水体中蓝绿藻分子标志物--mcyD基因的检测

目的建立一种筛选自然水体中产微囊藻毒素藻株的方法.方法应用编码微囊藻毒素合成酶mcyD基因的特异引物结合藻类保守序列16 S rRNA对所培养的纯种蓝绿藻(铜绿微囊藻FACHB 469、铜绿微囊藻PCC7806、微囊藻属FACHB 569、浮游蓝丝藻属小颤藻FACHB247、泡沫节球藻FACHB377)和采集的水样进行聚合酶链反应,观察扩增结果,并以酶联免疫吸附方法检测其微囊藻毒素浓度.结果在产微囊藻毒素(铜绿微囊藻PCC7806、微囊藻属FACHB569)的藻株和水样均可以扩增出1条约870 bp的单一条带,而不产微囊藻毒素的藻株(铜绿微囊藻FACHB469、浮游蓝丝藻属小颤藻FACHB247、泡沫节球藻FACHB377)和水样未扩增出此条带.结论以mcyD基因为微囊藻毒素分子标志物的分子生物学方法鉴定自然水体中的产微囊藻毒素和非产微囊藻毒素蓝绿藻是可行和实用的.     

微囊藻毒素的检测与污染控制技术研究进展

微囊藻毒素是富营养化的淡水水体中常见的藻类毒素,由于其毒性大,分布广,结构稳定,成为水环境中的潜在危害物质之一.随着世界各国对微囊藻毒素的重视,中国也在相关水质标准中增添了微囊藻毒素这一指标.因此,水环境中微囊藻毒素的检测与控制越来越凸显其重要性.笔者系统地介绍了近几年国内外对饮用水中微囊藻毒素的检测技术和污染控制技术的研究状况,提出开发高效、廉价的藻毒素处理技术将成为今后的一个研究方向.     

应用荧光蛋白磷酸酶抑制法检测水中微囊藻毒素

目的：以DiFMUP为底物，建立微囊藻毒素的荧光蛋白磷酸酶抑制检测法（F-PPIA）并探讨其在水体微囊藻毒素检测中的应用。方法：对太湖水华期间水样分别应用F-PPIA和HPLC方法检测微囊藻毒素含量，并进行相关性分析；应用F-PPIA方法检测南京玄武湖、莫愁湖、南湖等富营养化水体中微囊藻毒素含量，同时应用丙酮提取-分光光度法检测水体中叶绿素含量。结果：F-PPIA法对水中MC的检测范围是（0．02～0．5）μg／L。FPPIA和HPLC方法检测水样中微囊藻毒素物质的结果相关性较好（r=0．9678，P〈0．001）。南京玄武湖、莫愁湖、南湖水体中微囊藻毒素类物质分别为（6．671～14．579）、（0．096～0．166）、（0．050～0．057）μg／L，叶绿素含量分别为（51．182～183．956）、（40．946～65．513）及40．946μg／L。结论：F-PPIA法能快速、准确检测环境样本中微囊藻毒素含量，具有一定的实用价值。南京7～8月玄武湖水体的富营养化程度和微囊藻毒素类物质污染程度较莫愁湖、南湖严重。     

微囊藻毒素对鱼类毒性效应的研究进展

微囊藻毒素是由蓝藻产生的一类藻毒素.含一定浓度微囊藻毒素的水体可引起水生动物的不良反应,特别是鱼类.该文通过综述微囊藻毒素对鱼类胚胎孵化和发育的影响、对鱼类行为和生长的影响、在鱼类组织中的积累、对鱼类组织器官的影响,总结微囊藻毒素对鱼类的毒性效应.微囊藻毒素主要在鱼类肝脏中积累,还可在消化道和肌肉等组织中积累.在饥饿状...     

黄河花园口某调蓄池产毒微囊藻和微囊藻毒素污染监测

目的了解黄河花园口某调蓄池浮游藻类、蓝藻、产毒微囊藻和微囊藻毒素污染情况。方法从2005年3月～2006年1月,用2.5L有机玻璃采水器在该调蓄池共采样15次。采用血细胞计数板法计数浮游藻类细胞密度,用全细胞PCR检测产毒微囊藻的藻青蛋白基因中间序列和微囊藻毒素合成酶基因,用ELISA法检测水体微囊藻毒素浓度,并对全细胞PCR和ELISA阳性结果进行比较。结果该调蓄池浮游藻类主要是硅藻、绿藻、蓝藻和裸藻,其他藻类较少;优势藻门有随季节变化逐渐演替的规律,总藻细胞密度和蓝藻细胞密度夏秋季较高。藻青蛋白基因中间序列和微囊藻毒素合成酶基因从2005年7月至11月PCR检测结果阳性;微囊藻毒素从6月份开始检出,其变化范围在0～0.251μg/L之间,夏季最高;全细胞PCR与ELISA的阳性结果没有差异。结论黄河花园口某调蓄池有产毒微囊藻和微囊藻毒素污染,全细胞PCR可以用于自然水体中产毒微囊藻的快速检测。     

微囊藻毒素及其毒性研究进展

微囊藻毒素是富营养化淡水水体中最常见的藻类毒素,它是一类具有多种异构体的环状多肽物质。由于其毒性大、分布广,从而成为水环境中的重要潜在危害物质。作者总结了微囊藻毒素的分子结构、理化性质及污染现状,并综述了有关其毒性及作用机理的国内外最新研究进展。     

微囊藻 毒素的污染现状，毒性机理和检测方法

1　引言藻类植物在自然界中分布广泛 ,生态习性多种多样。蓝藻(亦称蓝绿藻 )是一种普遍存在于自然水体中的一类有色素、营自养生活的浮游藻类。近年来由于人类生产、生活过程中大量工业废水、生活污水排放 ,使得水体急剧富营养化 ,每年夏秋季节在一些淡水湖泊、河流中常可见到大规模的水华现象 ,水质感观性状恶化 ,严重影响居民生活和经济发展。蓝藻是目前已知产生毒素最多、对人类健康造成的危害最大的藻类。微囊藻毒素 (ｍｉｃｒｏｃｙｓｔｉｎｓ ,ＭＣｓ)就是由蓝藻门中铜绿微囊藻、水华鱼腥藻、颤藻、念珠藻、束丝藻等产生的一类肝脏毒…     

微囊藻毒素遗传毒性研究进展

微囊藻毒素是淡水水体污染物中对人体健康威胁最大的一种细胞内毒素,主要表现为肝毒性[1],长期接触可损害细胞遗传物质。目前主要用微核试验、Ames试验、彗星试验等体内外试验检测其遗传毒性。作者综述了微囊藻毒素遗传毒性研究的试验方法、检测终点,并对其可能机制进行了初步的探讨。     

水体中微囊藻毒素和节球藻毒素的UPLC-MS~n分析方法研究

[目的]针对水体中3种代表性的微囊藻毒素（microcystin-RR,MC-RR;microcystin-YR,MC-YR;microcystin-LR,MC-LR）和节球藻毒素（nodularin,NOD）,建立一种快速、准确、可靠的痕量分析方法。[方法]样品经C18固相萃取柱净化富集后,采用超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联三重四级杆质谱法（ultra performance liquid chromatography/tande mmass spectrometry,UPLC-MS/MS）,在多反应监测（Multi reaction monitoring,MRM）模式下进行检测,采用基质匹配标准曲线法消除基质效应。[结果]该方法加标回收率为95.7%~115.0%,精密度（RSD）范围为2.43%~6.04%,检测限可达0.05~0.20ng/L。将该方法应用于实际水样分析,水体中3种微囊藻毒素和节球藻毒素含量低于检测限。[结论]建立了水体中3种痕量微囊藻毒素和节球藻毒素的UPLC-MS/MS分析方法,该方法可用于实际水样的检测。     

用血凝法检出淡水中的蓝藻毒素

在世界许多地区的淡水水域中,某些藻类可引起人、畜和水禽中毒,特别是藻花中的水华鱼腥藻(Anabaena flosaguae)和铜锈微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)能产生小分子肽的致病毒素。此类毒素类似植物凝血素(Lectin),可以与人和动物的红细胞发生凝集反应。本实验根据此原理来定性检测自然淡水水体中此等藻类毒素存在与否。动物实验表明,这类小分子肽毒素主要引起肝中毒。并已知道不同的水华鱼腥藻菌株可产生鱼腥藻毒素(Anatoxin)a、-a(s)、b、-b(s)、-c和d六种毒素;铜锈微囊藻可产生一种微囊藻毒素(Microcystin)。检测的步骤是:采集、分离、浓集野外藻     

对抗微囊藻毒素毒性的化学保护剂研究进展

微囊藻毒素(MCs)是由蓝绿藻类产生的一种强烈的环状七肽肝毒素。其对水体的污染已成为全球关注的问题。面对MCs引起的健康危害和潜在的经济损失,研究有效对抗MCs的化学保护剂具有重要的现实意义。该文就国内外对抗MCs毒性的相关化学保护剂(水飞蓟素、姜黄素、绿茶多酚、环孢素A、利福平和微量元素补充剂)等的研究进展进行综述。     

Spatial and temporal variations of microcystins in hepatopancreas of a freshwater snail from Lake Taihu

In this paper, spatial and temporal variations of three common microcystins (MC-RR, MC-YR, and MC-LR) in the hepatopancreas of a freshwater snail (Bellamya aeruginosa) were studied monthly in two bays of Lake Taihu. Microcystins (MCs) concentration in hepatopancreas was quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The MCs concentrations in hepatopancreas were higher at Site 1 than those at other sites, which was in agreement with the changes of intracellular MCs concentrations in the water column. There was a significant correlation between MCs concentrations in the hepatopancreas and that in the seston, suggesting that spatial variances of MCs concentrations in hepatopancreas among the five sites were due to spatial changes of toxic Microcystis cells in the water column. PCCA indicates that in addition to Microcystis, other factors (e.g., water temperature) also substantially affected the accumulation of MCs in hepatopancreas of the snail.     

Necessity of Screening Water Chestnuts for Microcystins After Cyanobacterial Blooms Break Out

Water chestnut is one of the most popular vegetables in Asian countries that grows in shallow water. Eighteen water chestnut samples were collected from Lake Tai and six samples were bought at markets in Wuxi, China, in October 2007. Extraction solution of water chestnut was cleaned up with a solid phase extraction column and immunoaffinity chromatography cartridges, then the microcystin (MC) level was detected by indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The results of ELISA showed that there were six samples collected from Lake Tai which contained MCs; the highest level of total MCs was 7.02 ng/g. The results of LC-MS confirmed that MC-LR and MC-RR were present in five samples. The highest level of MC-LR was 1.02 ng/g and that of MC-RR was 4.44 ng/g. Heavy cyanobacterial blooms had occurred, and MCs were detected in water at the points in Lake Tai where MCs occurred in water chestnuts collected in 2007. MCs were not detected in the six samples bought at Wuxi markets. The results suggest that MCs can accumulate in water chestnuts, which is a potential hazard for human health.     

微囊藻毒素污染及其促肝癌作用研究进展

淡水水体的富营养化导致了蓝藻水华的普遍发生,微囊藻毒素是由蓝藻的部分藻属产生的环肽化合物,具有毒性大、分布广、结构稳定等特性,从而成为水环境中的重要潜在危害物质。微囊藻毒素已被证明具有明显的肝毒性,是肝肿瘤的促进剂之一。本文就微囊藻毒素的污染现状、肝毒性作用及其促肝癌机制等方面的研究进展进行了综述。     

江南某城市饮用水中微囊藻毒素调查及初步健康风险评价

[目的]调查江南某城市饮用水中微囊藻毒素[MCs（MC．LR、MC-RR、MC-YR）]浓度,并进行初步健康风险评估。[方法]2010年6月一2011年5月,按月采集各城区饮用水样品,经Cts固相萃取柱净化富集后,采用超高效液相色谱一电喷雾三重四级杆串联质谱对3种典型的MCs进行定量分析,并应用水环境健康风险评价模型对监测结果进行初步评价。[结果]从季节性变化看,MCs全年均有检出,浓度在ND～16．3ng／L,以MC-LR为主,其中8月达最高值;部分城区饮用水中多个月份中的MC．LR浓度超过10．0ng／L;由于供水差异,各区浓度差异较大,浓度最低的城区年平均值为0．2n班,最高者年平均值为6．7ng／L。个人年健康风险值范围为（0．15×10-6^（-5）．62×10^（-6）／a。各城区饮用水中MCs所导致的健康风险低于国际辐射防护委员会（ICRP）和美国环境保护署（USEPA）的推荐值[（5×10^（-5））／a和（1x10^（-4）／a]。[结论]供水水质不均衡,饮用水中藻毒素浓度差异较大,大部分城区中饮用水存在一定的健康风险。     

Effects of microcystins on fish

Microcystins (MCs) are hepatotoxic heptapeptides released into water during or on senescence of cyanobacterial blooms. This review details the different effects of the MCs on fish and discusses their potential consequences in aquatic food webs. In early life stages, exposure to MCs causes, in a dose-dependent manner, perturbations to embryonic hatching, decrease in survival and growth rate, as well as histopathological effects (enlarged and opaque yolk sac, small head, curved body and tail, hepatobiliary abnormalities, ultrastructural alterations in hepatocytes, heart rate perturbations). In adults and juveniles, field and experimental studies demonstrated that after ingestion MCs accumulate mainly in liver but can also be found in muscle and viscera. Microcystin exposure has been shown to affect growth rate and osmoregulation, increase liver enzyme activities in the serum and heart rate, modify behavior, and exert histopathological effects in the liver, intestine, kidneys, heart, spleen, or gills, but the degree to which these effects were seen depends on the exposure route. The detoxication pathway of MCs in fish begins with a conjugation reaction to glutathione catalyzed by glutathione S-transferases, and this is comparable to the reaction demonstrated in other organisms, from plants to mammals. It appears that MC concentrations found in nature can potently affect several trophic levels in the aquatic ecosystems, in particular by inducing failure of sensitive stages (e.g., fish fry) to develop and accumulating in the food chains. The need of further quantitative studies on the sublethal effects, accumulation, and fate of MCs in aquatic food chains still remains.     

双柱定性气相色谱电子捕获检测器测定上海市饮用水中微量碘化物

目的 对目前国家生活饮用水标准检验方法中气相色谱测定碘化物的色谱条件、定性定量方法等进行改进和优化,并以该法测定上海市饮用水中碘化物含量.方法 先以气相色谱与质谱联用鉴定衍生化产物碘丁酮,再用双毛细管柱配合电子捕获检测器对碘丁酮进行定性定量分析,最后分别采集上海市以长江、黄浦江及其内河为水源的3家水厂原水和出厂水各100 ml测定水样中碘化物水平.结果 经质谱鉴定发现碘化物衍生化后生成碘丁酮存在2个同分异构体,即1-碘-2-丁酮和3-碘-2-丁酮.采用双毛细管柱定性分析显示,碘丁酮分离度好,整个色谱分离时间为19.33 min.选择响应值较高的3-碘-2-丁酮进行定量检测,方法线性范围为1～100μg/L,确定系数r2=0.9997;方法检出限为13 ng/L;样品加标回收率为97.68%～104.37%,相对标准偏差为2.14%～4.41%.该方法测定3家上海市不同水源水厂的原水和出厂水中碘化物含量结果发现,原水中碘化物浓度以黄浦江最高(15.14μg/L),内河次之(6.97 μg/L),长江最低(3.55μg/L);除水厂2出厂水中碘化物浓度下降外(水厂2原水中碘化物浓度为15.14 μg/L,出厂水中为1.81μg/L),水厂1和3均呈略微上升(水厂1和3原水中碘化物浓度分别为3.55、6.97 μg/L,出厂水中分别为5.92、9.62μg/L).所有水样经平行双样测定的相对偏差均≤9.73%.结论 改进后的方法灵敏度更高、定性定量更准确,适用于水中微量碘化物的分析.     

ATP生物荧光检测法快速检测水细菌污染的评价

目的:探讨ATP生物荧光检测法用于水质污染检测的可行性,为水质监测的快速检测提供科学依据。方法:同时对珠江水样和大肠杆菌悬溶液进行ATP生物荧光检测和国家标准法(琼脂平板计数法),并将结果进行比较。结果:ATP生物荧光检测法得出的RLU(relative light unit,相对光单位)数值越高,其对应的活菌总数越多,ATP生物荧光检测法与国家标准法具有相关性。结论:ATP生物荧光检测法可应用于现场水质监测快速检测和污染程度评估。     

Distribution of toxins in various tissues of crucian carp intraperitoneally injected with hepatotoxic microcystins

An acute toxicity experiment was conducted to examine the distribution and depuration of microcystins (MCs) in crucian carp (Carassius aurutus) tissues. Fish were injected intraperitoneally with extracted MCs at a dose of 200 microg MC-LR (where L=leucine and R=arginine) equivalent/kg body weight. Microcystin concentrations in various tissues and aquaria water were analyzed at 1, 3, 12, 24, and 48 h postinjection using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Microcystins were detected mainly in blood (3.99% of injected dose at 1 h), liver (1.60% at 1 h), gonad (1.49% at 3 h), and kidney (0.14% at 48 h). Other tissues, such as the heart, gill, gallbladder, intestine, spleen, brain, and muscle, contained less than 0.1% of the injected MCs. The highest concentration of MCs was found in blood (526-3,753 ng/g dry wt), followed by liver (103-1,656 ng/g dry wt) and kidney (279-1,592 ng/g dry wt). No MC-LR was detectable in intestine, spleen, kidney, brain, and muscle, whereas MC-RR was found in all examined fish tissues, which might result from organ specificity of different MCs. Clearance of MC-RR in brain tissue was slow. In kidney, the MC-RR content was negatively correlated with that in blood, suggesting that blood was important in the transportation of MC-RR to kidney for excretion.     

庄河市2010年农村生活饮用水水质卫生调查分析

目的:了解庄河市农村居民生活饮用水水质卫生状况,为保证农村居民生活饮用水水质卫生提供科学依据。方法:按照《生活饮用水标准检验方法》(GB/T5750-2006)和《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB/T5749-2006)进行检验和评价,对全市农村集中式供水进行卫生质量的调查与分析。结果:共检测分析水样60份,检测20项指标,其中合格43份,不合格为17份,合格率为71.67%。结论:庄河市农村集中式供水的水质卫生状况亟待改善,建议有关部门加强监督管理,提高质量。