双相障碍不同首选用药间处方方式、不良反应、经济负担、依从性比较

目的比较首选心境稳定剂和首选抗精神病药治疗的双相障碍患者处方方式、不良反应、经济负担及药物治疗依从性等。方法对河北省11个地市39家精神卫生机构中接受心境稳定剂或抗精神病药治疗的240例双相障碍患者,采用自制调查问卷、临床总体印象病情严重程度量表(clinical global impressions scale-severity of illness,CGI-SI)、不良反应量表(treatment emergent symptom scale,TESS)、药物依从性评定量表(medication adherence rating scale,MARS)进行社会人口学、疾病临床特征、处方方式(联合用药情况)、精神类药物花费、不良反应及治疗依从性等方面的调查。结果首选抗精神病药治疗者(抗精神病药组)152例(63.3%),首选心境稳定剂治疗者(心境稳定剂组)88例(36.7%)。抗精神病药组与心境稳定剂组相比,住院患者构成比(90.1%vs.76.1%)、伴有精神病性症状患者构成比(27.0%vs.11.4%)、不良反应发生率(46.1%vs.31.8%)、精神类药物日花费(中位数12.00元vs.8.37元)和总花费(中位数344.61元vs.144.64元)均较高(P0.05)。但两组间药物处方方式、不良反应严重程度、MARS总分无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论河北省双相障碍患者以首选抗精神病药治疗为主,但首选抗精神病药并未减少之后的联合用药,且不良反应发生率及药物经济负担均明显高于首选心境稳定剂治疗者,所以心境稳定剂仍应作为双相障碍主要首选用药。     

2006年我国十省市抗精神病药联合用药情况调查及其影响因素分析

目的 调查2006年我国10个省市精神分裂症患者抗精神病药联合用药的现状,并初步研究其影响因素.方法 按人均国民生产总值,将各省分为5个经济发展等级,以一定的抽样比例,选择10个省市的41所精神病专科医院或综合医院精神科的5898例精神分裂症住院患者和门诊患者,于2006年5月22-28日使用自制调查问卷进行抗精神病药治疗现况调查.结果 (1)4306例(73.0％)患者单独使用1种抗精神病药,其中74例(1.2％)单独使用长效抗精神病药,1237例(21.0％)患者单独使用第1代抗精神病药,2995例(50.8％)患者单独使用第2代抗精神病药,1541例(26.1％)患者联合使用≥2种抗精神病药.联合用药患者中,291例(4.9％)联用长效抗精神病药与非长效抗精神病药,1250例(21.2％)联用≥2种非长效抗精神病药,其中159例(2.7％)联用≥2种第1代非长效抗精神病药,741例(12.6％)联用第1代与第2代抗精神病药,350例(5.9％)联用≥2种第2代抗精神病药.(2)联合用药组震颤、静坐不能、嗜睡、便秘、流涎、口干、体位性低血压、体质量改变、肝功能变化等不良反应的发生比例显著高于单一用药组(P＜0.05).(3)Logistic回归分析结果显示,门诊或住院治疗、所在地区、年龄、病程(总病程和本次病程)、就诊次数、阴性症状、情感症状、思维奔逸、言语活动增多、攻击以及疾病的严重程度可能为使用联合用药方式的影响因素(P＜0.01).结论 当前我国精神分裂症患者使用抗精神病药以单一用药为主,联合用药方式发生不良反应的风险更高,应当掌握联合用药的适应证;联合用药方式受到多种因素的影响.     

长期住院治疗的精神分裂症患者代谢综合征风险研究

目的调查长期服用抗精神病药的精神分裂症患者在糖脂代谢相关变量的情况及相关风险的评估,以便为进一步研究抗精神病药与代谢综合征发生的因果关系提供初步的调查线索。方法以上海市精神卫生中心住院诊断为精神分裂症且持续服用治疗剂量抗精神病药至少6个月以上而以往无代谢障碍的患者为调查对象,在6个病房中进行筛选,符合条件共170人,调查包括人口学资料(身高,体重,腰围,用药时间,糖尿病家族史)、最近一月的血脂水平(HDL,TG)、空腹血糖和血压等情况。结果精神分裂症患者中男性较女性更易罹患代谢综合征(P<0.01);精神分裂症患者中的吸烟者较不吸烟者更易罹患代谢综合征(P<0.05);而药物之间的比较并无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论经典和非典型抗精神病药可能会引起代谢综合征或加重其发生的风险。     

抗精神病药致首发精神疾病QTc 间期变化的相关 因素分析

目的 调查抗精神病药致首发精神疾病QTc间期延长的影响因素.方法 对服用稳定剂量抗精神病药治疗1月的309例首发精神疾病患者进行回顾性调查,收集人口学资料、空腹血糖、血压、血脂等生化指标、心电图资料,以QTc≥440ms作为QTc间期延长的标准,分析QTc间期延长的状况及其相关因素.结果 QTc间期延长的发生率为10.6%.药物治疗组QTc间期均值大于基线期,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);药物联合电休克治疗组以及药物联合脑电治疗组QTc间期与基线期相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).单一抗精神病药治疗组QTc间期与基线期差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);而抗精神病药联用以及抗精神病药联用抗抑郁药/心境稳定剂组QTc间期均值大于基线期,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).抗精神病药等效氯丙嗪剂量<1000mg/d组别QTc间期与基线期相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).抗精神病药剂量与QTc间期没有相关性.女性是QTc间期延长的风险因素(OR=3.26,95%CI=1.050~10.094),其他因素未进入回归方程.结论 首发精神疾病患者抗精神病药治疗期间QTc间期延长存在性别差异,女性发生QTc间期延长的风险是男性的3.26倍.药物联用延长的QTc间期并未达到异常值.抗精神病药剂量与QTc间期没有相关性.除了性别因素外,其他指标不是QTc间期延长的风险因素.     

精神分裂症患者伴发代谢综合征的患病率调查

目的调查国内精神分裂症患者中代谢综合征的患病率及分析可能的相关影响因素。方法对住院的精神分裂症患者进行问卷调查和实验室测定，代谢综合征的诊断标准采用2004年中华医学会糖尿病分会代谢综合征标准。结果符合入组条件者共完成602例。精神分裂症患者中代谢综合征患病率为35．5％。与代谢综合征患病风险相关的危险因素包括年龄、性别、抗精神病药物种类及精神分裂症的病程（P〈0．05）。Logistic回归分析结果显示，女性精神分裂症患者罹患代谢综合征的相对危险度明显高于男性。年龄的相对危险度为12．27（95％CI2．238-32．557）。抗精神病药物种类与代谢综合征的患病风险有关（P=0．047〈0．05）。结论与普通人群相比，精神分裂症患者具有较高的代谢综合征发病风险，可能的危险因素包括女性、高龄、病程长及服用氯氮平药物等。     

非典型抗精神病药相关代谢综合征随访研究

目的探索使用非典型抗精神病药的精神分裂症患者中代谢综合症的发生率及相关因素。方法随访调查单一使用抗精神病药的精神分裂症住院患者123例,按用药不同分为研究组（非典型抗精神病药）78例和对照组（氯丙嗪）45例。在基线及入组后1、3、6、12月测量体重、血压、血糖、血脂等。结果研究组超重比例（34%）低于对照组（62%）,差异有显著性（Х^2=5.14,P=0.02）;两组代谢综合征发生率分别为35.19%和37.14%,差异无显著性,较基线差异亦无显著性。两组低HDL血症发生率较基线均有显著增加（Х^2=6.13,P=0.01,Х^2=10.37,P〈0.01）。随用药时间增加总胆固醇逐渐升高,高密度脂蛋白逐渐降低,差异有显著性（F=14.77,P〈0.01;F=3.26,P=0.01）。基线餐后2h血糖异常、性别进入Logistic回归方程,方程有效性达69.9%,经卡方检验有显著性（Х^2=9.90,P=0.01）。结论非典型抗精神病药引起代谢综合征发生率高,血脂异常与用药时间有关。基线餐后2h血糖异常、男性可能是预测因素。     

住院双相障碍与精神分裂症患者代谢相关障碍的对照研究

目的 了解双相障碍住院患者的肥胖与代谢相关障碍,并与精神分裂症住院患者作一比较.方法 对上海市精神卫生中心分部2008年7月住院期间的双相障碍患者作调查,测定其身高、体重及各代谢指标,用世界糖尿病联盟全球统一标准(IDF)定义代谢综合征及中心性肥胖.随机选取同期住院的两个病房的精神分裂症患者作为比较.结果 共入组双相障碍患者30例,精神分裂症160例.代谢综合征的患病率均较高,肥胖与代谢相关指标如血压、血糖、血脂方面,双相障碍患者与精神分裂症患者的患病率均无统计学差异(P>0.05).二组的超重、高甘油三酯、低HDL及中心性肥胖的比例均明显增高(P>0.05).结论 在住院的双相障碍及精神分裂症患者中同样存在较多代谢相关障碍,需要政策层面的关注.     

2006年我国十省市双相障碍患者药物使用的横断面调查

目的 调查2006年我国10省市双相障碍患者药物治疗现况.方法 根据经济发展水平,按照方便取样原则,在我国10省市41所精神疾病专科医院或综合医院精神科,选择760例年龄16～65岁,符合国际疾病分类第10版精神和行为障碍分类双相情感障碍诊断标准,接受精神药物治疗的双相障碍门诊和住院患者,于2006年5月22-28日使用自制修订的调查问卷调查双相障碍患者药物治疗的处方方式.结果 (1)760例患者中,门诊患者为329例(43.3％);住院患者为431例(56.7％);男436例(57.4％),女318例(41.8％),缺失6例(0.8％)数据.(2) ＞2/3的患者表现为情感高涨(481例,63.3％)、活动增多(513例,67.5％)及思维奔逸(436例,57.4％),162例(21.3％)患者以抑郁表现为主,60例(7.9％)患者伴有精神病性症状,48例(6.3％)患者有自杀观念或行为.住院患者处于急性治疗期、伴精神病性症状的患者比例显著高于门诊患者,并且功能损害更严重.(3)671例(88.3％)患者接受心境稳定剂治疗,主要是碳酸锂和丙戊酸盐;593例(78.0％)患者接受了抗精神病药治疗,按照使用频率高低前5种药物分别是:氯氮平、利培酮、氯丙嗪、奎硫平和氟哌啶醇;142例(18.7％)患者接受了抗抑郁药治疗,其中78例(63.4％)选择新型抗抑郁药选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂.(4)住院患者使用抗精神病药的比例明显高于门诊患者(87.0％vs 66.3％,x2=46.835,P=0.000),门诊患者接受抗抑郁药治疗的比例显著高于住院患者(22.5％ vs 15.8％,x2=5.538,P=0.019).(5)606例(79.8％)的患者联合2种或3种药物治疗,主要治疗方案是心境稳定剂联合抗精神病药,双相抑郁发作以心境稳定剂联合抗抑郁药治疗为主.(6)患者对治疗药物(抗精神病药、心境稳定剂或抗抑郁药)的选择受不同临床症状的影响(P＜0.05).结论 临床实践中,双相障碍以联合治疗为主,心境稳定剂联合抗精神病药及联合抗抑郁药分别是双相躁狂和双相抑郁患者的主要治疗方案,治疗药物选择主要受患者临床症状的影响.     

关于《CCMD-3》的4点意见

根据我们的临床实践经验 ,现对中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准第 3版 (CCMD 3)提出以下几点意见 :1　心境障碍中的双相障碍应放于抑郁发作的后面 ,即双相障碍的编码应为 32 ,抑郁发作的编码应为 31。原因 :先分别介绍躁狂发作及抑郁发作 ,然后再介绍双相障碍。2　分裂样精神病应归入分裂症中去原因 :①诊断标准 :分裂样精神病的诊断标准与分裂症基本相同 ,唯病程不足 1个月 ;②用药时间 :分裂样精神病的病人在服药种类及时间上与分裂症相对一致 ,需较长时间应用抗精神病药维持 ;而短暂性精神病则不需要长期用药 ,如旅途精神病则不需长期用药 …     

精神分裂症住院患者使用抗精神病药现状

目的：调查精神分裂症住院患者抗精神病药使用现状。方法：样本采取整群入组，横断面调查方法．符合国际疾病分类第10版精神分裂症诊断标准的患者，共503例，调查其用药情况。结果：临床药物治疗以单一用药为主(占90．9％)，氯氮平使用比例较高(占30．2％)；首次发病及病程短于5年的患者使用新型抗精神病药相对较多(分别为20．7％及31．5％)。结论：传统抗精神病药物仍为目前的主流治疗药，使用新型抗精神病药所占比例远低于发达国家。临床医生在选择氯氮平时，对躯体情况缺乏关注。     

Atypical antipsychotics as "mood stabilizers": a retrospective chart review

BACKGROUND: Introduction and common usage of atypical antipsychotics in maintenance therapy for bipolar disorders is an innovative perspective. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of atypical antipsychotics (AA) used either as monotherapy or in combination with a mood stabilizer (MS) in the maintenance treatment. METHOD: 55 patients treated with AA either alone or in combination with a MS for bipolar I disorder which were followed up for 6 months were retrospectively evaluated. Clinical status was evaluated with Bech Rafaelsen Mania Rating Scale (BRMRS), 24-item Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) and Clinical Global Impressions Scale (CGI). RESULTS: Having similar demographic and clinical backgrounds, patients on with both treatment groups had significant clinical improvement. During the maintenance phase, numbers of total attacks were not significantly different between the two treatment groups. CONCLUSION: Our naturalistic, controlled retrospective observations suggest the potential use of atypical antipsychotics in the long-term management of bipolar I disorder. Larger and prospective studies are needed to determine the role of atypical antipsychotics more clearly in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study comparing MS+AA with only AA treatment regimen.     

Deficits in inferior frontal cortex activation in euthymic bipolar disorder patients during a response inhibition task

Townsend JD, Bookheimer SY, Foland‐Ross LC, Moody TD, Eisenberger NI, Fischer JS, Cohen MS, Sugar CA, Altshuler LL. Deficits in inferior frontal cortex activation in euthymic bipolar disorder patients during a response inhibition task.
Bipolar Disord 2012: 14: 442–450. © 2012 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Objectives: The inferior frontal cortical–striatal network plays an integral role in response inhibition in normal populations. While inferior frontal cortex (IFC) impairment has been reported in mania, this study explored whether this dysfunction persists in euthymia. Methods: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activation was evaluated in 32 euthymic patients with bipolar I disorder and 30 healthy subjects while performing the Go/NoGo response inhibition task. Behavioral data were collected to evaluate accuracy and response time. Within‐group and between‐group comparisons of activation were conducted using whole‐brain analyses to probe significant group differences in neural function. Results: Both groups activated bilateral IFC. However, between‐group comparisons showed a significantly reduced activation in this brain region in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder compared to healthy subjects. Other frontal and basal ganglia regions involved in response inhibition were additionally significantly reduced in bipolar disorder patients, in both the medicated and the unmedicated subgroups. No areas of greater activation were observed in bipolar disorder patients versus healthy subjects. Conclusions: Bipolar disorder patients, even during euthymia, have a persistent reduction in activation of brain regions involved in response inhibition, suggesting that reduced activation in the orbitofrontal cortex and striatum is not solely related to the state of mania. These findings may represent underlying trait abnormalities in bipolar disorder.     

Bipolar Disorder and Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review

ObjectiveSummarize data on metabolic syndrome (MS) in bipolar disorder (BD).MethodsA systematic review of the literature was conducted using the Medline, Embase and PsycInfo databases, using the keywords “metabolic syndrome”, “insulin resistance” and “metabolic X syndrome” and cross-referencing them with “bipolar disorder” or “mania”. The following types of publications were candidates for review: (i) clinical trials, (ii) studies involving patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder or (iii) data about metabolic syndrome. A 5-point quality scale was used to assess the methodological weight of the studies.ResultsThirty-nine articles were selected. None of studies reached the maximum quality score of 5 points. The prevalence of MS was significantly higher in BD individuals when compared to a control group. The analysis of MS subcomponents showed that abdominal obesity was heterogeneous. Individuals with BD had significantly higher rates of hypertriglyceridemia than healthy controls. When compared to the general population, there were no significant differences in the prevalence of low HDL-c in individuals with BD. Data on hypertension were also inconclusive. Rates of hyperglycemia were significantly greater in patients with BD compared to the general population.ConclusionsThe overall results point to the presence of an association between BD and MS, as well as between their subcomponents.     

Sustained unemployment in psychiatric outpatients with bipolar depression compared to major depressive disorder with comorbid borderline personality disorder

Zimmerman M, Martinez JH, Young D, Chelminski I, Dalrymple K. Sustained unemployment in psychiatric outpatients with bipolar depression compared to major depressive disorder with comorbid borderline personality disorder. Bipolar Disord 2012: 14: 856–862. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Objectives: The morbidity associated with bipolar disorder is, in part, responsible for repeated calls for improved detection and recognition. No such clinical commentary exists for improved detection of borderline personality disorder in depressed patients. Clinical experience suggests that borderline personality disorder is as disabling as bipolar disorder; however, no studies have directly compared the two disorders. For this reason we undertook the current analysis from the Rhode Island Methods to Improve Diagnostic Assessment and Services (MIDAS) project comparing unemployment and disability rates in patients with bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder. Methods: Patients were interviewed with semi‐structured interviews. We compared three non‐overlapping groups of depressed patients: (i) 181 patients with DSM–IV major depressive disorder and borderline personality disorder, (ii) 1068 patients with major depressive disorder without borderline personality disorder, and (iii) 84 patients with bipolar depression without borderline personality disorder. Results: Compared to depressed patients without borderline personality disorder, depressed patients with borderline personality disorder were significantly more likely to have been persistently unemployed. A similar difference was found between patients with bipolar depression and major depressive disorder without borderline personality disorder. No differences were found between patients with bipolar depression and depression with borderline personality disorder. Conclusions: Both bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder were associated with impaired occupational functioning and thus carry a significant public health burden. Efforts to improve detection of borderline personality disorder in depressed patients might be as important as the recognition of bipolar disorder.     

Medical burden in late-life bipolar and major depressive disorders.

BACKGROUND: Elderly patients with bipolar disorder have been found to have higher mortality than those with major depressive disorder. The authors compare medical burden in elderly patients with bipolar disorder with that in those with major depressive disorder. METHODS: Fifty-four patients with bipolar I or II disorder who were 60 years of age and older were equated 1-to-2 to 108 patients with nonpsychotic, major depressive disorder according to age, sex, race, and lifetime duration of mood disorder illness. Variables examined included the following: Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics (CIRS-G) total scores, body mass index (BMI), and CIRS-G subscale scores. RESULTS: Compared with patients with major depressive disorder, patients with bipolar disorder had similar levels of general medical comorbidity on the CIRS-G total score and number of systems affected but higher BMI. After controlling for multiple comparisons, the endocrine/metabolic and respiratory subscale scores on the CIRS-G were higher for patients with bipolar disorder. CONCLUSION: Although overall medical burden appears comparable in elderly patients with bipolar and those with major depressive disorder, patients with bipolar disorder have higher BMI and greater burden of endocrine/metabolic and respiratory disease.     

Health service use among persons with comorbid bipolar and substance use disorders

OBJECTIVE: This study tested the hypothesis that patients with comorbid bipolar and substance use disorders use health services to a greater extent than patients with either bipolar or substance use disorder alone. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted among patients who used health services at the Ralph H. Johnson Department of Veterans Affairs medical center in Charleston, South Carolina, and had bipolar disorder alone, substance use disorder alone, and comorbid bipolar and substance use disorders. Patients with a psychiatric admission between 1999 and 2003 were included in the study. Information was collected on the use of health services one year before and including the index admission. RESULTS: The records of 106 eligible patients were examined for this study: 18 had bipolar disorder alone, 39 had substance use disorder alone, and 49 had both bipolar and substance use disorders. Compared with the other two groups, the group with comorbid bipolar and substance use disorders was significantly more likely to be suicidal. Compared with the group with bipolar disorder alone, the group with comorbid disorders had significantly fewer outpatient psychiatric visits and tended to have shorter psychiatric hospitalizations. Among patients with an alcohol use disorder, those who also had bipolar disorder were significantly less likely than those with an alcohol use disorder alone to have had an alcohol-related seizure. Patients with comorbid bipolar and substance use disorders were significantly less likely than those with substance use disorder alone to be referred for intensive substance abuse treatment, even though both groups were equally likely to enter and complete treatment when they were referred. CONCLUSIONS: Despite significant functional impairment among patients with comorbid bipolar and substance use disorders, they had significantly fewer psychiatric outpatient visits than those with bipolar disorder alone and were referred for intensive substance abuse treatment significantly less often than those with substance use disorder alone.     

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of bipolar disorder versus intermittent explosive disorder in children and adolescents

OBJECTIVE: The diagnosis of bipolar disorder in juveniles is controversial. This study was designed to compare proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) in patients with bipolar disorder or intermittent explosive disorder, two groups with symptomatic overlap but categorical distinction. Children with intermittent explosive disorder designate patients whose illness clinically resembles pediatric bipolar disorder but does not satisfy DSM-IV criteria for mania. Based on the authors' previous report of higher levels of (1)H MRS cingulate myo-inositol/creatine in youngsters with bipolar disorder than in normal comparison subjects, they hypothesized that patients with bipolar disorder would have higher cingulate myo-inositol/creatine-phosphocreatine measurements than patients with intermittent explosive disorder and normal comparison subjects. METHOD: Myo-inositol levels were measured with a 2x2x2 cm(3) voxel placed in the anterior cingulate for acquisition of (1)H MRS in 10 patients with bipolar disorder, 10 patients with intermittent explosive disorder, and 13 normal comparison subjects. N-Acetylaspartate, choline moieties, creatine-phosphocreatine, and glutamate-glutamine metabolite levels were also measured. RESULTS: The patients with bipolar disorder showed significantly higher anterior cingulate myo-inositol/creatine-phosphocreatine and myo-inositol (mmol/liter) levels than the patients with intermittent explosive disorder and the normal comparison subjects. No significant differences were found across groups for myo-inositol or other metabolites in the occipital cortex. CONCLUSIONS: These data provide evidence that differences in the concentration of myo-inositol (mmol/liter) in the anterior cingulate cortex in (1)H MRS may differentiate these two populations. Follow-up studies involving larger samples may conclusively estimate the biological specificity between pediatric bipolar disorder and other disorders, which overlap clinically.     

Cross-diagnostic comparison of duration mismatch negativity and P3a in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia

Jahshan C, Wynn JK, Mathis KI, Altshuler LL, Glahn DC, Green MF. Cross‐diagnostic comparison of duration mismatch negativity and P3a in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.
Bipolar Disord 2012: 14: 239–248. © 2012 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Objectives: Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia share common pathophysiological processes and may have similar perceptual abnormalities. Mismatch negativity (MMN) and P3a – event‐related potentials associated with auditory preattentional processing – have been extensively studied in schizophrenia, but rarely in bipolar disorder. Furthermore, MMN and P3a have not been examined between diagnostic subgroups of patients with bipolar disorder. We evaluated MMN and P3a in patients with bipolar disorder compared to patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. Methods: MMN and P3a were assessed in 52 bipolar disorder patients, 30 schizophrenia patients, and 27 healthy control subjects during a duration‐deviant auditory oddball paradigm. Results: Significant MMN and P3a amplitude reductions were present in patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia relative to controls. The MMN reduction was more prominent in patients with schizophrenia than bipolar disorder, at a trend level. P3a did not differ significantly between patient groups. There were no MMN or P3a differences between patients with bipolar I (n = 34) and bipolar II (n = 18) disorder. Patients with bipolar I disorder failed to show lateralized MMN, in contrast to the other groups. No MMN or P3a differences were found between patients with bipolar disorder taking (n = 12) and not taking (n = 40) lithium, as well as between those taking (n = 30) and not taking (n = 22) antipsychotic medications. Conclusions: Patients with bipolar disorder showed deficits in preattentive auditory processing, including MMN deficits that are less severe and P3a deficits that are slightly more pronounced, than those seen in schizophrenia.     

拉莫三嗪治疗双相心境障碍对照研究

目的：探讨拉莫三嗪治疗双相情感障碍的疗效与安全性。方法：双相心境障碍患者135例，其中双相抑郁78例，躁狂57例。将患者随机分为3组，每组抑郁相26例，躁狂相19例。疗程32周。前8周为急性期治疗阶段，对照组抑郁相只服选择性5-羟色胺回收抑制剂（SSRI）类抗抑郁剂，躁狂相只服利培酮；拉莫三嗪组在对照组用药的基础上加服拉莫三嗪；碳酸锂组在对照组用药的基础上加服碳酸锂。后24周为巩固治疗阶段，所有患者随机分为两组，只服拉莫三嗪或碳酸锂。采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、Young躁狂评定量表（YMRS）、治疗中出现的症状量表（TESS）评定疗效及安全性。结果：急性期治疗结束后，无论躁狂相还是抑郁相，拉莫三嗪组和碳酸锂组的临床疗效显著高于对照组（P〈0．01或〈0．05）。巩固治疗阶段两组相比，拉莫三嗪的抗抑郁作用较好，碳酸锂的抗躁狂作用较强。不良反应发生率，碳酸锂组40％，拉莫三嗪组22％。巩固治疗阶段病情复发率，拉莫三嗪组8％，碳酸锂组11％，两组差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论：拉莫三嗪作为心境稳定剂治疗双相情感障碍疗效可靠，不良反应小，与碳酸锂相比，抗抑郁作用更强。     

Lower switch rate in depressed patients with bipolar II than bipolar I disorder treated adjunctively with second-generation antidepressants

OBJECTIVES: The authors compared the switch rate into hypomania/mania in depressed patients treated with second-generation antidepressants who had either bipolar I or bipolar II disorder. METHOD: In a 10-week trial, 184 outpatients with bipolar depression (134 with bipolar I disorder, 48 with bipolar II disorder, two with bipolar disorder not otherwise specified) were treated with one of three antidepressants as an adjunct to mood stabilizers. The patients' switch rates were assessed. Switch was defined as a Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) score >13 or a Clinical Global Impression (CGI) mania score > or =3 (mildly ill). RESULTS: Depressed subjects with bipolar II disorder had a significantly lower acute switch rate into hypomania/mania when either YMRS or CGI criteria were used to define switch. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that depressed patients with bipolar II disorder are less vulnerable than those with bipolar I disorder to switch into hypomania/mania when treated with an antidepressant adjunctive to a mood stabilizer.