Oligonucleotide chip for detection of Lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the major causes of liver disease worldwide. It is important to conduct antiviral therapy against chronic hepatitis B to minimize the amount of liver damage. Lamivudine has been known to be an effective antiviral agent for the treatment of HBV infection. However, the emergence of viral mutants resistant to lamivudine is the main concern during the treatment of HBV-infected patients. Therefore, the detection of lamivudine-resistant mutants is of clinical importance. We have developed an oligonucleotide chip for the detection of lamivudine-resistant HBV which is rapid and accurate. The oligonucleotide chip consists of quality control probes, negative control probes, and specific oligonucleotide probes for the detection of lamivudine-resistant HBV. The specific probes consist of five probes for the detection of wild-type rtL180, rtM204, and rtV207 sequences and seven probes for the detection of HBV mutations. We tested 123 serum samples from patients with chronic HBV infection who had received lamivudine therapy. Eighty samples contained mutants with YMDD mutations. Among these, 17 contained rtM204V (YVDD), 24 contained rtM204I3 (YIDD3), 3 contained rtM204I2 (YIDD2), and 36 contained mixed types. We compared the results obtained with our oligonucleotide chip with those obtained by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and sequencing. The rate of concordance between the assay with the oligonucleotide chip and PCR-RFLP analysis for detection of the YMDD motif was 96.7%. The rate of concordance between the results obtained with the oligonucleotide chip for the detection of rtL180 and rtV207 and the results obtained by sequencing was 100%. Thus, the oligonucleotide chip is a reliable and useful tool for the detection of antiviral-resistant HBV.     

PCR-RFLP结合克隆测序监测乙肝病毒拉米夫定耐药突变株的产生

目的 建立PCR结合酶切的方法监测慢性乙型肝炎患者体内拉米夫定耐药突变株的产生,并与PCR产物克隆后测序相结合。了解此方法的可靠性和可行性,同时用此方法筛查50例应用拉米夫定治疗的慢性乙型肝炎患者中耐药株的发生情况。方法 拉米夫定治疗的慢性乙型肝炎患者50例,治疗时间9个月-24个月,设计错配PCR结合限制性片段长度多态性方法,快速检测患者体内乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）酪氨酸-蛋氨酸-天门冬氨酸-天门冬氨酸（Tyrosine-Methionine-Aspartic acid-Aspartic acid,YMDD)变异株的发生情况,对筛检耐药株阳性的标本应用PCR产物克隆后测序加以证实。结果 在50例服用拉米夫定患者中发现9斧正患者在用药超过9个月时出现拉米夫定耐药突变株（YMDD变异株）,其中YIDD变异5例,YVDD变异4例,后者有3例合并有1526M突变。结论 本方法在检测YMDD变异方面具人快速简便的特点,经克隆后测序证实,具有较好的可靠性。     

基因芯片检测拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎过程中HBV变异技术的建立和应用

目的建立乙型肝炎病毒变异基因诊断芯片对拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎过程中出现的肝炎病毒P基因区YMDD变异进行快速准确的检测诊断。方法设计特异性寡核苷酸探针阵列,特殊处理芯片载体。用点样法制备乙型肝炎病毒变异基因诊断芯片。在本院住院治疗患者中选择30例服用拉米夫定后,HBV DNA转阴(<500 copies/ml)168周后又反跳≥5 000 copies/ml的患者进行基因芯片杂交检测分析。同时用PCR直接测序法对上述30例患者血清标本进行双盲HBVDNA聚合酶活性区域测序对照。结果 30例服药后HBVDNA反跳患者中基因芯片测得HBV YMDD变异21例,其中YVDD变异11例。YIDD变异10例。HBVDNA PCR直接序列测定结果,有核苷酸A741变为G,使氨基酸由蛋氨酸552变为缬氨酸(氨基酸基序由YMDD变为YVDD)11例,并有6例核苷酸A669变为C,使氨基酸由亮氨酸528变为蛋氨酸。核苷酸G743变为T,使氨基酸由蛋氨酸552变为异亮氨酸(氨基酸基序由YMDD变为YIDD)10例。其中有3例伴有核苷酸T781变为C,使氨基酸由亮氨酸565变为脯氨酸。标本阳性变异序号与基因芯片检测结果完全一致。结论 乙型肝炎病毒变异基因诊断芯片可以同时检测YVDD,YIDD变异,同PCR直接测序法比较,准确率达100％,无假阳性。     

乙型肝炎病毒耐拉米夫定多聚酶基因变异检测方法研究

目的 建立简便、准确、实用的检测乙型肝炎病毒耐拉米夫定多聚酶(P)基因变异的方法。方法 根据HBV基因序列，设计5只寡核苷酸引物，用巢式聚合酶链反应(nested PCR)分别扩增HBVP基因B区和C区片段，产物用NdeⅠ或NIa Ⅲ酶切，琼脂糖胶电泳，分析酶切产物长度多态性(RFLP)，建立检测P基因变异的方法。对30例长期服用拉米夫定的慢性乙型肝炎(慢乙肝)患者检测YMDD基序及526位点变异，16例未用拉米夫定的慢乙肝患者为对照。4份PCR产物作克隆测序以验证方法的准确、可靠。结果 所建的巢式PCR-RFLP方法操作简便、快速，从模板提取到酶切后电泳分析仅需11h；灵敏度高，可检测到10^3拷贝／ml的HBVDNA；结果准确，4份经酶切分别判断为野毒株或变异株的标本经测序证实。30例用拉米夫定的慢乙肝患者中，发现单纯YMDD变异8例(26．7％)，YMDD联合L526M变异3例(10．0％)，16例对照未检出上述位点的变异。结论 本方法简便、准确，适合较大样本检测。可用于临床筛检常见拉米夫定耐药性HBVP基因变异。     

限制性片段长度多态性分析拉米夫定治疗引起乙型肝炎病毒耐药基因变异的研究

目的　应用聚合酶链反应限制性片段长度多态性分析方法 (PCRRFLP) ,研究拉米夫定治疗引起慢性乙型肝炎患者血清中乙型肝炎病毒耐药基因 (HBVDNA)变异。方法　收集 2 4 0例用拉米夫定治疗 5 2～ 78周慢性乙型肝炎患者的血清标本 ,应用PCRRFLP方法扩增HBV 5 5 2 ,5 2 8两个基因位点片段 ,用限制性内切酶NdeⅠ ,NlaⅢ酶切分析 ,同时测定HBVDNA含量 ,并用DNA序列分析测定 3例患者HBVDNAP区基因序列 (1例野毒株 ,1例M5 5 2V伴L5 2 8M变异 ,1例M5 5 2I变异 )。结果　 2 4 0例患者应用拉米夫定治疗 5 2～ 78周后 ,5 1例血清HBVDNA出现YMDD变异 ,其中M5 5 2V变异 38例 ,M5 5 2I变异 13例 ,L5 2 8M和M5 5 2V同时变异 2 6例 ,L5 2 8M和M5 5 2I同时变异 1例。与定量PCR比较 ,可以测定YMDD变异的最低含量为 1× 10 4 copies mlHBVDNA序列分析结果与RLFP测定一致。结论　PCRRLFP方法是一种快速、简便的检测HBVDNA聚合酶变异的方法 ,可以用来筛查大量的血清标本 ,适宜作为临床用来观察拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎患者检测HBV变异的方法     

Emergence of YMDD motif mutants of hepatitis B virus during lamivudine treatment of immunocompetent type B hepatitis patients

Lamivudine is an effective antiviral agent for the treatment of chronic type B hepatitis. Recent studies have shown the appearance of lamivudine resistant viruses with mutations at the tyrosine-methionine-aspartate-aspartate (YMDD) motif of the viral polymerase in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infected patients who received orthotopic liver transplantation. In order to confirm the appearance of such mutant HBV in immunocompetent patients, the HBV sequences in and around the YMDD motif of HBV DNA polymerase were examined in the sera from 16 lamivudine treated and 10 untreated control patients. Approximately 200 bases including the YMDD motif of HBV DNA polymerase were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced directly by an automated sequencer. Of the 16 patients receiving lamivudine, mutant viruses with mutations in the YMDD motif were found in 3 of 8 patients treated with lamivudine for 52 weeks. However, this mutation was not found in any of the 8 patients treated for 32 weeks or a shorter period. Mutant viruses appeared after 40 weeks of treatment and were undetectable within 12 weeks after the cessation of the treatment. Such mutant viruses were not detected in any of the 10 untreated patients. This study confirms the emergence of YMDD mutant viruses during long-term lamivudine treatment in immunocompetent type B hepatitis patients. The results from this study suggest the need for combination therapies to reduce the levels of such mutant viruses in some patients.     

Direct detection of lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus mutants by a multiplex PCR using dual-priming oligonucleotide primers

Mutations in the YMDD motif of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymerase gene increase lamivudine resistance of HBV, highlighting the clinical importance of accurate and sensitive detection of HBV mutants. Using dual-priming oligonucleotide primer technology, an assay that can detect mutations at codons 180 (L528M) and 204 (YVDD, YIDD, and YSDD) by a single-step multiplex PCR was developed. This Seeplex Lami-DR assay was sufficiently sensitive to detect 10(3)HBV/ml and was able to detect minor mutants comprising as little as 2% of the viral population. Mutants were detected in 57 of 65 serum samples (88%) from patients with chronic hepatitis B who had been treated with lamivudine (median, 32 months; range, 1-83 months). The agreement with direct sequencing was only 38.5% (25/65). Discrepancies between these methods resulted from detection of additional mutants by the Seeplex Lami-DR assay, as confirmed by a novel verification analysis. This assay is not only highly accurate and sensitive, but is also simple and cost-effective, requiring no expensive probes, laborious sequencing procedures, or digestion with restriction enzymes. Accordingly, the Seeplex HBV Lami-DR assay should be considered as a first-line, cost-effective tool for detecting viral mutations in patients with chronic hepatitis B receiving lamivudine therapy.     

拉米夫定治疗中乙型肝炎病毒基因序列变异特点及其准种研究

目的研究拉米夫定治疗中乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）逆转录酶区核苷酸序列变异、特点、含量及其与基因型和病毒载量的关系。方法普通DNA测序法检测拉米夫定治疗的117份慢乙肝患者血清HBV逆转录酶区基因序列及其基因型;其中99份用TaqMan法定量HBVDNA;64份用焦磷酸测序（Pyrosequencing）检测YMDD基序中碱基的频率。结果HBVYMDD变异组中C型43例,B型10例,A／B混合型1例;YMDD不变异组中C型54例,B型8例,D型1例,HBVDNA含量平均对数值在变异组和不变异组分别为：6．5699和6．6165;YMDD变异与其基因型及病毒载量无统计学意义;rtL180M位点变异与rtM204I／V位点变异高度相关;并且HBV野生株与变异株均同时存在。结论结合两种测序方法可以用来研究拉米夫定治疗中HBV基因序列变异情况及对YMDD耐药株进行定量。     

基因芯片检测拉米夫定治疗乙肝病毒感染耐药分析

目的 分析拉米夫定治疗乙肝病毒感染耐药性,旨在为指导慢性乙肝患者临床药物治疗提供新方法.方法 应用基因芯片检测255份51名拉米夫定抗乙肝病毒治疗自愿者不同阶段服药的临床标本及145份HBV DNA阴性血清耐药突变,并对突变进行分析.结果 经一年药物治疗10名患者产生耐药突变,耐药率19.6%（10/51）,产生突变阳性标本病毒载量＞105拷贝/ml.药物治疗后产生突变＞6个月.10例突变病毒株中,552密码子处突变9例,528密码子处突变3例,密码子555中未发现突变.5例血清存在混合感染,其中4例为野生型病毒与突变型的混合,野生型病毒所占比例皆在40%以下.1例血清出现在（4,4）位点的密码子ATT与（3,3）位点密码子TTG两种突变,两种突变类型病毒并行产生同步增长.（3,3）突变类型首次报道.结论 拉米夫定抗乙肝病毒治疗6个月以上易产生耐药,产生耐药病毒载量＞105拷贝/ml.主要发生在YMDD区,且存在两种突变类型病毒的混合感染,以上结果对慢性乙肝患者用药具有指导作用.     

基因芯片技术对乙型肝炎病毒拉米夫定耐药基因变异检测的临床应用

目的通过对应用拉米夫定治疗患者HBV基因耐药性变异的长期监测，验证基因芯片技术的临床应用前景。方法针对HBV3个主要的拉米夫定耐药性相关突变设计探针，制成HBV耐药寡核苷酸芯片，选取51例应用拉米夫定进行治疗的乙型肝炎患者分别采用基因芯片和传统测序的方法对其进行24个月的监测，观察HBV基因变异情况。结果39％的患者在用药2年内发生了耐药性突变，使用基因芯片与传统的测序方法得到的结果一致，并且可以在早期方便检测出混合感染。结论应用基因芯片技术可以准确，高效的检测出耐药基因变异，具有临床应用价值。     

Association of lamivudine‐resistant mutational patterns with the antiviral effect of adefovir in patients with chronic hepatitis B

Adefovir has a potent antiviral activity as a rescue treatment against lamivudine‐resistant strains. The aim of this study was to assess the patterns of lamivudine‐resistant mutations and their influence on the virologic response to adefovir rescue therapy in patients with lamivudine‐resistant chronic hepatitis B. Sixty‐seven patients with lamivudine‐resistant chronic hepatitis B were treated with adefovir monotherapy. Baseline blood samples were analyzed for lamivudine‐resistant mutations via restriction fragment mass polymorphism. Virologic responses, ALT normalization and loss of HBeAg were assessed. Serum HBV DNA levels were measured using real‐time PCR at baseline and 24 weeks of adefovir therapy. Of the 67 patients with chronic hepatitis B, 65 patients (97%) had lamivudine‐resistant mutations in the YMDD motif [27 (41%) rtM204I, 22 (34%) rtM204V, and 16 (25%) rtM204I/V]. In addition to the YMDD mutations, the rtL180M, rtL80I, and rtV173L mutations were also present in 78%, 43%, and 11% of patients, respectively. The rtM204V mutation always accompanied rtL180M, and rtL80I was always observed in conjunction with rtM204I. Decrease in mean serum HBV did not differ between patients carrying the rtM204I versus rtM204V mutant at week 24 (?3.3 vs. ?3.3 log₁₀ copies/ml, respectively; P = 0.303). The presence of the rtL180M, rtL80I, and rtV173L did not significantly affect viral load reduction during adefovir administration. These results demonstrate that the rtL80I mutant is co‐selected with rtM204I as a compensatory mutation in the same manner as rtL180M with rtM204V, and that adefovir shows similar antiviral efficacy against all of the evaluated patterns of lamivudine‐resistant HBV mutations. J. Med. Virol. 81:417–424, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Overlapping gene mutations of hepatitis B virus in a chronic hepatitis B patient with hepatitis B surface antigen loss during lamivudine therapy

Disappearance of hepatitis B surface antigens (HBsAg) in chronic hepatitis B usually indicates clearance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. However, false HBsAg negativity with mutations in pre-S2 and 'a' determinant has been reported. It is also known that YMDD mutations decrease the production of HBV and escape detection of serum HBsAg. Here, we report overlapping gene mutations in a patient with HBsAg loss during the lamivudine therapy. After 36 months of lamivudine therapy in a 44-yrold Korean chronic hepatitis B patient, serum HBsAg turned negative while HBV DNA remained positive by a DNA probe method. Nucleotide sequence of serum HBV DNA was compared with the HBV genotype C subtype adr registered in NCBI AF 286594. Deletion of nucleotides 23 to 55 (amino acids 12 to 22) was identified in the pre-S2 region. Sequencing of the 'a' determinant revealed amino acid substitutions as I126S, T131N, M133T, and S136Y. Methionine of rtM204 in the P gene was substituted for isoleucine indicating YIDD mutation (rtM204I). We identified a HBV mutant composed of pre-S2 deletions and 'a' determinant substitutions with YMDD mutation. Our result suggests that false HBsAg negativity can be induced by combination of overlapping gene mutations during the lamivudine therapy.     

A novel accurate ACRS-PCR method with a digestion internal control for identification of wild type and YMDD mutants of hepatitis B virus strains

As a consequence of the point mutation in the YMDD motif of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymerase gene, lamivudine-resistant mutants have been reported in chronic hepatitis B patients who underwent lamivudine therapy. The objective of the study was to develop a novel accurate artificially created restriction site (ACRS) method with a digestion internal control for identification of YMDD, YIDD and YVDD HBV strains. Three conserved, specific and diagnostic primers introducing NdeI, SspI and AleI cleavage sites were designed in order to identify YMDD, YIDD and YVDD strains, respectively; while, their reverse primers also modified with the above recognition sites in order to enzyme correctness monitoring and false outcome avoiding. Thirty-two chronic hepatitis B patients who had taken lamivudine for 1-3 years and checked by the Inno-LiPA HBV DR kit, were evaluated by the ACRS method and then compared to sequencing data. The results of the ACRS method revealed the YMDD mutant strain in 20 patients, YMDD plus YIDD pattern in 1 patient, YMDD plus YVDD in 4 patients, the YIDD in 4 patients and mixed infection with each three strains in 1 patient. The sequencing and Inno-LiPA results were in agreement with the ACRS results. The novel ACRS method is a reliable, rapid and a cost-effective technique for determination of HBV strains with the wild type and YMDD mutant patterns.     

拉米夫定耐药慢性乙型肝炎患者HBVP区基因突变模式与基因型的关系

目的分析慢性乙型肝炎患者在拉米夫定（LAM）治疗过程中出现耐药后,HBVP区基因突变模式及基因分型的关系。方法对2008年9月至2010年6月在我院就诊的107例临床诊断为LAM耐药慢性乙型肝炎患者进行HBVP区及基因分型测定。结果107例患者的基因突变模式为8种,100％均发生YMDD序列突变,其中单位点突变43例,其余均为联合突变;107例患者主要以B（25．2％）和C（73．8％）基因为优势,1例为B和c混合基因,且c基因以rtM204＋rtL180M模式为主,占60．7％（48／79）,B基因以rtM204突变模式为主,占66．7％（18／27）;rtM204和rtM204＋rtL180M突变模式的B和C基因比较两者差异有统计学意义（x2分别为8．4和7．2,P〈0．01）。结论YMDD基序突变是LAM耐药后HBVP区基因突变的主要模式,不同基因型决定了与耐药相关的变异出现形式。     

Mutational patterns of hepatitis B virus genome and clinical outcomes after emergence of drug-resistant variants during lamivudine therapy: analyses of the polymerase gene and full-length sequences

It remains unclear whether mutational patterns of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome are associated with the development of severe hepatitis after the emergence of tyrosine-methionine-aspartate-aspartate (YMDD) variants during lamivudine treatment. Thirty patients with chronic hepatitis B who had YMDD variants during lamivudine therapy and were followed up subsequently while receiving lamivudine alone for at least 6 months were examined retrospectively. The lamivudine resistant mutations in the HBV polymerase gene were detected by a line probe assay, and the full-length sequences of HBV DNA were determined in some patients. Between months 5 and 33 of therapy, mutations from methionine to isoleucine at rt204 (rtM204I) were detected in 18 patients, and mutations from methionine to valine at rt204 (rtM204V) were detected in 12. The rtM204V mutations were always accompanied by mutations from leucine to methionine at rt180 (rtL180M), while rtM204I mutations were not. Baseline characteristics, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, and HBV DNA levels within 6 months after the emergence of YMDD variants did not differ significantly between patients with rtM204I alone and those with rtL180M/rtM204V. No specific mutation was identified on full-length sequence analysis in three patients with a hepatitis flare. During long term follow-up, the addition of rtL180M to rtM204I was found in four patients 7-31 months after detecting the change at rt204 and was linked to increased ALT levels. In conclusion, mutational patterns of HBV DNA at the time of emergence of YMDD variants were apparently unrelated to the clinical outcomes in Japanese patients with chronic hepatitis B during lamivudine therapy.     

Lamivudine for hepatitis B in clinical practice

Lamivudine is a potent, once-daily, oral antiviral therapy that is effective and well tolerated in most patient groups with chronic hepatitis B virus infection, including those with pre-core mutant infection. Studies to date show that lamivudine suppresses serum viral replication, causing reductions in serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA and enhancing hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion (loss of HBeAg plus presence of antibodies to HBeAg [anti-HBe]). Lamivudine also improves liver disease, as shown by normalisation of alanine transaminase (ALT) levels and reduced progression to cirrhosis. Lamivudine is effective in patients who are interferon (IFN) alpha na?ve and in those who have failed to respond to IFN alpha, and it suppresses HBV in decompensated liver disease and in liver transplantation. Variants with mutations in the YMDD (tyrosine-methionine-aspartate-aspartate) motif may emerge with prolonged lamivudine therapy, but most patients maintain clinical control. Lamivudine has a safety profile similar to that of placebo and it is better tolerated than IFN alpha. In conclusion, lamivudine represents a major advance in the therapeutic options available for the management of patients with chronic hepatitis B and should now be considered the drug of choice for most patients who require treatment.