慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并骨质疏松症的研究进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)目前仍是全球患病率、致残率、病死率高的慢性呼吸系统疾病, 常可合并多种合并症。骨质疏松症是其中之一, 是一种以低骨量和骨组织微观结构退化为特征的系统性疾病, 常导致骨强度下降, 骨折的风险随之增加, 但在临床中常被忽视。因此, 了解COPD合并骨质疏松症的危险因素、伴随疾病、诊断与治疗, 对于COPD患者具有重要意义。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病继发骨质疏松症患者血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平的变化

COPD不仅累及肺脏,还可引起全身(或称肺外)的不良效应,骨质疏松症是其全身不良效应表现之一.目前的研究结果证实,COPD患者的骨质疏松症患病率明显高于同龄人,且口服糖皮质激素、活动减少、吸烟、营养不良、维生素D缺乏、高龄和缺氧等均可能是COPD患者合并骨质疏松症的危险因素[1].     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病与细胞凋亡/抗凋亡的研究进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患病率和死亡率之高。导致因病死亡的四大原因之一,但发病机制不明。本文就近年COPD发病机制与细胞凋亡／抗凋亡的研究进展作一综述。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病康复治疗进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)作为一种高患病率、高致残率和高死亡率的疾病而严重危害了人民的身体健康,肺康复已被证实能有效减轻COPD患者的呼吸困难,提高运动耐力和健康相关生活质量,不同严重程度的COPD患者均可从肺康复中获益,本文就COPD康复治疗措施及其进展做一综述.     

重视慢性阻塞性肺疾病相关的骨质疏松症：病例和文献复习

目的重视和提高慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）相关的骨质疏松症早期诊断及防治意识。方法报道2例COPD相关的骨质疏松症并文献复习。结果2例COPD患者均已出现明显骨质疏松症表现,但因医务人员相关意识不足而多次误诊。结合病例复习文献,肺功能损害程度与骨质疏松症的发生以及疾病的严重程度呈正比,COPD患者合并股骨颈部和椎体的骨质疏松症是对照组的5倍。COPD往往有肺通气障碍,如伴有呼吸性酸中毒时可加速骨组织中的钙释放到循环血液中,此外COPD和骨质疏松症具有相同患病因素,如吸烟、糖皮质激素的应用、低体质量、营养不良、活动减少等,使COPD患者骨质疏松症的发病年龄明显提前。结论对COPD合并骨质疏松症早期诊断和干预,对于其活动能力的保持和生活质量的提高,乃至延缓死亡等具有重要意义。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病与气道微生物群关系的研究现状

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)已成为高患病率、高病死率的全球疾病负担之一。在传统的支气管舒张剂、糖皮质激素、抗生素等治疗措施之外,新的防治措施和治疗靶点亟待开发。近年来随着基因测序技术的发展,关于COPD气道微生物群的研究已取得较多进展。本文将从COPD气道微生物群的群谱特征及其与COPD的相关性,气道微生物群影响COP...     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并原发性支气管肺癌的诊治策略

1986年Skillrud等首先提出慢性阻塞性肺疾病（chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD）是肺癌的独立危险因素,随后一系列的研究证实,吸烟COPD患者肺癌的患病率是吸烟非COPD患者的2—5倍。Anthonisen等对5887例轻、中度COPD患者随访14．5年发现,33％COPD患者死于肺癌,显示患病率高,病死率高。     

血浆Obestatin、Ghrelin浓度对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重影响的研究进展

正慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)是常见的慢性呼吸道疾病之一,其发病率、致残率和病死率高,社会经济负担重。预计到2030年,COPD将成为全球第3大死亡原因[1-2]。一项针对我国7个地区20 245成年人群的调查表明,COPD患病率占40岁以上人群的8.2%,其患病率之高十分惊人[3]。COPD病程可分为急性     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并骨质疏松症的研究进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是临床上常见的一种可防治疾病,发病率、致残率、致死率均较高,而骨质疏松症是COPD常见的一种肺外并发症,目前多数临床医务人员及患者仍未对骨质疏松症足够重视,部分患者甚至发生了骨折也未认识到自身骨量减少、未进行有效干预,这也是慢阻肺患者骨质疏松症发生率升高的原因.本文就COPD与骨质疏松症的关...     

Wnt信号通路在慢性阻塞性肺疾病中的研究进展

正慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD)是一种以持续的呼吸道症状和进行性气流受限为特征,可以治疗和预防的慢性炎症性疾病[1]。据统计COPD在全球的患病率约为10.1%[2],我国2018年大规模流行病学调查研究显示COPD在40岁及以上人群中的患病率为13.7%[3]。其高患病率、高死亡率及高致残率的特征给全球各国家造成了巨大的经济损失和慢性病管理负担,     

Enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica y osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is one of the systemic effects associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Risk factors for bone loss include smoking, skeletal muscle weakness, low bone mass index (BMI), vitamin D deficiency, glucocorticoid use, hypogonadism and systemic inflammation. The most important clinical feature is vertebral fracture, due to its significant morbidity and mortality. The treatment of osteoporosis includes calcium and vitamin D, bisphosphonates, anabolic agents and pulmonary rehabilitation. Prospective studies are required to determine the prevalence of osteoporosis in COPD and to identify which patients are at high risk for osteoporotic fracture. The development of new drugs to control systemic inflammation may contribute to specific treatments for osteoporosis in COPD.     

A comparison of bone mineral density in elderly female patients with COPD and bronchial asthma

BACKGROUND: A recent study has shown that osteoporosis and vertebral fractures are quite common in patients with advanced COPD and showed a significant relationship to the mortality of these patients. These results suggested that management of osteoporosis in advanced COPD is an important intervention. But whether patients with COPD who had never received chronic systemic corticosteroids have a high incidence of osteoporosis and whether these patients require treatment strategies to decrease osteoporotic fracture is not yet known. Furthermore, it is unclear whether there are differences in terms of the degree of osteoporosis between patients with COPD and patients with bronchial asthma. OBJECTIVES: To compare the degree of osteoporosis and bone metabolism markers between elderly women with COPD and those with bronchial asthma who had never received chronic systemic corticosteroids, and to determine the factors influencing bone metabolism in these patients. DESIGN: Cross-sectional medical survey. PATIENTS: A total of 44 elderly female patients with COPD (n = 20) or bronchial asthma (n = 24) who had not received chronic systemic corticosteroids were enrolled (mean +/- SEM age, 74.6 +/- 1.0 years). MEASUREMENTS: Total body and lumbar bone mineral density (BMD) were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and the data were compared between the two groups. In addition, the association between bone mass and clinical variables was determined. RESULTS: When lumbar BMD was expressed as a Z score, the Z scores of patients with COPD were significantly lower than those of patients with bronchial asthma (p < 0.01). The prevalence of osteoporosis was also significantly higher in patients with COPD (50% vs 21%, p < 0.05). In patients with COPD, body mass index was positively correlated with BMD in the lumbar spine (r = 0.55, p = 0.02) and total body (r = 0.49, p = 0.03). Other clinical, biochemical, and anthropometric variables were not correlated with BMD. CONCLUSIONS: In elderly female patients, osteoporosis is more common in cases of COPD than in bronchial asthma, even if these patients had not received long-term systemic corticosteroids. The explanation for the higher prevalence of osteoporosis in COPD is still not known, but preventive strategies to decrease osteoporotic fractures should be added to the management of elderly patients with COPD.     

Progression of osteoporosis in patients with COPD: a 3-year follow up study

Currently, our knowledge on the progression of osteoporosis and its determinants is limited in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Bone mineral density generally remains stable in patients with COPD over a period of 3 years. Nevertheless, the progression of vertebral fractures was not assessed, while an increase of vertebral fractures over time may be reasonable. Aims of the current study were to determine the percentage of newly diagnosed osteoporotic patients after a follow up of 3 years and to identify baseline risk factors for the progression of osteoporosis in COPD. Clinically stable COPD outpatients were included. Lung function parameters, body composition measures, six minute walk distance, DXA-scan and X-spine were assessed at baseline and repeated after 3 years. Prevalence of osteoporosis in COPD patients increased from 47% to 61% in 3 years mostly due to an increase of vertebral fractures. Lower baseline T-score at the trochanter independently increased the risk for the development of osteoporosis. Additionally, baseline vitamin D deficiency increased this risk 7.5-fold. In conclusion, the prevalence of osteoporosis increased over a 3-year period in patients with COPD. Baseline risk factors for the development of osteoporosis are osteopenia at the trochanter and vitamin D deficiency.     

Osteoporosis in COPD patients: Risk factors and pulmonary rehabilitation

ObjectivesTo present a review on the pathogenesis, risk factor and treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease complicated with osteoporosis and provide new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment.Data sourceA systematic search is carried out using keywords as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, osteoporosis, risk factors, and pulmonary rehabilitation.ResultsPatients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have a high prevalence of osteoporosis and a high risk of fracture. The mechanisms of osteoporosis in COPD patients are associated with general risk factors, such as smoking, reduced physical activity, low weight, and disease‐specific risk factors, such as systemic inflammatory, Vitamin D deficiency, use of glucocorticoid, anemia, hypoxemia, and hypercapnia. The treatment of osteoporosis in COPD emphasizes comprehensive intervention, which mainly include basic treatment and anti‐osteoporosis drugs. Noticeably, pulmonary rehabilitation program is an important part of treatment.ConclusionsThis work summarizes the pathogenesis, risk factor, prevention, and treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease complicated with osteoporosis, and the latest progress of studies on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and osteoporosis is discussed.     

African Americans and men with severe COPD have a high prevalence of osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a non-pulmonary manifestation whose true prevalence is uncertain in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We describe the prevalence and risk factors for osteoporosis in a large, well characterized COPD cohort. Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry of the lumbar spine and hip, full pulmonary function testing, cardiopulmonary exercise test, 6 minute walk distance and demographics were performed in 179 non-selected COPD patients. Patients were 59 +/- 7 years old, smoked 53 +/- 32 pack years, FEV(1) 26% +/- 9.8, and 45% were currently taking prednisone. Bone mineral density measurements were abnormal in 97%; 66% had dual energy X-ray absorptiometry defined osteoporosis, while 31% had osteopenia. The prevalence of osteoporosis in males versus females was 70% versus 62% (p = 0.33); both groups had similar fracture rates. The prevalence of osteoporosis in African Americans versus Caucasians was 69% versus 65% (p = 0.78). Caucasians had a significantly lower Ward's Triangle T score than African Americans (-2.52 +/- -0.96 vs. -2.16 +/- -0.91, p = 0.04). Those with bone fractures took higher doses of prednisone than those without fractures. Univariate analysis identified BMI and FVC% as predictors for osteoporosis (p = 0.03 OR 0.934 p = 0.006 OR 0.974). Multivariate analysis revealed only FVC% as a significant predictor (p = 0.006, OR 0.974). Osteoporosis is highly prevalent in severe COPD, and affects males and African Americans to a similar degree as females and Whites. Osteoporosis should be considered in severe COPD regardless of race or gender.     

慢性阻塞性肺病和骨质疏松

慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)不仅是肺部疾病,而且是一种全身性疾病.骨质疏松是COPD患者的肺外表现之一.随着COPD患者病情加重,骨质疏松的发病率亦有所增加.但COPD患者发生骨质疏松的机制至今尚未完全明确.探讨COPD患者骨质疏松症的发生情况及影响因素,有助于提高对COPD发生骨质疏松的早期认识,预防骨质疏松的发生、发展,对改进COPD患者的生活质量和延长生命具有重要意义.     

The prevalence of osteoporosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a cross sectional study

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex disease, where the initial symptoms are often cough as a result of excessive mucus production and dyspnea. With disease progression several other symptoms may develop, and patients with moderate to severe COPD have often multiorganic disease with severely impaired respiratory dysfunction, decreased physical activity, right ventricular failure of the heart, and a decreased quality of life. In addition osteoporosis might develop possibly due to a number of factors related to the disease. We wanted to investigate the prevalence of osteoporosis in a population of patients with severe COPD as well as to correlate the use of glucocorticoid treatment to the occurrence of osteoporosis in this population. Outpatients from the respiratory unit with COPD, a history of forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV1) less than 1.3 L, with FEV1% pred. ranging from 17.3% to 45.3% (mean 31.4%, standard deviation (sd) 7.3%). Patients between 50 and 70 years were included. Other causes of osteoporosis were excluded before inclusion. At study entry spirometry, X-ray of the spine (to evaluate presence of vertebral fractures), and bone mineral density of lumbar spine and hip were performed. Of 181 patients invited by mail, 62 patients were included (46 females and 16 males). All had symptoms of COPD such as exertional dyspnea, productive cough, limitations in physical activity etc. The mean FEV1 was 0.90 L (sd: 0.43 L) and the mean FEV1% pred. of 32.6% (sd: 14.1%). All had sufficient daily intake of calcium and vitamin D. In 15 patients, X-ray revealed compression fractures previously not diagnosed. Bone density measurements showed osteoporosis in 22 patients and osteopenia in 16. In total, 26 of the COPD patients were osteoporotic as evaluated from both X-ray and bone density determinations. Thus 68% of the participants had osteoporosis or osteopenia, but glucocorticoid use alone could not explain the increased prevalence of osteoporosis. A large fraction of these needed treatment for severe osteoporosis in order to prevent further bone loss and to reduce future risk of osteoporotic fractures. Thus, there is a significant need to screen patients with COPD to select the individuals in risk of fracture and to initiate prophylaxis or treatment for the disease.     

老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病与继发性骨质疏松症的关系探讨

目的 观察老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)患者骨密度(BMD)、肺功能和血气分析的变化,探讨老年COPD与继发性骨质疏松症的关系.方法 用双能X线吸收测定仪测定32例老年男性COPD患者腰椎(L_(1-4))、股骨近端[颈部(Neck)、大粗隆(Troch)、合计(Total)]BMD,同时用肺功能仪测定肺功能,血气分析仪测量动脉血气分析,以及生化、血钙等检查.结果 COPD组的BMD值与对照组相比显著降低(P<0.001),COPD患者BMD与第1秒用力呼气容积占预计百分比呈显著正相关(P<0.001).结论 老年COPD组BMD低于对照组.COPD是继发性骨质疏松症的患病因素之一.老年COPD患者BMD检查能及早发现骨质疏松.低氧血症可能是老年COPD患者合并骨质疏松症的主要危险因素.     

Osteoporosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are at increased risk of osteoporosis because of their age, limited physical activity, low body mass index, smoking, hypogonadism, malnutrition, and use of corticosteroids. Systemic inflammation represents an additional pathomechanism contributing to the development of osteoporosis in COPD patients. Males in their mid to late 60s with a smoking history of greater than 60 pack-years have a prevalence rate of vertebral fractures similar to, and possibly greater than, postmenopausal women greater than or equal to 65 years old: in patients with severe COPD, up to 50-70% have osteoporosis or osteopenia, and up to 24-30% have compression vertebral fractures. Correlates of osteoporosis in COPD are mainly measures of body composition, disease severity and the use of corticosteroids, although causality has not been proven. Systemic corticosteroids remain the most common cause of drug-related osteoporosis, and a meta-analysis concluded that the use of more than 6.25 mg prednisone daily led to decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and increased fracture risk. In contrast, the effects of the long-term use of inhaled corticosteroids on BMD remain debatable. Effects of treatment of osteoporosis have not been investigated in samples consisting of COPD patients only but the recommendations follow the general recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis. Early recognition of BMD loss is essential, and assumes close interdisciplinary cooperation between respirologists and reumatologists. Longitudinal follow-up to assess determinants of osteoporosis in COPD and randomised placebo-controlled trials on the effects of treatment of osteoporosis in patients with COPD only are warranted. In the future, novel therapeutical strategies such as monoclonal antibodies against osteoclasts activators may prove their beneficial effects in the treatment of COPD-related osteoporosis.     

COPD and bone metabolism: a clinical update

Increasing evidence indicates that COPD and osteoporosis are strongly linked. Both diseases share common risk factors like age, smoking and inactivity but the typical presence in COPD of systemic inflammation, vitamin D deficiency and the frequent use of corticosteroids catalyse ongoing bone resorption. Osteoporosis in its turn may lead to vertebral compression fractures with a consequent further decline of forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in one second. In addition, fragility fractures in disabled COPD patients may cause further immobility and increased morbidity. Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in COPD should therefore be based on population specific risk assessments which combine measures of bone mineral density and clinical factors. Unfortunately, intervention studies specifically designed for patients with COPD are currently lacking and no specific guidelines have yet been established. Hence, a rigorous application of the current treatment guidelines with respect to osteoporosis in general would already be a major step forward in the treatment of COPD.