at least some patients. The aim of the study was the evaluation of endourological management of ureteral fistulae in renal transplants. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between August 1981 and February 2004, 1000 adult recipients underwent renal transplantation. Sixteen out of 29 patients who developed ureteral fistulae were managed endourologically; 13, open surgery. The items recorded on these patients included the type of ureteroneocystostomy, the time to fistula diagnosis, the image technique, the type of ureteral stents, and the clinical evolution. RESULTS: The 13 patients who underwent open surgery did well. Endourological management of ureteral fistula was successfully performed in 10 of 16 cases. In all of them percutaneous nephrostomy drainage with stenting of the ureter with a double-J catheter did not prove any advantage to no stent (66.6% vs 57%). In 13 of these 16 patients in which the passage of contrast into the bladder was demonstrated, the fistula resolved in 10 cases (77%), while none of the three cases with no flow into the bladder were helped by this approach. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous techniques can provide definitive management for 62% of renal allograft patients who develop ureteral fistula beyond 72 hours after renal transplant.     

膀胱瓣输尿管成形术治疗10例移植肾输尿管梗阻的经验分析

目的:探讨膀胱瓣输尿管成形术(boari flap ureteroplasty,BFU)治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻的效果和经验。方法:回顾性分析我院近5年来应用BFU治疗10例移植肾输尿管梗阻患者的临床资料及随访结果,观察移植肾输尿管是否再次发生梗阻和积水。结果:所有患者移植肾输尿管梗阻均得到完美重建,随访1～5年B超检查未见移植肾梗阻和积水,移植肾功能维持正常。结论:BFU是治疗肾移植术后输尿管长段梗阻的有效方法,且近、远期疗效满意。     

Combined Boari bladder flap-psoas bladder hitch procedure in ureteral replacement

Uncomplicated injuries to the ureter are commonly treated with end-to-end ureteroureterostomy or reimplantation into the bladder. The Boari bladder flap and the psoas bladder hitch have been used separately when distal ureteral replacement is required. In cases of more extensive ureteral damage extending above the pelvic rim, more complex procedures have been performed. These procedures (transureteroureterostomy, intestinal replacement or renal autotransplantation) often represent a considerable surgical challenge and may be associated with numerous complications. Combining the principles of the psoas bladder hitch and Boari flap affords the clinician a means of traversing extensive ureteral defects with standard surgical techniques. We report herein patients with ureteral damage who have undergone replacement of various lengths of ureter with combined psoas hitch/Boari flap procedures. The technique is suitable for traversing ureteral defects at least to the lower pole of the kidney. An obvious advantage is that the replacement utilizes only normal urinary tract, it does not endanger ipsilateral kidney nor contralateral ureter or kidney and can be employed in patients with decreased renal function. In our experience ureteral replacement with the combination of the psoas bladder hitch and Boari bladder flap is an excellent method which is surgically simpler and safer than the other methods described for more extensive ureteral injuries.     

肾移植术后上尿路梗阻14例临床诊治体会

目的探讨肾移植术后上尿路梗阻的诊断及处理。方法回顾总结2000—2006年我院1090例肾移植患者中的14例移植后上尿路梗阻患者，其中输尿管膀胱吻合口狭窄9例，6例行膀胱输尿管二次吻合手术，1例移植肾周感染输尿管末段坏死采用移植肾近端新鲜存活输尿管与自体输尿管吻合，1例采用膀胱肌瓣代移植输尿管，1例采用输尿管镜下气囊扩张后放置双J管。出血相关性梗阻、输尿管扭曲和输尿管结石所致梗阻5例，均行开放手术。结果14例肾移植术后上尿路梗阻患者中2例切除移植肾，其余各例患者经开放手术及腔镜处理均成功挽救移植肾功能。再次手术后随访0．5—1年，血肌酐68-155μmol／L，B超未见移植肾扩张积水加重。结论新上尿路梗阻是肾移植术后常见亦是较为棘手的外科并发症，多数和外科手术操作有关，可以通过提高手术技巧避免。一旦发生上尿路梗阻，应根据梗阻原因采取相应的治疗方法及时处理。     

Endopyelotomy associated ureteral necrosis: complete ureteral replacement using the Boari flap.

A case of an adolescent who sustained necrosis of the entire ureter after attempted endopyelotomy for congenital ureteropelvic junction obstruction is presented. Successful reconstruction of a neoureter was performed easily with the Boari bladder flap coupled with nephropexy and a psoas hitch. Although repair of upper ureteral injuries with the Boari flap has been described in the literature, to our knowledge its use in the pediatric population has not. Our case exemplifies how the Boari flap repair is particularly suitable in children for bridging significant segments of injured ureters, not just the lower third.     

移植肾输尿管上段并发症的处理四例

目的 探讨移植肾输尿管上段并发症的处理方法。方法 4例不同原因所致的移植肾输尿管并发症，在无法行膀胱输尿管吻合的情况下，经腹腔或腹膜外途径。将受者输尿管与供肾肾盂吻合，内置双“J”管，经过充分的内，外引流，达到治疗输尿管病变的目的。结果 4例中有3例可正常排尿，1例尚需进一步治疗，随访2个月至1年，人，肾存活良好。结论 对于移植肾输尿管上端病变，采用自身输尿管与供肾肾盂吻合是一种处理较复杂移植肾输尿管病变的好方法。     

Laparoscopic renal descensus for upper tract reconstruction

We describe a modern use of laparoscopic renal descensus during the reconstruction of the upper urinary tract. The patient is a 76-year-old mononephric man with recurrent carcinoma in situ in the distal ureter. Using the described technique, we produced an additional 8 to 10 cm of ureteral length and performed a simple ureteroneocystotomy instead of using a traditional psoas hitch and Boari flap creation, bowel interposition, or autotransplantation. Laparoscopic renal descensus is an uncommonly used but simple procedure that may prevent the need for bladder mobilization or Boari flap creation, particularly in the setting of a hostile pelvis.